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WorksheetsThe Absurdly Long Review of Most of Unit 9
Total questions: 138
Worksheet time: 1hrs 9mins
What type of air pressure is always present whether the air is at rest or in motion?
Dynamic pressure
Total pressure
Static pressure
Thermal pressure
How is dynamic pressure calculated?
It is the pressure from air brought to a stop
It is the pressure from still air
It is the difference between total and static pressures
It is the sum of static and total pressures
Which of the following is NOT one of the primary instruments operated by the pitot-static system?
Altimeter
Vertical speed indicator (VSI)
Airspeed indicator
Turn coordinator
What is the function of the altimeter in an aircraft?
To indicate the aircraft's altitude
To measure the aircraft's speed
To show the aircraft's heading
To display the rate of climb or descent
What does the vertical speed indicator (VSI) show?
The rate at which the aircraft is climbing or descending
The aircraft's speed relative to the ground
The aircraft's altitude above sea level
The aircraft's angle of bank
Which instruments use only the static port for their operation?
Altimeter and airspeed indicator
Vertical speed indicator and airspeed indicator
Altimeter and vertical speed indicator
Airspeed indicator and pressure indicator
What types of pressure enter through the small hole in the front of the pitot tube?
Dynamic pressure only
Static pressure only
Total pressure (dynamic + static)
No pressure
Why are some pitot tubes heated?
To measure temperature
To prevent ice from blocking the air inlet or drain hole
To increase air pressure
To drain moisture faster
What must pilots ensure about the pitot tube before flight?
That it is turned off
That it is heated to a certain temperature
That all openings of the pitot tube are clear
That it is disconnected
What type of air pressure does the Vertical Speed Indicator use?
Total pressure
Static pressure
Dynamic pressure
Impact pressure
What type of air pressure does the Altimeter use?
Total pressure
Static pressure
Dynamic pressure
Impact pressure
What happens to the bellows in an altimeter as the static pressure changes?
They remain the same
They only expand
They contract/expand
They only contract
What does the longest pointer on an altimeter indicate?
1,000-foot increments
10,000-foot increments
100-foot increments
10-foot increments
How does an altimeter use static pressure to display altitude?
It measures the temperature difference at various altitudes
It calculates the speed of the aircraft
It compares the static pressure to a pre-set standard atmosphere pressure
It detects changes in aircraft orientation
What is the standard pressure at sea level as per the learning material?
28.92 inHg
29.92 inHg
30.92 inHg
31.92 inHg
The altimeter should be adjusted to correct for:
Standard temperature
Non-standard temperature
Standard pressure
Non-standard pressure
What should you do if there is no barometric pressure setting available for the altimeter?
Leave the altimeter as it is
Adjust until the altimeter displays airport elevation
Turn off the altimeter
Reset the altimeter to zero
If a pilot is flying from Airport A with an altimeter setting of 30.74 inHg to Airport B with an altimeter setting of 29.74 inHg and fails to update the altimeter setting, what will the altimeter incorrectly indicate when the actual altitude is 5,000 feet?
The altimeter will indicate 4,000 feet.
The altimeter will indicate 5,000 feet.
The altimeter will indicate 6,000 feet.
The altimeter will indicate 3,000 feet.
If the pilot fails to update their altimeter setting as they approach the destination airport with an altimeter setting of 30.15 inHg, while the departure airport had a setting of 29.65 inHg, will their altitude be higher or lower than expected?
Higher
Lower
Unchanged
Cannot be determined
What is indicated altitude?
The actual height above sea level
The height above the ground
The height read off the altimeter and corrected for non-standard pressure
The height above the Earth's surface
True altitude refers to which of the following?
The height above the ground
The height above sea level, not corrected for temperature
The actual height above sea level, commonly referred to as mean sea level (MSL)
The height read off the altimeter
What does absolute altitude represent?
The height above the standard datum plane
The height above sea level
The height above the Earth's surface
The height above the ground, or AGL
What is pressure altitude?
