WorksheetsAP BIO Unit 1 - Chemistry of Life
Total questions: 162
Worksheet time: 1hrs 21mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
DNA
a)
Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
b)
isomers that are mirror images of each other
c)
- The substance that is dissolved.
d)
- The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids
2.
Hydrocarbon
a)
- "Hottest" molecules leave as gas first.
b)
Thiol
c)
- The substance that is dissolved.
d)
- Organic molecules consisting only of hydrogen and carbon
3.
- Hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding
a)
- Hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding
b)
Thiol
c)
- Substances that repel water.
d)
temperature and pH
4.
- Nonpolar and hydrophobic
a)
- pH declines as H+ concentration increases.
b)
- Water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler.
c)
Nucleic acid
d)
- Nonpolar and hydrophobic
5.
What four ways can the structure of hydrocarbons vary?
a)
- Floating ice is important so that lakes do not freeze solid.
b)
- No double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
c)
RNA - controls protein synthesis
d)
1. Length
6.
2. Branching (Skeletons may be branched/unbranched)
a)
Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
b)
- Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.
c)
2. Branching (Skeletons may be branched/unbranched)
d)
Thiol
7.
3. Double bond position (Skeleton may have double bonds, which can vary in location
a)
Dehydration
b)
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
c)
3. Double bond position (Skeleton may have double bonds, which can vary in location
d)
- They are nonionic and nonpolar or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds.
8.
4. Presence of rings (Some are arranged in rings)
a)
Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid
b)
Ex. Geckos can climb up walls because their toes have tiny hairs and there are van der Waals interactions between the hair tip molecules and the molecules of the wall's surface. Because they are so numerous they can support the Gecko's body.
c)
Starch
d)
4. Presence of rings (Some are arranged in rings)
9.
Functional groups
a)
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
b)
- Nonpolar and hydrophobic
c)
- "Hottest" molecules leave as gas first.
d)
- Groups of atoms consistently found together than can substitute for one or more of the hydrogens in a hydrocarbon molecule
10.
- Each group participates in chemical reactions in a characteristic way
a)
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
b)
- Each group participates in chemical reactions in a characteristic way
c)
Methylated compound
d)
Long chain of glucose (polymer)
11.
What is the compound name for Hydroxyl Group?
a)
- "Hottest" molecules leave as gas first.
b)
A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
c)
- 0 degree C, molecules are locked into a crystalline lattice, and hydrogen bonds keep them far away.
d)
Alcohol
12.
What is the compound name for Carbonyl Group?
a)
- Organic molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group
b)
Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid
c)
Ketone (if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton)
d)
- Organic molecules consisting only of hydrogen and carbon
13.
Aldehyde (if carbonyl group is at end of a carbon skeleton)
a)
- A type of steroid that can influence membrane fluidity
b)
- 0 degree C, molecules are locked into a crystalline lattice, and hydrogen bonds keep them far away.
c)
- Catalyst: regulate metabolism
d)
Aldehyde (if carbonyl group is at end of a carbon skeleton)
14.
What is the compound name for Carboxyl Group?
a)
- Water has a unusually high specific heat (heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds and released when they form)
b)
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
c)
Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
d)
- Used as a source of energy and as building blocks for synthesis of other biomolecules
15.
What is the compound name for Amino Group?
a)
- Floating ice is important so that lakes do not freeze solid.
b)
- Hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding
c)
Amine
d)
- Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.
16.
What is the compound name for Sulfhydryl Group?
a)
have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
b)
Thiol
c)
- Linked by covalent bonds
d)
- The proton binds to the other water molecule making it a Hydronium ion (H30+)
17.
What is the compound name for Phosphate Group?
a)
Organic Phosphate
b)
- The water molecule that lost a proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH-) and has a charge of 1-
c)
Thiol
d)
RNA - controls protein synthesis
18.
What is the compound name for Methyl Group?
a)
Methylated compound
b)
- One or more double bonds
c)
Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
d)
- Accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess, and donates them when they have been depleted.
19.
Polymers
a)
- A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
b)
- Long molecules of life, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks
c)
- Water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler.
d)
Thiol
20.
- Linked by covalent bonds
a)
- Accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess, and donates them when they have been depleted.
b)
Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone
c)
- Linked by covalent bonds
21.
