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WorksheetsBiol 1215 Midterm Review
Total questions: 158
Worksheet time: 3hrs 32mins
Which of the following is not a hydrocarbon?
Methane
Ethanol
Butane
Ethylene
What type of bond is primarily responsible for the unique properties of water?
Ionic bond
Covalent bond
Hydrogen bond
Van der Waals forces
Which functional group is characterized by a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen?
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
What property of water allows it to dissolve many substances?
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization
Polarity
Covalent bonding
Which functional group contains a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms?
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
What is the maximum number of hydrogen bonds a single water molecule can form?
2
3
4
5
Which of the following is a property of water that contributes to the Earth's ability to support life?
Low specific heat
Nonpolar nature
High surface tension
Low heat of vaporization
Which property of water is responsible for its ability to climb up narrow tubes against the force of gravity?
Cohesion
Adhesion
High specific heat
High heat of vaporization
Which of the following is not a property of water?
It is a universal solvent
It has a high boiling point compared to other similar molecules
It is most dense in its gaseous state
It has a high surface tension
What is the significance of hydrogen bonding in DNA?
It forms the backbone of the DNA molecule
It stabilizes the double helix structure by connecting the two strands
It is responsible for the replication of DNA
It prevents DNA from being soluble in water
Which functional group is commonly found in sugars?
Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
How does the specific heat of water compare to that of most other substances?
It is lower
It is about the same
It is higher
It varies more significantly
Which of the following are functions of lipids? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Which of the following are functions of Proteins?
Defense
Structure
Energy
Catalyst
Insulation
DNA Bases
A-T
RNA Bases
A-U
DNA Structure
Double Stranded
RNA Structure
Single Stranded
DNA Function
Genetic Code
Carbohydrate
Protein
Nucleic Acid
Lipid
Carbohydrate
Cellulose
Lipid
Olive Oil
Protein
Enzyme
Nucleic Acid
mRNA
Glucose
Monosaccharide
Sucrose
Table Sugar
Starch
Plant Storage
Chitin
Animal Structure
Lactose
Milk Sugar
Which Elements are found in ALL organic compounds? (a) (b) (c)
The human body maintains a temperature of around 98.6 degrees at all times. Enzymes are involved in almost every chemical reaction in the body. Which of the following describes the connection between these two statements?
Enzymes function best at a specific temperature.
The body needs to be warm to prevent hypothermia.
The body is kept relatively warm to prevent too much enzyme action.
There is no connection between the two statements.
A sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base form the building blocks of which organic compound?
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
What will most likely happen if an appropriate enzyme is added to a chemical reaction?
The reaction rate will increase.
The equilibrium of the reaction will be maintained.
The reaction rate will decrease.
The reaction will stop.
RNA and DNA are which type of macromolecules?
carbohydrate
lipid
nucleic acid
protein
You are analyzing a compound in the laboratory. You find that it is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. How will you classify the compound?
lipid
protein
carbohydrate
nucleic acid
The diagram shows the general structure of an amino acid. Which type of molecule is formed from amino acids?
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
In living cells, enzymes act as catalysts, which may reduce the amount of activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur. In the graphs below, pathway x is a solid line representing the uncatalyzed reaction. The dotted line shows the catalyzed reaction. Which graph best illustrates the changes in a reaction when the catalyst reduces the amount of energy required?
A
B
C
D
Water is essential for life. Its special properties make water the single most important molecule in plant life. Which of the following properties of water enables it to move from the roots to the leaves of plants?
Water expands as it freezes.
Water is an excellent solvent.
Water exhibits cohesive behavior.
Water is able to moderate temperature.
As food travels through the digestive system, it is exposed to a variety of pH levels. The stomach has a pH of 2 due to the presence of hydrochloride acid (HCl), and the small intestine has a pH ranging from 7 to 9. HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin, an enzyme that digests proteins in the stomach. Which of the following most likely happens to pepsin as it enters the small intestine?
It becomes inactive.
It begins to replicate.
It's shape changes to engulf large proteins.
It's activity increases to digest more proteins.