The altitude indicated when the altimeter setting is adjusted to the temperature of the standard datum plane
The altitude read from the altimeter when pressure is set to standard (29.92 inHg)
The altitude above sea level
The altitude corrected for non-standard temperature
What does density altitude refer to?
The altitude read from the altimeter when pressure is set to standard (29.92 inHg)
The altitude above the standard datum plane
The pressure altitude corrected for non-standard temperature
The altitude indicated when the altimeter setting is adjusted to the pressure of the standard datum plane
Why is density altitude important for aircraft performance?
It is the altitude at which the aircraft is flying above sea level
It is the altitude read from the altimeter when pressure is set to standard
It is the altitude that the aircraft "feels" and varies with temperature, directly affecting aircraft performance
It is the altitude above the standard datum plane
What are the 5 types of altitude a pilot is concerned about?
Indicated, Absolute, True, Pressure, and Density Altitude
Indicated, Absolute, True, Magnetic, and Density Altitude
Indicated, Absolute, True, Pressure, and Altitude
Indicated, Absolute, True, Pressure, and Height Altitude
What does the Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) provide the pilot with?
The airspeed of the aircraft
The rate of climb or descent in feet per minute
The altitude of the aircraft
The heading of the aircraft
What is connected to the bellows and to the instrument case in a VSI?
Pitot tube
Static port
Gyroscope
Altimeter
What is the purpose of the "calibrated leak" in a VSI?
To allow air to move in and out at the same speed as the air in the bellows
To measure the temperature of the air
To restrict airflow so air can't move in and out as fast as the air in the bellows
To calibrate the altimeter
On what principle does the VSI work?
Principle of equal pressure
Principle of differential pressure
Principle of constant volume
Principle of centrifugal force
What is true altitude?
The vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level.
The vertical distance of the aircraft above the surface.
The height above the standard datum plane.
Which flight instrument uses both dynamic and static pressures?
Altimeter
Vertical speed indicator
Airspeed indicator
Attitude indicator
What is static pressure?
Pressure from air brought to a stop
Pressure from moving air
Pressure from still air, always present at rest or in motion
The difference between total and static pressures
How is dynamic pressure calculated?
Pressure from still air
Pressure from air brought to a stop
Pressure from moving air
The difference between total and static pressures
What is total pressure?
The difference between total and static pressures
Pressure from still air
The difference between dynamic and static pressures
The sum of static and dynamic pressures
What happens to dynamic pressure when sitting still on the ground?
It is equal to the static pressure
It is higher than the static pressure
It is lower than the static pressure
There is no dynamic pressure
What does the airspeed indicator measure?
The dynamic pressure from the static port
The static pressure from the pitot tube
The difference between the static pressure from the static port and the total pressure from the pitot tube
The sum of the static and dynamic pressures from the static port
What carries total pressure (dynamic + static) into the airspeed indicator case?
Static air line
Pressure chamber
Pitot tube
Drain hole
What happens to the static pressures inside the airspeed indicator?
They are added to the dynamic pressure
They cancel each other out
They are measured separately
They are vented out through the drain hole
What is the result of the diaphragm moving in an airspeed indicator?
The needle moves counterclockwise
The gears connected to the needle move
The airspeed decreases
The diaphragm contracts
What units does an airspeed indicator use?
Pounds per square inch (psi) and kilometers per hour (km/h)
Kilometers per hour (km/h) and meters per second (m/s)
Knots (kts) or miles per hour (mph)
Feet per minute (fpm) and meters per second (m/s)
How many types of airspeed are there?
Two
Three
Four
Five
Which of the following is NOT a type of airspeed?
Indicated
Calibrated
True
Pressure
Where is Indicated Airspeed (IAS) read from?
Altimeter
Airspeed indicator dial
Compass
Vertical speed indicator
What does CAS (calibrated airspeed) correct IAS for?
Weather conditions
Installation and instrument errors
Fuel efficiency
Altitude changes
What does true airspeed (TAS) correct for?
Standard temperature and pressure
Nonstandard temperature and barometric pressure
Airspeed indicator errors
Fuel consumption rates
What happens to air density and dynamic air pressure as an aircraft climbs?