Monomers
a)
Cellulose
b)
Smaller and repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
c)
Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone
d)
Measure of hydrogen ion concentration
22.
What are four types of polymers?
a)
4. Quaternary structure
b)
- Hydrophilic polar head and two hydrophobic non polar tails
c)
Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid
d)
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
23.
What are four types of monomers?
a)
Amino acid, sugar, glycerol & fatty acid, and nucleotide
b)
Breakage using water -- bond between monomer is broken by the addition of a water molecule
c)
- Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, which are made of nucleotides
d)
Long chain of glucose (polymer)
24.
Dehydration Synthesis
a)
The loss of a water molecule, synthesizing a polymer
b)
- As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water
c)
- Nonpolar and hydrophobic
d)
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
25.
Hydrolysis
a)
Breakage using water -- bond between monomer is broken by the addition of a water molecule
b)
- The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
c)
Glycogen
d)
The loss of a water molecule, synthesizing a polymer
26.
Carbohydrates
a)
- A hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and a hydrogen ion (H+) is transferred
b)
- One or more double bonds
c)
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
d)
- Sugars and the polymers of sugars
27.
- Used as a source of energy and as building blocks for synthesis of other biomolecules
a)
- The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids
b)
- Used as a source of energy and as building blocks for synthesis of other biomolecules
c)
- Long molecules of life, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks
d)
- The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
28.
- Used as structural component of cells (ex: cell wall of plant cells)
a)
- Used as structural component of cells (ex: cell wall of plant cells)
b)
- Basic solutions have a higher concentration of OH- than H+
c)
- A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
d)
covalent bond formed between amino acids
29.
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
a)
Energy storage, structural support, hormonal regulation, thermal insulation, surface protection
b)
4. Quaternary structure
c)
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
d)
- Ex. carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffering system
30.
Monosaccharides
a)
Breakage using water -- bond between monomer is broken by the addition of a water molecule
b)
- The substance that is dissolved.
c)
A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water
d)
Single, simple sugars
31.
Disaccharides
a)
1. Primary structure
b)
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
c)
Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
d)
Single, simple sugars
32.
ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose
a)
- Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.
b)
- Regulation: ex: insulin regulator
c)
temperature and pH
d)
ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose
33.
Glycosidic linkage/oxygen bridge
a)
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
b)
- Substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
c)
- Hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding
d)
Nucleic acid
34.
Polysaccharides
a)
Measure of hydrogen ion concentration
b)
1. Primary structure
c)
Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred--thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
d)
Uracil
35.
Starch
a)
A polymer of glucose monomers-- long chain of glucose
b)
- The clinging of one substance to another.
c)
a helix, and B pleated sheet
d)
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
36.
What is the principal energy storage molecule in plants?
a)
RNA - controls protein synthesis
b)
Starch
c)
- Sugars and the polymers of sugars
d)
Proteins made up of polymers of amino acids
37.
Glycogen
a)
Long, branched chain of glucose (polymer of glucose)
b)
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
c)
- The water molecule that lost a proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH-) and has a charge of 1-
d)
Starch
38.
What is the principal energy storage molecule in animals (including humans)?
a)
Nucleic acid
b)
Glycogen
c)
- Groups of atoms consistently found together than can substitute for one or more of the hydrogens in a hydrocarbon molecule
d)
- Result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
39.
Cellulose
a)
- The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
b)
Single, simple sugars
c)
- The substance that is dissolved.
d)
Long chain of glucose (polymer)
40.
What is the predominant component of plant cell walls?
a)
- Water has a high heat of vaporization, because hydrogen bonds need to be broken.
b)
Cellulose
c)
- Accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess, and donates them when they have been depleted.
d)
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
41.
What are the four types of lipids?
a)
- As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down.
b)
Cellulose
c)
The loss of a water molecule, synthesizing a polymer
d)
Fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids
42.
What are 5 things lipids are used for?
a)
Energy storage, structural support, hormonal regulation, thermal insulation, surface protection
b)
Fuel
c)
Individually weak bonds that occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together.
d)
- Unequal sharing of electrons and water's V- like shape make it a polar molecule.
43.