Figure 1 represents a segment of DNA. Radiation can damage the nucleotides in a DNA molecule. To repair some types of damage, a single nucleotide can be removed from a DNA molecule and replaced with an undamaged nucleotide. Which of the four labeled bonds in Figure 1 could be broken to remove and replace the cytosine nucleotide without affecting the biological information coded in the DNA molecule?
Bond X only
Bond W only
Bonds Y and Z at the same time
Bonds W and Z at the same time
Which of the following statements is correct about the molecule shown in Figure 1 ?
It is RNA because of the relative direction of the two strands.
It is RNA because of the number of different nucleotides found in the molecule.
It is DNA because of the nature of the hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine.
It is DNA because of the nucleotides present.
Which statement describes how water is pulled up through the xylem to the leaves of the plant?
As water exits the leaf, hydrogen bonding between water molecules pulls more water up from below.
As water exits the leaf, signals are sent to the roots to pump more water up to the leaves through the xylem by adhesion.
Evaporation from the leaf decreases the hydrogen bonds that form between the water molecules in the xylem, which helps the water molecules to be pulled up the xylem.
Evaporation of water from the leaf increases the hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules in the air, providing the energy for transport.
Phosphorous (P) is an important nutrient for plant growth. Figure 1 shows Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under phosphorus‐sufficient (left) and phosphorus‐starved (right) conditions for six weeks.
Which of the following is the most likely reason for the difference in leaf growth?
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required proteins and lipids, limiting growth.
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required proteins and carbohydrates, limiting growth.
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required nucleic acids and lipids, limiting growth.
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required carbohydrates and nucleic acids, limiting growth.
Which of the following requires the dehydration reaction of two amino acids?
Carboxyl group of first amino acid binds with carboxyl group of second amino acid
Carboxyl group of first amino acid binds with amino group of second amino acid
R group of first amino acid binds with R group of second amino acid
Amino group of first amino acid binds with amino group of second amino acid
This type of inhibition blocks the active site of an enzyme:
competitive inhibition
allosteric inhibition
noncompetitive inhibition
A molecule that is so similar to the normal substrate that it competes for the active site of the enzyme
Allosteric Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Feedback Inhibition
The process illustrated in the figure is called:
condensation
protein synthesis
hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
In prokaryotes, what part is the site of protein synthesis?
(a)
In prokaryotic cells, which part stores genetic material?
nucleus
ribosome
nucleoid region
nucleolus
In eukaryotic cells, which organelle generates energy for the cell?
golgi apparatus
mitochondria
chloroplast
vacuole
rough endoplasmic reticulum
In eukaryotic cells, which part stores genetic information?
nucleolus
nucleus
vacuole
nucleoid region
Which of the following are true about the rough endoplasmic reticulum? (check all that apply)
Found prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Embedded with ribosomes
Modify and transport proteins
Synthesis lipids
Detoxifies the cell
Which of the following are true about the cell membrane? (check all that apply)
Found prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Controls what enters the cell
Controls what leaves the cell
Made of phospholipids
Serves as an impermeable barrier
Which of the following are true about the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (check all that apply)
Only found in eukaryotic cells
Embedded with ribosomes
Modify and transport proteins
Helps synthesize lipids and carbs
Stores calcium ions
Which part(s) is found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
cytoplasm
ribosome
cell membrane
DNA
nucleus
In plant cells, what organelle is used to store nutrients and water?
lysosome
vacuole
chloroplast
golgi apparatus
In plant cells, where does photosynthesis occur?
chloroplast
vacuole
nucleolus
cell wall
What process occurs in the mitochondria?
(a)
What process occurs in the chloroplast?
(a)
Which of the following is true about the cytoskeleton? (check all that apply)
A hard protective covering for the cell
Provides reinforcement of the cell's shape
Contains thin filaments that allow contraction of the muscle cells
A mesh of protein fibers
Stores calcium ions
In eukaryotic cells, which organelle is a specialized vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes that can break down old cell parts and food.
vacuole
mitochondria
golgi apparatus
nucleolus
lysosome
In eukaryotic cells, what structure is made up of uncoiled and uncondensed DNA and proteins.
chromosome
nucleus
nucleolus
chromatin
cytoskeleton
In eukaryotic cells, what organelle produces the building blocks of ribosomes?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
nucleus
nucleolus
cytoskeleton
rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is cell differentiation?