Air density increases and dynamic air pressure increases
Air density decreases and dynamic air pressure increases
Air density increases and dynamic air pressure decreases
Air density decreases and dynamic air pressure decreases
How can TAS be calculated?
By subtracting 2% of CAS per 1,000 feet of altitude
By adding 2% of CAS per 1,000 feet of altitude
By multiplying CAS by 2% per 1,000 feet of altitude
By dividing CAS by 2% per 1,000 feet of altitude
What is Groundspeed (GS) in aviation?
The speed of the aircraft relative to the air above the ground
The speed of the aircraft relative to the ground
The speed of the aircraft relative to the water
The speed of the aircraft during takeoff
What is Groundspeed adjusted for?
Engine power
Altitude
Winds
Temperature
How does Groundspeed change with tailwinds and headwinds?
Increases with tailwinds and decreases with headwinds
Decreases with tailwinds and increases with headwinds
Remains constant regardless of wind conditions
Increases with both tailwinds and headwinds
What is the groundspeed of an aerobatic aircraft flying straight up?
Zero
Equal to the wind speed
Equal to the aircraft's engine power
Cannot be determined
What is the groundspeed (GS) of an airplane with a true airspeed (TAS) of 120 knots in a 30-knot headwind?
A) 90 knots
B) 120 knots
C) 150 knots
D) 100 knots
What is the groundspeed (GS) of an airplane with a true airspeed (TAS) of 120 knots in an 18-knot tailwind?
A) 102 knots
B) 138 knots
C) 120 knots
D) 98 knots
Are all V speeds color-coded on the airspeed indicator?
Yes, all V speeds are color-coded.
No, only the most important V speeds are color-coded.
No, V speeds are not color-coded at all.
Yes, but they are only visible at night.
What does the white arc on an airspeed indicator represent?
The maximum operating speed of the aircraft
The safe operating range for flaps
The minimum speed for safe flight without stalling
The speed range for the landing gear to be extended
What does VSO denote on an airspeed indicator?
Maximum speed with flaps extended
Power-on stall speed
Stall speed with flaps fully extended
Minimum controllable airspeed with full power
What does VFE represent on an airspeed indicator?
Power-off stall speed
Maximum speed with flaps extended
Minimum speed for safe flight without stalling
Maximum operating speed of the aircraft
What does the green arc on an aircraft's airspeed indicator represent?
The maximum structural cruising speed
The power-off stall speed at maximum takeoff weight
The normal operating range of the aircraft
The airspeed above which it is unsafe to fly
What does the yellow arc on an aircraft's airspeed indicator represent?
Maximum safe landing speed
Caution range of the aircraft
Optimal cruising speed
Minimum safe airspeed for flight
What is the "top" of the yellow arc (where the red line is) on an airspeed indicator referred to as?
V1
V2
VNO
VNE
What does the term "maneuvering speed" refer to in aviation?
The speed at which the aircraft should be flown during aerobatic maneuvers
The maximum speed for the operation of flight control surfaces
The speed that allows for full and abrupt control movement without overstressing the aircraft
The speed at which the aircraft should be flown during takeoff and landing
At what speed can a pilot fully deflect one control surface without risking structural damage to the aircraft?
Cruising speed
Stall speed
Maneuvering speed
Maximum speed
Why do pilots use maneuvering speed?
To increase fuel efficiency
To perform normal maneuvers without overstressing the aircraft
To reach their destination faster
To communicate with air traffic control
When will pilots slow the airplane to maneuvering speed?
When preparing for landing
When taking off
When encountering turbulence
When flying at high altitudes
How does maneuvering speed vary with the weight of the aircraft?
It increases with higher weight
It remains constant regardless of weight
It decreases with higher weight
It is lower at lower weights
On the ground with no wind, what should the airspeed indicator read?
Zero
The same as during takeoff
A positive value
A negative value
What should the pilot confirm about the airspeed indicator during takeoff roll?
It does not move
It shows decreasing airspeed
It shows increasing airspeed
It reads zero
What will the airspeed indicator show in the case of a partial pitot tube blockage?