Saturated fatty acid
a)
- A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
b)
- Structural support: keratin in hair, skin, & nails
c)
The resulting fatty acid that comes from a structure saturated with hydrogen
d)
- Some dissociate to form hydroxide ions which combine with hydrogen ions and form water.
44.
- No double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
a)
A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
b)
- No double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
c)
All have three. Some have four.
d)
Organic Phosphate
45.
Unsaturated fatty acid
a)
- No double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
b)
- One or more double bonds
c)
- Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group
d)
- Some directly accept hydrogen ions (Ammonia)
46.
- One fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon
a)
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
b)
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature of 1 degree C.
c)
2. Branching (Skeletons may be branched/unbranched)
d)
- One fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon
47.
Phospholipid
a)
- Ex. carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffering system
b)
- Major constituent of cell membranes
c)
3. Tertiary structure
d)
2. Secondary structure
48.
- Hydrophilic polar head and two hydrophobic non polar tails
a)
- Hydrophilic polar head and two hydrophobic non polar tails
b)
Dehydration
c)
RNA = ribose
d)
Ex. Geckos can climb up walls because their toes have tiny hairs and there are van der Waals interactions between the hair tip molecules and the molecules of the wall's surface. Because they are so numerous they can support the Gecko's body.
49.
- Bi-layer
a)
- A type of steroid that can influence membrane fluidity
b)
- pH declines as H+ concentration increases.
c)
Cellulose
d)
- Bi-layer
50.
Steroid
a)
Dehydration
b)
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
c)
DNA = deoxyribose
d)
- One or more double bonds
51.
Cholesterol
a)
Alcohol
b)
4. Presence of rings (Some are arranged in rings)
c)
Aldehyde (if carbonyl group is at end of a carbon skeleton)
d)
- A type of steroid that can influence membrane fluidity
52.
- The molecule from which other steroids, including sex hormones, are synthesized
a)
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
b)
- No double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
c)
- The molecule from which other steroids, including sex hormones, are synthesized
d)
Smaller and repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
53.
- Can pass through phospholipid bi-layer
a)
- Segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or foiled in patterns that contribute to the protein's overall shape
b)
- They are nonionic and nonpolar or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds.
c)
- Can pass through phospholipid bi-layer
d)
- Catalyst: regulate metabolism
54.
Protein
a)
- A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.
b)
Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
c)
- Major constituent of cell membranes
d)
Macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred--thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
55.
What is protein used for?
a)
Solid at room temperature
b)
- One or more double bonds
c)
- Structural support: keratin in hair, skin, & nails
d)
- When acids dissolve in water, they donate an additional H+ to the solution.
56.
- Transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen
a)
- A hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and a hydrogen ion (H+) is transferred
b)
- Transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen
c)
Fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids
d)
- Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.
57.
- Catalyst: regulate metabolism
a)
- Catalyst: regulate metabolism
b)
Long chain of glucose (polymer)
c)
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
d)
- Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds.
58.
- Defense: antibodies that fight infection
a)
- Partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom allows the hydrogen to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearby.
b)
DNA = deoxyribose
c)
- Defense: antibodies that fight infection
d)
Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
59.
- Regulation: ex: insulin regulator
a)
Proteins made up of polymers of amino acids
b)
- Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.
c)
- Regulation: ex: insulin regulator
d)
- Major constituent of cell membranes
60.
Catalyst
a)
- Result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
b)
Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
c)
- Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds.
d)
- Not random, by inherited genetic information
61.
Amino acid
a)
- Organic molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group
b)
- Water has a high heat of vaporization, because hydrogen bonds need to be broken.
c)
- When the pH of a solution changes slightly, the actual concentrations of H+ and OH- in the solution change substantially (logs)
d)
2. Secondary structure
62.
- Monomeric unit of a protein. Proteins consist of 3 - thousands of amino acids
a)
- Water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler.
b)
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
c)
4. Quaternary structure
d)
- Monomeric unit of a protein. Proteins consist of 3 - thousands of amino acids
63.
Polypeptides
a)
- Used as a source of energy and as building blocks for synthesis of other biomolecules
b)
Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction
c)
Proteins made up of polymers of amino acids
d)
- Hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding
64.