Process by which cells produce MORE cells.
Process by which cells become UNSPECIALIZED
Process by with cells become SPECIALIZED
Process by which cells become old and DIE
Why do stomach cells function differently than skin cells?
They contain entirely different DNA
They use different genes in the DNA
Which of the following membrane-bound organelles is responsible for hydrolysis (using enzymes to break down macromolecules)?
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Which of the following is a reason that cells are so small?
Cells are small because they want to maximize their surface area-to-volume ratio.
Cells are small because they want to maximize their volume-to-surface area ratio.
Cells are small because they need to produce extremely small macromolecules.
Cells are small because they prefer to work together in clusters of many thousands that wouldn't otherwise fit anywhere.
Which of the following is one way that cells increase their surface area without increasing their size?
Cells will often include perfectly spherical membranes.
Cells will often include folds in their membranes.
Cells will often include holes in their membranes.
Cells will maximize their volume.
Which of the following correctly describes hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the cellular membrane?
The hydrophobic region is made of phosphates, and the hydrophilic region is made of lipids.
The hydrophobic region is 'water-loving', and the hydrophilic region is 'water-fearing'.
The hydrophobic region is polar, and the hydrophilic region is non-polar.
The hydrophobic region faces inward in the interior of the membrane, the hydrophilic region faces outwards towards the aqueous environment.
Which of the following is the correct name of the model that describes the structure of the cell membrane?
The Fluid Molecular Model
The Free Molecular Model
The Fluid Mosaic Model
The Free Mosaic Model
Which of the following would need assistance moving through the plasma membrane?
Nitrogen gas (N2)
Oxygen gas (O2)
Carbon Dioxide gas (CO2)
Water
Which of the following is a difference between passive and active transport?
Passive transport moves molecules against their gradient, while active transport moves molecules with their gradient.
Passive transport moves molecules with a direct input of energy, while active transport moves molecules without a direct input of energy.
Passive transport moves molecules non-spontaneously, while active transport moves molecules spontaneously.
Passive transport moves molecules without a direct input of energy, while active transport moves molecules with a direct input of energy.
What is the primary role of aquaporins?
To transport water across the membrane.
To change the state of water from gas to liquid.
To pump water into the mitochondria for cellular respiration.
To use water for hydrolytic purposes.
Which of the following describes a solution that has a higher concentration than the internal environment of the cell?
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Transtonic
If a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, what is likely to happen to it over time?
The cell will swell, as water flows into the cell.
The cell will not change, as it will be at dynamic equilibrium.
The cell will lyse, as water bursts the cell.
The cell will shrink, as water flows out of the cell.
Which of the following describes the endosymbiotic theory?
A prokaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller prokaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell eukaryotic.
A eukaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller prokaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell prokaryotic.
A prokaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller eukaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell eukaryotic.
A eukaryotic cell engulfed several other types of smaller eukaryotic cells, and eventually its compartmentalization made the cell prokaryotic.
Which of the following membrane-bound organelles evolved from free-living prokaryotic cells?
Nuclei and plasmids.
Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Vacuoles and lysosomes.
Centrioles and microtubules.
Which of the following factors would tend to increase membrane fluidity?
a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids
a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids
a lower temperature
a relatively high protein content in the membrane
White blood cells engulf bacteria using _______________.
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
osmosis
receptor-mediated exocytosis
Assuming that the purple molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, what would happen to the water level as a result of osmosis?
The water level would rise on the A side
The water level would rise on the B side
The water level would remain constant
The water level would drop on the A side.
Which cell is in a hypertonic environment?
A
B
C
None of them are hypertonic
Which of the following processes is an "umbrella" term for the others?
Osmosis.
Facilitated diffusion.
Passive transport.
Transport of an ion down its electrochemical gradient.
Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
It is very rapid of long distances.
It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell.
It is an active process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration.
It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Which of the following would likely diffuse through the lipid bilayer of a plasma membrane most rapidly?
sucrose.
an amino acid.
O2.
Na+.
Which of the following statements describes a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?
It exhibits specificity for a particular type of molecule
It requires the expenditure of cellular energy to function.
