WorksheetsAPES UNIT 4 REVIEW
Total questions: 97
Worksheet time: 49mins
What is the asthenosphere primarily composed of?
Solid nickel and iron
Radioactive elements
Solid, flexible outer layer of mantle
Brittle layer of rock
Which layer of the Earth is described as "thin, brittle layer of rock floating on top of mantle"?
Core
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere
Crust
What is the theory of plate tectonics?
The core is divided into plates that release heat
The crust is the only layer in constant movement
The lithosphere is divided into plates that float independently and move due to the asthenosphere
The mantle surrounds the core and is completely solid
What is the core primarily made of?
Liquid magma
Solid nickel, iron, and radioactive elements
Brittle rock
Flexible mantle material
Which layer of the Earth is kept liquefied by intense heat from the core?
Lithosphere
Crust
Mantle
Asthenosphere
What is primarily formed at a convergent plate boundary where one plate subducts under another?
Rift valleys
Mid-ocean ridges
Mountains and island arcs
Transform faults
What geological feature is associated with the subduction of an oceanic plate under a continental plate?
Coastal mountains
Seafloor spreading
Transform faults
Rift valleys
Which type of plate boundary is characterized by plates sliding against each other, often causing earthquakes?
Divergent plate boundary
Convergent plate boundary
Transform plate boundary
Subduction zone
What occurs when rising magma plume from the mantle forces plates apart at a divergent plate boundary?
Formation of a fault
Creation of island arcs
Seafloor spreading and formation of mid-ocean ridges
Subduction of one plate under another
What results from the subduction of a continental plate under another continental plate?
Formation of rift valleys
Development of seafloor spreading
Creation of coastal mountains
Forcing of the surface crust upward forming high mountain ranges
What is the Ring of Fire known for?
A region with frequent tornadoes
A pattern of volcanoes around the Pacific plate with high volcanic and seismic activity
An area with the highest rainfall on Earth
A circle of peaceful and calm ocean waters
What typically happens at mid-ocean ridges?
Ocean water temperature significantly drops
New crust forms due to the upwelling of magma that solidifies into rock at constructive zones of divergent boundaries
Large fish populations migrate to these regions
Ocean ridges sink back into the mantle
What are hydrothermal vents?
Volcanic openings that release ash into the ocean
Openings in the ocean floor where hot water and minerals are expelled
Large crevices in the ocean floor that absorb cold water
Underwater geysers that produce freshwater
What causes tsunamis?
High tides and full moons
Long, high-energy waves caused by seismic activity of an earthquake or volcano
Melting of polar ice caps
Sudden temperature changes in the ocean
What is the primary cause of earthquakes according to the document?
Gravitational pull from the moon
Sudden energy release from crust movement when two plates at convergent and transform boundaries get stuck
Heavy rainfall and flooding
Ocean currents clashing
What are the main components of soil as described in the document?
Water, air, sand
Humus, nutrients, living organisms
Sand, silt, clay
Rocks, water, air
Which process contributes to soil formation from below?
Erosion of rocks
Weathering of parent material
Decomposition of organic matter
Filtration of rainwater
What role does soil play in the ecosystem according to the document?
Provides habitat for organisms like earthworms and fungi
Filters sunlight for photosynthesis
Produces oxygen through photosynthesis
Regulates temperature for aquatic life
What is the result of chemical weathering as mentioned in the document?
Formation of humus
Acid rain and acid from moss/lichen
Physical breakdown into smaller rocks
Erosion by wind and rain
What is the primary role of the O-Horizon in soil formation?
It is primarily composed of unweathered rock.
It leaches minerals and organic matter.
It provides nutrients and limits evaporative water loss.
It is the layer closest to the parent material.
Which horizon is described as the layer of humus and minerals from parent material?
E-Horizon
C-Horizon
A-Horizon
R-Horizon
What characterizes the E-Horizon in soil profiles?
It contains the most biological activity.
It is made mostly of minerals with minimal organic matter.
It is the unweathered rock layer.
It is the top layer providing most nutrients.
Which factor contributes to a faster breakdown of organic matter in soils?