How many/what levels make up a protein structure?
a)
- Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds.
b)
All have three. Some have four.
c)
- Energy of motion.
d)
Breakage using water -- bond between monomer is broken by the addition of a water molecule
65.
1. Primary structure
a)
- Unequal sharing of electrons and water's V- like shape make it a polar molecule.
b)
- The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
c)
1. Primary structure
d)
- Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, which are made of nucleotides
66.
2. Secondary structure
a)
- Result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
b)
2. Secondary structure
c)
- They are nonionic and nonpolar or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds.
67.
3. Tertiary structure
a)
3. Tertiary structure
b)
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature of 1 degree C.
c)
Glycogen
d)
Organic Phosphate
68.
4. Quaternary structure
a)
Proteins made up of polymers of amino acids
b)
- Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.
c)
4. Quaternary structure
d)
- No double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
69.
Primary structure
a)
- The order of amino acids in a chain
b)
- pH above 7- basic
c)
- The oxygen region has a partial negative charge.
d)
- A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.
70.
- Not random, by inherited genetic information
a)
- Can pass through phospholipid bi-layer
b)
- Defense: antibodies that fight infection
c)
- Not random, by inherited genetic information
d)
Cellulose
71.
Secondary structure
a)
- Groups of atoms consistently found together than can substitute for one or more of the hydrogens in a hydrocarbon molecule
b)
Long chain of glucose (polymer)
c)
Long, branched chain of glucose (polymer of glucose)
d)
- Segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or foiled in patterns that contribute to the protein's overall shape
72.
- Result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
a)
RNA = ribose
b)
- Result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
c)
Long, branched chain of glucose (polymer of glucose)
d)
- Water has a high heat of vaporization, because hydrogen bonds need to be broken.
73.
What are the two types of secondary structures?
a)
- Used as structural component of cells (ex: cell wall of plant cells)
b)
a helix, and B pleated sheet
c)
- Hydrophilic polar head and two hydrophobic non polar tails
d)
- Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.
74.
Helix
a)
A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
b)
- Result of the hydrogen bonds that hold water together.
c)
The resulting fatty acid that comes from a structure saturated with hydrogen
d)
Measure of hydrogen ion concentration
75.
Pleated sheet
a)
1. Primary structure
b)
- The oxygen region has a partial negative charge.
c)
Solid at room temperature
d)
Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone
76.
Tertiary structure
a)
Aldehyde (if carbonyl group is at end of a carbon skeleton)
b)
- Each hydrogen has a partial positive charge
c)
- The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids
d)
RNA - controls protein synthesis
77.
Hydrophobic interaction
a)
- Some proteins only
b)
- Monomeric unit of a protein. Proteins consist of 3 - thousands of amino acids
c)
- A type of interaction that contributes to the tertiary structure
d)
- Sugars and the polymers of sugars
78.
- As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water
a)
- The proton binds to the other water molecule making it a Hydronium ion (H30+)
b)
- As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water
c)
- Not random, by inherited genetic information
d)
Solid at room temperature
79.
Quaternary Structure
a)
- Long molecules of life, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks
b)
- Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.
c)
- Some proteins only
d)
- Hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding
80.
- Overall protein structure that results from the association of two or more polypeptide chains
a)
temperature and pH
b)
Dehydration
c)
Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
d)
- Overall protein structure that results from the association of two or more polypeptide chains
81.
Denaturation
a)
- Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.
b)
a helix, and B pleated sheet
c)
- No double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain
d)
- Protein unravels and loses its shape due to altered aspects of its environment such as pH, temperature, or salt concentrations
82.
Nucleic acids
a)
- Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group
b)
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
c)
All have three. Some have four.
d)
1. Primary structure
83.
What are the two types of nucleic acids?
a)
- Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.
b)
All have three. Some have four.
c)
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
d)
- Structural support: keratin in hair, skin, & nails
84.
Deoxyribonucleic acid
a)
- The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
b)
- The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids
c)
- Each hydrogen has a partial positive charge
d)
DNA - provides directions for its own replication
85.
Ribonucleic acid
a)
RNA - controls protein synthesis
b)
- Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.
c)
- Linked by covalent bonds
d)
- Contributes to the transport of water & dissolved nutrients.
86.