It works against diffusion.
It has not hydrophobic regions.
In what way do the membranes of a eukaryotic cell vary?
Phospholipids are found only in certain membranes
Certain proteins are unique to each membrane
Only certain membranes of the cell are selectively permeable
Some membranes have hydrophobic surfaces exposed to the cytoplasm while others have hydrophilic surfaces facing the cytoplasm.
According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, phospholipids___________________.
can shift laterally along the plane of the membranee
frequently flip-flop from one side of the membrane to the other
occur in an uninterrupted bilayer, with membrane proteins restricted to the surface of the membrane
have hydrophilic tails in the interior of the membrane
Which of the following membrane activities requires energy from ATP?
Facilitated diffusion of chloride ions through a chloride channel.
Movement of Na+ ions from lower concentration in a mammalian cell to a higher concentration in the extracellular fluid.
Movement of glucose molecules into a bacteria cell from a medium containing a higher concentration of glucose than inside the cell.
Movement of carbon dioxide out of a paramecium.
An animal cell lacking in carbohydrates on the external surface of its plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function?
transporting ions against an electrochemical gradient
cell-cell recognition
attaching the plasma membrane to the cytoskeleton
establishing a diffusion barrier to charged molecules
Which of the following is NOT an example of a Eukaryotic cell?
Animal
Fungi
Protist
Archaea
Eukaryotic cells possess an extensive endomembrane system. The extensive use of internal membranes gives eukaryotic cells certain useful advantages not seen in prokaryotic cells. Choose the example that correctly describes one of these advantages.
Nucleic acids can freely mingle with cytoplasmic enzymes
Lysosomes can maintain a much lower pH than surrounding cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum is prevented from forming vesicles
Surface area available for chemical reactions is greatly decreased
Cells tend to be small, with sizes ranging between 1 and 100 mm. These small sizes help to ensure that cells have a favorable surface-area-to-volume ratio. Choose the statement that explains why a favorable surface-area-to-volume ratio is advantageous.
Higher surface-area-to-volume ratios improve the efficiency of transporting materials in and out of cells.
Lower surface-area-to-volume ratios improve the efficiency of transporting materials in and our of cells.
Higher surface-area-to-volume ratios speed up the flow of cytoplasm within cells.
Higher surface-area-to-volume ratios slow down the flow of cytoplasm within cells.
The Endosymbiotic Theory suggests that eukaryotic cells evolved when an ancient cell engulfed another, forming a permanent symbiotic relationship. Choose the evidence that best justifies this claim.
Both mitochondria and chloroplasts perform energy functions
Eukaryotic cells have many mitochondria
Eukaryotic cells have traits in common with archaea
Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain circular loops of unique DNA
Which region represents the G2 phase?
Plants use the following reactants for the light reaction
Water and CO2
Water and NADPH
Water and NADP+
NADPH and ATP
Photosynthesis goal is to
convert light energy into glucose energy
use light energy to make oxygen gas
convert sugar energy into ATP
convert sugar energy into oxygen gas
Rubisco is important in which step of photosynthesis
energizing the electrons in chlorophyll
carbon fixation when CO2 is connected to RUBP during calvin cycle
regeneration phase as RUBP is made during calvin cycle
reduction of the carbon chain during the calvin cycle
Which of the following would have the least affect on photosynthetic rate?
increase the temp from 20 C to 30 C
increasing the CO2 from 400 ppm to 600ppm
increasing the light intesity from 40 Watts to 60 Watts
increasing the amount of O2 from 20% to 30% in the air
Plants obtain CO2 into the chloroplast by
active transport
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
endocytosis
Photosystems are made of
chloroplasts
chromosomes
chlorophyll
cytoplasm
What is FALSE about the calvin cycle
uses the light reactions products
produces a three carbon sugar (G3P)
produces carbon dioxide
produces NADP+
What does a C4 plant do?
stores CO2 in a separate cell from its photosynthetic cell during the day
stores CO2 in a vacuole during the night.
can't store CO2 so it sufferes photorespiration
can't store CO2 so it speeds up cellular respiration in order to make more CO2
Why does photorespiration occur?
stomata are closed and CO2 levels are too low.