It will show the correct airspeed.
It will show zero airspeed regardless of actual airspeed.
It will fluctuate randomly.
It will show double the actual airspeed.
What happens to the airspeed indicator when there is a total blockage of the pitot tube?
The airspeed indicator will stop working completely.
The airspeed indicator will function as a vertical speed indicator.
The airspeed indicator will "turn into an altimeter."
The airspeed indicator will show a constant speed regardless of the aircraft's speed.
How does the indicated airspeed change with altitude changes during a complete pitot tube blockage?
Indicated airspeed will not change with altitude changes.
Indicated airspeed will increase with a climb and decrease with a descent.
Indicated airspeed will decrease with a climb and increase with a descent.
Indicated airspeed will fluctuate randomly.
What happens to the altimeter when there is a static port blockage?
It shows increasing altitude
It freezes
It shows decreasing altitude
It provides accurate readings
What does the vertical speed indicator (VSI) display if the static port is blocked?
Shows climbing
Shows descending
Zero
Fluctuates rapidly
Why are the altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator all affected by a static port blockage?
Because they are all electrically powered
Because they all use the same battery
Because they are all connected to the static port
Because they are not calibrated properly
Which instruments are affected by a static port blockage?
Altimeter, airspeed indicator, and vertical speed indicator
Airspeed indicator, turn coordinator, and heading indicator
Altimeter, attitude indicator, and turn coordinator
Vertical speed indicator, heading indicator, and altimeter
Why might it be hard to recognize an instrument failure when flying an aircraft?
Because the instruments always function correctly
Because there are too many visual references
Because there are no visual references, such as when flying in clouds
Because the aircraft is not designed to indicate failures
What should a pilot suspect if the instrument readings don't match the actions taken, such as no altitude change despite adding power and raising the nose?
A fuel system issue
A pitot-static failure
An engine failure
A hydraulic system failure
What should a pilot do as a reaction if the pitot-static instruments fail?
Fly at known pitch and power settings
Decrease altitude immediately
Land at the nearest airport
Turn off all electronic devices
What is an alternative source for speed and altitude information if the pitot-static instruments are not working?
Radar
GPS backup
Visual landmarks
Compass
What action should be taken to prevent pitot-static system malfunctions due to icing?
Decrease airspeed
Turn on pitot heat
Open alternate static source
Increase altitude
What can cause spatial disorientation for pilots?
Clear skies and bright sunlight.
Fog, clouds, and darkness.
Stable and predictable weather conditions.
Well-lit cities and landscapes.
What does the Attitude Indicator display in an aircraft?
Aircraft speed
Aircraft altitude
Aircraft pitch and roll information
Aircraft rate of turn
What is the purpose of the Heading Indicator in an aircraft?
To display the aircraft's vertical speed
To display the aircraft's direction
To display the aircraft's fuel level
To display the aircraft's engine performance
How does the spin speed of the wheel affect the stability of a gyroscope?
The slower the wheel spins, the more stable the gyroscope.
The spin speed of the wheel has no effect on the gyroscope's stability.
The faster the wheel spins, the more stable the gyroscope.
The stability of the gyroscope is only affected by the weight of the wheel.
What does precession describe in the context of gyroscopes?
The process by which gyroscopes maintain their level of rotation
How gyroscopes respond to deflective force
The method by which gyroscopes are powered
The alignment of gyroscopes with the Earth's magnetic field
Where does deflection occur in relation to the point of force application in precession?
At the point of force application
45 degrees from the point of force application
90 degrees in the direction of rotation from the point of force application
Directly opposite to the point of force application
In aircraft, how are gyros powered?
Battery only
Solar power
In one of three ways: vacuum (pneumatic) that pulls air, positive pressure (pneumatic) pump that pushes air, or electric motor
Wind energy
When do gyros work?
Only when stationary
Only when spinning
Only when powered by solar energy
Only when in a vacuum
Why are electric gyro systems used in aircraft that fly at high altitudes?
Because it's easier to achieve adequate air pressure at high altitudes
Because electric systems work better in cold temperatures
Because it may be difficult to achieve adequate air pressure to power gyros
Because they are lighter than other systems
Which instruments are powered by gyroscopes?