What are the components of a nucleic acid?
a)
Individually weak bonds that occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together.
b)
Starch
c)
- Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, which are made of nucleotides
d)
2. Branching (Skeletons may be branched/unbranched)
87.
- Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group
a)
Amine
b)
The resulting fatty acid that comes from a structure saturated with hydrogen
c)
- Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group
d)
- Linked by covalent bonds
88.
What type of sugar is used in DNA vs RNA?
a)
Cellulose
b)
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature of 1 degree C.
c)
- Organic molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group
d)
DNA = deoxyribose
89.
RNA = ribose
a)
RNA = ribose
b)
isomers that are mirror images of each other
c)
- pH less than 7- acidic
d)
- Segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or foiled in patterns that contribute to the protein's overall shape
90.
What types of groups do all amino acids have?
a)
Amino group and carboxyl group
b)
- The proton binds to the other water molecule making it a Hydronium ion (H30+)
c)
2. Secondary structure
d)
- Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, which are made of nucleotides
91.
A chemical reaction that removes water to bind two molecules together is called a ______________ reaction.
a)
Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone
b)
Dehydration
c)
The resulting fatty acid that comes from a structure saturated with hydrogen
d)
Amine
92.
Which base is only found in RNA?
a)
- Substances that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
b)
- One or more double bonds
c)
Uracil
d)
- Defense: antibodies that fight infection
93.
Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP, is considered which type of organic molecule?
a)
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
b)
3. Tertiary structure
c)
Nucleic acid
d)
- Catalyst: regulate metabolism
94.
Carbohydrates are useful molecules because they serve as _____________.
a)
All have three. Some have four.
b)
- Long molecules of life, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks
c)
Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
d)
Fuel
95.
A saturated fat has which characteristic?
a)
- Regulation: ex: insulin regulator
b)
- Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.
c)
Solid at room temperature
d)
- Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group
96.
Hydrogen bonds
a)
- A type of interaction that contributes to the tertiary structure
b)
- A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.
c)
- "Hottest" molecules leave as gas first.
d)
- Partial positive charge of a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom allows the hydrogen to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearby.
97.
- A hydrogen bond is the nonequivalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
a)
- A hydrogen bond is the nonequivalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
b)
4. Quaternary structure
c)
- Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group
d)
Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
98.
Van deer Walls Interactions
a)
- Groups of atoms consistently found together than can substitute for one or more of the hydrogens in a hydrocarbon molecule
b)
Individually weak bonds that occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together.
c)
1. Primary structure
d)
a helix, and B pleated sheet
99.
Ex. Geckos can climb up walls because their toes have tiny hairs and there are van der Waals interactions between the hair tip molecules and the molecules of the wall's surface. Because they are so numerous they can support the Gecko's body.
a)
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature of 1 degree C.
b)
4. Quaternary structure
c)
Ex. Geckos can climb up walls because their toes have tiny hairs and there are van der Waals interactions between the hair tip molecules and the molecules of the wall's surface. Because they are so numerous they can support the Gecko's body.
d)
- Used as a source of energy and as building blocks for synthesis of other biomolecules
100.
Water's polarity
a)
- A substance that has an affinity for water.
b)
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
c)
- 0 degree C, molecules are locked into a crystalline lattice, and hydrogen bonds keep them far away.
d)
- Unequal sharing of electrons and water's V- like shape make it a polar molecule.
101.
- The oxygen region has a partial negative charge.
a)
- Accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess, and donates them when they have been depleted.
b)
- The oxygen region has a partial negative charge.
c)
- Major constituent of cell membranes
d)
DNA = deoxyribose
102.
- Each hydrogen has a partial positive charge
a)
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
b)
- Defense: antibodies that fight infection
c)
A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
d)
- Each hydrogen has a partial positive charge
103.
- Because of this, the hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen of another molecule, forming a hydrogen bond.
a)
- Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.
b)
- Because of this, the hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen of another molecule, forming a hydrogen bond.
c)
1. Primary structure
d)
Single, simple sugars
104.
Cohesion of Water
a)
- Long molecules of life, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks
b)
- One or more double bonds
c)
- Result of the hydrogen bonds that hold water together.
105.