Colder climate
Flatter topography
Warmer climate
Lower nutrient levels
What is the significance of the C-Horizon in soil formation?
It is composed of leached minerals and organic matter.
It is the topmost layer rich in organic material.
It is partly weathered soil closest to the parent material.
It is primarily responsible for nutrient provision.
What is a primary consequence of soil degradation due to loss of topsoil?
Increased soil fertility
Enhanced water retention
Loss of nutrients
Improved plant growth
How does compaction affect the soil's ability to support plant growth?
Increases water filtration
Enhances nutrient availability
Reduces ability to retain moisture
Promotes root development
What is a significant effect of nutrient depletion on soil?
Increases erosion resistance
Improves soil structure
Reduces future crop growth
Enhances moisture retention
Refer to the diagram showing 'Good soil structure' and 'Compacted soil'. What feature distinguishes good soil structure in the diagram?
Surface crust
Porous structure
Subsoil compaction
Tightly packed crumbs
What is the correct order of soil particles from largest to smallest based on the geological composition of soil?
Clay > Silt > Sand
Sand > Silt > Clay
Silt > Sand > Clay
Clay > Sand > Silt
Which soil type is described as having the highest porosity, allowing more air and water to flow through?
Clay
Silt
Sand
Loam
What is the relationship between soil porosity and permeability?
No correlation
Negative correlation
Positive correlation
Random correlation
Which soil condition is described as being too permeable, causing water to drain out too quickly for roots?
Too much clay
Ideal loam
Too sandy
Balanced silt
What is the effect of having too much clay in the soil?
Increased water retention and suffocation
Balanced water drainage and air flow
Quick drying and poor root growth
Waterlogging and suffocation
Which of the following is NOT a nutrient that contributes to soil fertility?
Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Potassium
What factor increases soil nutrients by binding to nutrients with a negative charge?
Sand
Clay
Root structure
Compost
Which process is known to decrease soil nutrients due to the leaching of nutrients?
Composting
Excessive rain/irrigation
Aeration of soil
Decomposer activity
What is a primary factor that decreases water holding capacity in soil?
Compost addition
Compaction
Increased biological activity
Humus addition
According to the diagram, which of the following is NOT listed as a component of soil fertility?
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Cryosphere
Biosphere
What does the pH level of soil indicate about its properties?
The level of soil compaction
The acidity or alkalinity of the soil
The soil's color
The amount of organic matter in the soil
What can be inferred about soil with a darker color according to the soil book color chart?
It has less nutrients
It is less permeable
It contains more humus and moisture
It is highly acidic
What does the permeability test tell you about soil?
The nutrient levels
How easily water drains through the soil
The percentage of sand, silt, and clay
The pH level
According to the soil texture triangle, what does a higher percentage of clay indicate about the soil type?
Sandy Loam
Silty Clay
Clay Loam
Loamy Sand
How is soil texture determined using the jar test?
By measuring the pH level
By comparing color with a soil book
By letting soil settle in a jar of water and measuring the layers
By measuring the time it takes for water to drain
What does a high nutrient level in soil indicate?
Reduced plant growth
Optimal water drainage
More plant growth
Increased soil acidity
What percentage of Earth's atmosphere is composed of nitrogen?
78%
21%
0.93%
0.04%
Which layer of Earth's atmosphere contains the thickest ozone layer?
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
What natural phenomenon is associated with the aurora borealis?
Charged gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation
Most atmospheric gas molecules are located
Least dense layer of the atmosphere
Outermost layer where atmosphere merges with space
Which atmospheric layer is known for being the hottest and least dense?
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
What is the primary role of CO2 in Earth's atmosphere?
It is a major component of the atmosphere
It varies by region and condition
It is a greenhouse gas
It is unusable to plants
What happens to the temperature in the troposphere as altitude increases?
Temperature increases
Temperature decreases
Temperature remains constant
Temperature fluctuates unpredictably
Which layer of Earth's atmosphere is the hottest due to the absorption of highly energetic solar radiation?
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
At what approximate altitude is the stratopause located based on the diagram?
50 km
20 km
80 km
100 km
What is the temperature trend in the mesosphere according to the diagram?