Altimeter, Airspeed Indicator, Vertical Speed Indicator
Attitude Indicator, Turn Coordinator, Heading Indicator
Attitude Indicator, Airspeed Indicator, Turn Coordinator
Turn Coordinator, Heading Indicator, Altimeter
What color on the attitude indicator represents the area above the horizon?
Brown
Green
Blue
Yellow
On the attitude indicator, what do the white lines around the arc indicate?
Degrees of pitch
Airspeed
Degrees of bank
Altitude
What can a pilot estimate with a partial deflection of the needle on a turn and slip indicator?
The altitude of the aircraft
The airspeed of the aircraft
The turn rate of the aircraft
The wind speed
Does the inclinometer in a turn and slip indicator operate independently of the gyro?
Yes, it operates independently
No, it requires the gyro to operate
It operates only with the aircraft's autopilot
It operates based on GPS signals
Which of the following is true about the Turn Coordinator?
It is less popular in modern aircraft compared to older models.
It uses a straight gyro mounting.
It senses only the turn rate of an aircraft.
It senses both turn rate and roll of an aircraft.
What does the inclinometer consist of?
A ball suspended in a straight tube of liquid
A ball suspended in a curved tube of liquid
A gyroscopic sensor in a curved tube of liquid
A pendulum in a curved tube of liquid
What causes the ball in the inclinometer to deflect during turns?
Magnetic force
Gravitational force
Centrifugal force
Electrical force
What are pilots taught to do when the ball in the inclinometer deflects to one side?
'Step on the ball'
'Kick the ball'
Ignore the deflection
Adjust the ailerons instead of the rudder
What does the gyroscopic instrument known as the heading indicator display?
The altitude of the airplane
The speed of the airplane
The direction in which the nose of the airplane is pointed
The temperature outside the airplane
How is the direction measured by the heading indicator?
In degrees relative to true north
In degrees relative to magnetic north
In nautical miles
In kilometers per hour
Why must the heading indicator be set to match the magnetic compass?
Because the heading indicator can detect magnetic north
Because the heading indicator is affected by wind speed
Because the heading indicator does not detect magnetic north
Because the heading indicator operates on solar power
What is the advantage of the heading indicator supplementing the magnetic compass?
It is less prone to errors than the magnetic compass
It can replace the magnetic compass entirely
It provides additional information about the weather
It increases the fuel efficiency of the airplane
What does the heading indicator maintain while the aircraft changes direction?
Its altitude
Its speed
Its position in space
Its temperature
What is mounted to spin vertically inside the heading indicator?
Compass card
Attitude indicator
Gyroscope
Rotor
What remains fixed while the aircraft turns around it?
Gyroscope
Compass card
Attitude indicator
Rotor
What causes the compass card to drift from its original position in the heading indicator?
Rigidity in space
Precession, friction, and Earth's rotation
The aircraft's speed
The aircraft's altitude
What enables pilots to reset the heading indicator to match the magnetic compass?
A knob on the front of the heading indicator
The rigidity in space
The aircraft's control yoke
The rotor's movement
What happens when a gyroscope fails?
The gyroscope spins faster
The gyroscope stops spinning or "tumbles"
The gyroscope changes color
The gyroscope becomes more accurate
What is the most common cause of gyroscope failure?
Extreme turbulence
Electrical systems failure
Power failure
Overheating
What is another cause of gyroscope "tumbling" besides power failure?
Low fuel
Extreme turbulence
Incorrect installation
High altitude
What must be done to a gyroscope after it tumbles to give accurate readings again?
It must be replaced with a new one
It must be recalibrated
It must realign to give accurate readings again
It must be cooled down
What is a recommended practice for determining instrument failure?
Ignoring the warning lights and focusing on flying.
Maintaining a good scan of all instruments.
Checking the instruments only when there is a clear indication of failure.
Relying on co-pilot's assessment of the instruments.
What surrounds the Earth to create lines of magnetic force from magnetic North to South Poles?