- Contributes to the transport of water & dissolved nutrients.
a)
- Floating ice is important so that lakes do not freeze solid.
b)
- Contributes to the transport of water & dissolved nutrients.
c)
- Overall protein structure that results from the association of two or more polypeptide chains
d)
- Sugars and the polymers of sugars
106.
Adhesion
a)
The resulting fatty acid that comes from a structure saturated with hydrogen
b)
Dehydration
c)
- The clinging of one substance to another.
d)
Aldehyde (if carbonyl group is at end of a carbon skeleton)
107.
Surface tension
a)
- A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
b)
- Long molecules of life, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks
c)
Starch
d)
- Organic molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group
108.
- Hydrogen bonds in water give it a very high surface tension.
a)
have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
b)
- Hydrogen bonds in water give it a very high surface tension.
c)
- Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, which are made of nucleotides
d)
1. Length
109.
Moderation of temperature by water
a)
- The dissolving agent of a solution.
b)
- Water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler.
c)
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
d)
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
110.
- Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.
a)
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
b)
- Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.
c)
RNA = ribose
d)
- A type of interaction that contributes to the tertiary structure
111.
Kinetic energy
a)
- Energy of motion.
b)
Smaller and repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
c)
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides
d)
2. Branching (Skeletons may be branched/unbranched)
112.
Thermal energy
a)
- The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.
b)
The loss of a water molecule, synthesizing a polymer
c)
- Each hydrogen has a partial positive charge
d)
- Substances that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
113.
- Total thermal energy of matter depends on volume.
a)
Solid at room temperature
b)
Ketone (if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton)
c)
- Each group participates in chemical reactions in a characteristic way
d)
- Total thermal energy of matter depends on volume.
114.
Temperature
a)
- The average kinetic energy of molecules, regardless of volume.
b)
- Ex. carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffering system
c)
4. Quaternary structure
d)
- Hydrophilic polar head and two hydrophobic non polar tails
115.
Heat
a)
- Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another.
b)
Amino group and carboxyl group
c)
- Some directly accept hydrogen ions (Ammonia)
d)
- Protein unravels and loses its shape due to altered aspects of its environment such as pH, temperature, or salt concentrations
116.
Specific Heat
a)
temperature and pH
b)
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature of 1 degree C.
c)
The loss of a water molecule, synthesizing a polymer
d)
DNA = deoxyribose
117.
- How well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs/releases heat.
a)
Uracil
b)
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature of 1 degree C.
c)
- How well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs/releases heat.
d)
- Result of the hydrogen bonds that hold water together.
118.
- Water has a unusually high specific heat (heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds and released when they form)
a)
- As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water
b)
- Water has a unusually high specific heat (heat must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds and released when they form)
c)
Alcohol
d)
- Segments of polypeptide chains repeatedly coiled or foiled in patterns that contribute to the protein's overall shape
119.
Heat of vaporization
a)
- Can pass through phospholipid bi-layer
b)
Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone
c)
- Unequal sharing of electrons and water's V- like shape make it a polar molecule.
d)
- The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
120.
- Water has a high heat of vaporization, because hydrogen bonds need to be broken.
a)
- A substance that has an affinity for water.
b)
Glycogen
c)
- Water has a high heat of vaporization, because hydrogen bonds need to be broken.
d)
- The oxygen region has a partial negative charge.
121.
Evaporative Cooling
a)
Thiol
b)
- As a liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down.
c)
- Accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess, and donates them when they have been depleted.
d)
RNA - controls protein synthesis
122.
- "Hottest" molecules leave as gas first.
a)
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides
b)
- Result of hydrogen bonds between the repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
c)
- "Hottest" molecules leave as gas first.
d)
- Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds.
123.
- Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.
a)
- Contributes to the stability of temperature in bodies of water and keeps organisms from overheating.
b)
- "Hottest" molecules leave as gas first.
c)
- When the pH of a solution changes slightly, the actual concentrations of H+ and OH- in the solution change substantially (logs)
d)
- Substances that repel water.
124.
Frozen Water
a)
Individually weak bonds that occur only when atoms and molecules are very close together.
b)
Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
c)
- A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
d)
- Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid.
125.
- Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds.
a)
- How well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs/releases heat.
b)
- Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds.
c)
DNA = deoxyribose
d)
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
126.