stomata are closed and O2 levels are too low.
stomata are open and too much water is leaving the plant
stomata are open and the plant receives too much CO2
Plants that store CO2 at night as an acid in a vacuole are called
C3 plants
C4 plants
CAM plants
Which plant LACKS CO2 storage method
C3
C4
CAM
What happens to the oxygen levels if a plant were left in the dark over night?
go up due to photosynthesis
go down due to cell respiration
stay the same since stomata are closed
Which plant would have the most oxygen produced in 1 hour?
plant given red light only
plant given blue light only
plant given white light
plant given green light only
An increase in CO2 in the air would most likely
increase photosynthesis
increase cell respiration
increase photorespiration
increase transpiration
The calvin cycle requires what substances from the light reaction?
CO2 and Water
light and CO2
ATP and NADPH
glucose and O2
Why does the light reaction perform cyclic photophosphorylation? (where ATP is made with electrons that return to where they started)
because the stomata are closed and CO2 levels are low
because the Calvin cycle runs out of ATP
because the Calvin cycle runs out of NADPH
because there is no water to donate electrons to those that are leaving for the Calvin cycle
How is cellular respiration related to photosynthesis?
Both require oxygen to start
It is the reverse reaction of photosynthesis
Both start with glycolysis
Both end with 38 ATP for cells
Which of the following statements are false?
Glycolysis does not require oxygen
Glycolysis is the first step in both anaerobic and aerobic respiration
Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
Glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 Pyruvates, and 2 NADH
What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration?
ATP
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Water
All of the above
The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) occurs across the ________ and so extra folds called ________ enable it to occur more often
Mitochondrial matrix, villi
Outer mitochondrial membrane, flagella
Inner mitochondrial membrane, cristae
Cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum
After strenuous exercise, a muscle cell would contain decreased amounts of ______ and increased amounts of ______ ____
glucose; ATP
ATP; glucose
oxygen; lactic acid
lactic acid; ATP
What process is found in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism?
the Kreb's cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
the citric acid cycle
glycolysis
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is _______ and this allows _______________ to continue.
oxygen, electron flow
water, citric acid cycle
carbon dioxide, aerobic respiration
NAD+, chemiosmosis
It is possible for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes to perform glycolysis because it occurs in the _____________
mitochondrial matrix
inner membrane
cytoplasm
cell membrane
Anaerobic respiration yields about ______ ATP per glucose whereas aerobic respiration yields about _______ ATP per glucose.
38, 2
2, 38
2, 18
18, 2
The electrons that transfer energy to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane were supplied by
ATP and NADPH
NADH and FADH2
water and oxygen
A researcher examining a root tip observes a plant cell with condensed sister chromatids, kinetochores with attached microtubules, and individual chromosomes that are aligned at the equatorial plate of the cell. Which of the following best describes what the next process will be in the cell?
Homologous chromosomes (each with two sister chromatids) will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
Paired chromatids will separate, and the new daughter chromosomes will move toward opposite poles of the cell.
The nuclear envelope will break down, and the spindle will begin to form.
The chromatin will decondense, and the daughter cell will enter interphase.
In which stage of the cell cycle does the divison of the nucleus take place?
G2
S
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
The amount of DNA in a cell is measured right after mitosis and found to be 8 picograms. How many picograms of DNA would be found in a nucleus in the G2 phase?
4
8
16
24
What is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis?
It divides the cell in half.
It duplicates the DNA.
It breaks down the nuclear membrane.
It helps separate the chromosomes.
Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Duplication
How many rounds of division in meiosis?
0
1
2
3
How many rounds of DNA replication?
0
1
2
3
What phase does the crossing over take place?
Prophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase I
Metaphase II
Compare and contrast number of divisions between mitosis & meiosis
Mitosis – 0, Meiosis – 1
Mitosis – 1, Meiosis – 1
Mitosis – 1, Meiosis – 2
Mitosis – 1, Meiosis – 0
Describe the daughter cells in meiosis vs parent cell
The daughter cells are…
Identical & Diploid
Unique & Diploid
Identical & Haploid
Unique & Haploid
What goes through movements in Meiosis II?
Homologous chromosomes
Sister chromatids