An electric field
A gravitational field
A magnetic field
A radiation field
What are the lines of magnetic force called?
Lines of electric flux
Lines of magnetic flux
Lines of gravitational pull
Lines of radiation
How do magnets tend to behave in relation to the Earth's magnetic flux lines?
They repel away from the flux lines.
They rotate perpendicular to the flux lines.
They tend to line up with the flux lines.
They have no interaction with the flux lines.
Are the magnetic poles and geographical poles of the Earth the same?
Yes, they are the same.
No, they are different.
Yes, but only during equinoxes.
No, they coincide once every millennium.
Can the location of magnetic poles change over time?
No, they are fixed.
Yes, but only during solar eclipses.
Yes, they can change over time.
No, they change only during geomagnetic reversals.
Is a compass required in all aircraft?
Yes
No
Only in military aircraft
Only in commercial aircraft
What does a magnetic compass point to?
True north
Magnetic south
Magnetic north
Geographic north
Which of the following is NOT a type of compass error listed on the page?
Variation
Deviation
Northerly turning error
Magnetic dip
Which compass error occurs due to the aircraft's magnetic field?
Variation
Deviation
Northerly turning error
Acceleration error
What type of error is caused by acceleration or deceleration in an east or west heading?
Variation
Deviation
Northerly turning error
Acceleration error
What do isogonic lines on Sectional Charts represent?
Lines of equal latitude
Lines of equal longitude
Lines of equal magnetic variation
Lines of equal altitude
What is the mnemonic to remember how to adjust for magnetic variation?
North is best, South is least
East is least, and West is best
East is best, and West is least
North is least, South is best
What causes compass deviation in an aircraft?
Changes in the Earth's magnetic field
Local magnetic fields from airplane radios and metal in engine, propeller, airframe
Low battery power in the aircraft's instruments
Interference from nearby aircraft
How is compass deviation measured and compensated for in an aircraft?
Using a GPS system
With a compass correction card
By adjusting the altimeter settings
Through automatic pilot adjustments
Is compass deviation affected by the aircraft heading?
Yes, it changes with every direction the aircraft turns
No, it remains constant regardless of the aircraft heading
Yes, but only during takeoff and landing
No, it only changes with speed
When correcting for compass errors, if the variation is westerly, what should a pilot do?
Subtract variation.
Add variation.
Determine desired direction to fly.
Subtract deviation from compass card.
Where is the greatest dip of flux lines observed?
At the equator
Midway between the poles and the equator
Near the poles
At random locations on Earth
What kind of plane can a compass rotate in?
Vertical plane
Inclined plane
Horizontal plane
Any plane
What errors are created due to the compass's ability to only rotate in a horizontal plane?
Turning error and Acceleration error
Magnetic declination and Deviation error
Inclination error and Oscillation error
Variation error and Dip error
What happens to the compass when accelerating on an East or West heading?
It deflects toward the east
It deflects toward the south
It deflects toward the north
It shows no deflection
What happens to the compass when decelerating on an East or West heading?
It deflects toward the east
It deflects toward the north
It deflects toward the west
It deflects toward the south
What does the acronym ANDS stand for?
Accelerate North, Decelerate South
Accelerate North, Decelerate Southeast
Accelerate Northeast, Decelerate South
Accelerate Northwest, Decelerate South
What must a pilot do when turning south to reach the desired heading?
Stop the turn before the desired heading is reached
Continue turning until the compass stabilizes
Stop the turn after passing the desired heading
Turn in the opposite direction momentarily
What does UNOS stand for in the context of compass turns?
Unidentified North, Overshoot South
Underneath North, Over South
Undershoot North, Overshoot South
Uniform North, Oscillate South
What can cause erratic motion of the compass card?
Stable flight conditions
Electrical interference
Turbulence and rough maneuvering
High altitude
What is the cause of deviation in a magnetic compass?
Presence of flaws in the permanent magnets of the compass.
Difference in the location between true north and magnetic north.
Magnetic fields within the aircraft distorting the lines of magnetic force.
Electrical interference from the aircraft's electronic devices.