- 0 degree C, molecules are locked into a crystalline lattice, and hydrogen bonds keep them far away.
a)
Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
b)
- 0 degree C, molecules are locked into a crystalline lattice, and hydrogen bonds keep them far away.
c)
- How well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs/releases heat.
d)
Nucleic acid
127.
- Floating ice is important so that lakes do not freeze solid.
a)
- Overall protein structure that results from the association of two or more polypeptide chains
b)
- Floating ice is important so that lakes do not freeze solid.
c)
- A hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and a hydrogen ion (H+) is transferred
d)
- The proton binds to the other water molecule making it a Hydronium ion (H30+)
128.
Solution
a)
- Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, which are made of nucleotides
b)
3. Double bond position (Skeleton may have double bonds, which can vary in location
c)
- Water has a high heat of vaporization, because hydrogen bonds need to be broken.
d)
- A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.
129.
Solvent
a)
- The dissolving agent of a solution.
b)
Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
c)
ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose
d)
- How well a substance resists changing its temperature when it absorbs/releases heat.
130.
Solute
a)
Amine
b)
- The water molecule that lost a proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH-) and has a charge of 1-
c)
- A type of steroid that can influence membrane fluidity
d)
- The substance that is dissolved.
131.
Hydrophilic
a)
- Water has a high heat of vaporization, because hydrogen bonds need to be broken.
b)
- A substance that has an affinity for water.
c)
DNA - provides directions for its own replication
d)
- Regulation: ex: insulin regulator
132.
- Substances can be hydrophilic without actually dissolving (cotton).
a)
- The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state.
b)
- Substances can be hydrophilic without actually dissolving (cotton).
c)
Methylated compound
d)
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
133.
Hydrophobic
a)
- Water moderates air temperature by absorbing heat from air that is warmer and releasing the stored heat to air that is cooler.
b)
Protein, carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid
c)
- Substances that repel water.
d)
- The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature of 1 degree C.
134.
- They are nonionic and nonpolar or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds.
a)
RNA - controls protein synthesis
b)
A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
c)
- They are nonionic and nonpolar or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds.
d)
- Groups of atoms consistently found together than can substitute for one or more of the hydrogens in a hydrocarbon molecule
135.
Dissociation of Water
a)
- A hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and a hydrogen ion (H+) is transferred
b)
Nucleic acid
c)
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
d)
- Substances that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
136.
- The water molecule that lost a proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH-) and has a charge of 1-
a)
- A hydrogen bond is the nonequivalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
b)
- The water molecule that lost a proton is now a hydroxide ion (OH-) and has a charge of 1-
c)
covalent bond formed between amino acids
d)
- Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds.
137.
- The proton binds to the other water molecule making it a Hydronium ion (H30+)
a)
Ketone (if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton)
b)
- The oxygen region has a partial negative charge.
c)
- The proton binds to the other water molecule making it a Hydronium ion (H30+)
d)
Glycogen
138.
Acid
a)
DNA - provides directions for its own replication
b)
- Substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
c)
- The average kinetic energy of molecules, regardless of volume.
d)
ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose
139.
- When acids dissolve in water, they donate an additional H+ to the solution.
a)
- A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
b)
- pH less than 7- acidic
c)
Ketone (if carbonyl group is within a carbon skeleton)
d)
- When acids dissolve in water, they donate an additional H+ to the solution.
140.
Base
a)
Organic Phosphate
b)
- Substances that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
c)
- Total thermal energy of matter depends on volume.
d)
a helix, and B pleated sheet
141.
- Some directly accept hydrogen ions (Ammonia)
a)
1. Primary structure
b)
- Some directly accept hydrogen ions (Ammonia)
c)
Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
d)
Glycogen
142.
- Some dissociate to form hydroxide ions which combine with hydrogen ions and form water.
a)
- They are nonionic and nonpolar or otherwise cannot form hydrogen bonds.
b)
- Some dissociate to form hydroxide ions which combine with hydrogen ions and form water.
c)
- Because of this, the hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to the oxygen of another molecule, forming a hydrogen bond.
d)
- Used as structural component of cells (ex: cell wall of plant cells)
143.
- Basic solutions have a higher concentration of OH- than H+
a)
- Basic solutions have a higher concentration of OH- than H+
b)
- Structural support: keratin in hair, skin, & nails
c)
- Long molecules of life, consisting of many similar or identical building blocks
d)
ex: glucose + fructose = sucrose
144.
pH
a)
- A substance that has an affinity for water.
b)
Smaller and repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
c)
Measure of hydrogen ion concentration
d)
3. Double bond position (Skeleton may have double bonds, which can vary in location
145.
pH scale
a)
Smaller and repeating units that serve as the building blocks of a polymer
b)
Measure of hydrogen ion concentration
c)
- pH declines as H+ concentration increases.
d)
RNA = ribose
146.
- pH less than 7- acidic
a)
- pH declines as H+ concentration increases.
b)
Amino group and carboxyl group
c)
Single, simple sugars
d)
- pH less than 7- acidic
147.
- pH above 7- basic
a)
- Water freezes because more and more of its molecules are moving too slowly to break hydrogen bonds.
b)
Carboxylic acid, or organic acid
c)
- pH above 7- basic
d)
Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side are connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone
148.
- When the pH of a solution changes slightly, the actual concentrations of H+ and OH- in the solution change substantially (logs)
a)
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
b)
- When the pH of a solution changes slightly, the actual concentrations of H+ and OH- in the solution change substantially (logs)
c)
Single, simple sugars
d)
- Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, which are made of nucleotides
149.
Buffer
a)
- Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.
b)
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
c)
- A substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution.
d)
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
150.
- Accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess, and donates them when they have been depleted.
a)
- Structural support: keratin in hair, skin, & nails
b)
temperature and pH
c)
Thiol
d)
- Accepts hydrogen ions when they are in excess, and donates them when they have been depleted.
151.
- Ex. carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffering system
a)
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
b)
- Unequal sharing of electrons and water's V- like shape make it a polar molecule.
c)
- Ex. carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffering system
d)
- A type of interaction that contributes to the tertiary structure
152.
Isomer
a)
Compounds with the same formula but different structures.
b)
Alcohol
c)
Deoxyribonucleic acid: a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix
d)
- The overall 3D shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions between the side chains of the various amino acids
153.
structural isomers
a)
- Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.
b)
have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
c)
- Ex. carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffering system
d)
- Result of the hydrogen bonds that hold water together.
154.
geometric isomers
a)
Ex. Geckos can climb up walls because their toes have tiny hairs and there are van der Waals interactions between the hair tip molecules and the molecules of the wall's surface. Because they are so numerous they can support the Gecko's body.
b)
- Transport: hemoglobin transports oxygen
c)
- pH above 7- basic
d)
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms.
155.
Enantiomers
a)
RNA - controls protein synthesis
b)
- Some dissociate to form hydroxide ions which combine with hydrogen ions and form water.
c)
- Nucleic acids are polymers called polynucleotides, which are made of nucleotides
d)
isomers that are mirror images of each other
156.
covalent bond
a)
Fats, oils, steroids, phospholipids
b)
Long, branched chain of glucose (polymer of glucose)
c)
- Basic solutions have a higher concentration of OH- than H+
d)
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
157.
hydrolysis reaction
a)
1. Primary structure
b)
A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water
c)
- Bi-layer
d)
- Contributes to the transport of water & dissolved nutrients.
158.
condensation reaction
a)
- As a polypeptide folds into its functional shape, amino acids with hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein, out of contact with water
b)
- Substances that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
c)
- Water can absorb/release heat with a small change in temperature.
d)
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine to produce water or another simple molecule
159.
dehydration synthesis
a)
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
b)
- A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.
c)
Dehydration
d)
- Substances that reduce the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.
160.
peptide bond
a)
- Can pass through phospholipid bi-layer
b)
Proteins made up of polymers of amino acids
c)
DNA = deoxyribose
d)
covalent bond formed between amino acids
161.
Triglycerides
a)
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
b)
- A hydrogen bond is the nonequivalent attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom.
c)
temperature and pH
d)
- The substance that is dissolved.
162.
Proteins can be denatured by
a)
- Hydrogen bonds in water give it a very high surface tension.
b)
A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
c)
temperature and pH
d)
- Not random, by inherited genetic information
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