Temperature increases with altitude
Temperature decreases with altitude
Temperature remains constant
No clear trend
What primarily causes global wind patterns according to the document?
Gravitational forces of the moon
Movement of tectonic plates
Most intense solar radiation and Coriolis effect
Ocean currents
What happens to air when it is warmed by direct sunlight at the equator?
It cools, condenses, and falls back to Earth
It rises, cools, expands, and water vapor condenses into rain
It remains stable and does not move vertically
It immediately moves towards the poles without changing temperature
According to the document, where do deserts typically form related to global wind patterns?
At 60° N and S where moist air rises
At the equator where the sunlight is most direct
At 30° N and S where dry, cool air sinks
At the poles where cold air sinks
How does the Coriolis effect influence air currents on Earth?
It causes air currents to move in a straight line from pole to equator
It has no significant effect on air currents
It deflects air currents clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere
It increases the speed of air currents as they move towards the equator
What is the direction of wind movement between 30°-60° latitude according to the document?
From East to West
From West to East
From North to South
From South to North
What is the primary function of Hadley Cells in the Earth's atmospheric circulation?
To drive ocean currents in the Southern Hemisphere only
To transport warm, rising air from the tropical regions and cool air in the subtropical regions
To create high-pressure zones at the poles
To generate polar vortexes
Which winds are associated with the movement from east to west in the equatorial region?
Westerlies
Polar easterlies
Eastern Trade Winds
Northeast trade winds
What impact do Ferrel Cells have on the weather patterns of North America?
They have no significant impact on weather patterns
They primarily affect weather patterns in South America
They drive weather patterns in North America
They cool down the weather patterns in North America
At approximately what latitudes do Polar Cells occur?
0°-30°
30°-60°
60°-90°
90°-120°
What is a watershed?
The area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place.
A man-made structure used to store water.
A type of water filtration system.
A natural pond found in mountainous areas.
Which factor does NOT directly affect the velocity of runoff in a watershed?
Soil permeability
Vegetation type
Size of the watershed
Color of the soil
What is the primary consequence of nutrient pollution (N/P) leading to eutrophication in watersheds?
Increased soil fertility
Enhanced water clarity
Algal blooms that decrease oxygen levels in water
Increased animal biodiversity
Which of the following is NOT a major source of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in watersheds?
Discharge from sewage treatment
Animal waste from CAFOs
Synthetic fertilizer
Natural forest cover
How does sediment pollution from deforestation, urbanization, and tilling affect watersheds?
It increases water storage capacity.
It decreases turbidity and increases photosynthesis.
It increases turbidity and reduces photosynthesis.
It enhances groundwater recharge.
What is the primary ecological benefit of estuaries and wetlands in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed?
Increase in air pollution
Reduction in tourism revenue
Provision of ecosystem services
Decrease in aquatic life
Which of the following is NOT a function of the grass roots in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed?
Trapping pollutants
Buffering from floods
Increasing sedimentation
Providing habitats for food sources
What is the main goal of watershed management as described in the image?
To increase the use of pesticides and fertilizers
To manage resources without harming plants and animals
To promote urban development
To reduce water usage in agriculture
According to the image, which of the following is a method used in watershed management to reduce pollutants?
Increased use of septic tanks
Enhanced nutrient removal
Reduced riparian buffers
Decreased groundwater purification
What is the primary source of energy for the Earth?
Geothermal energy
Solar radiation
Wind energy
Biomass energy
Which factor does NOT affect the intensity of solar radiation received at a location on Earth?
The Earth's tilt
The local time of day
The color of the local vegetation
The Earth's orbit
Why does the highest solar radiation per unit area occur at the equator?
The equator is closer to the sun
Sunlight strikes the Earth at a more perpendicular angle
The equator has less atmospheric interference
The equator rotates faster
What causes the Earth's seasons?
The Earth's distance from the sun
The tilt of Earth's axis of rotation
Solar flares
The moon's orbit
How does the solar radiation intensity vary with latitude?
Increases towards the poles
Decreases towards the poles
Remains constant
Increases towards the equator
What determines the angle of the sun's rays, day lengths, and seasons on Earth?
Earth's rotation on its axis
Earth's orbit around the sun and tilt on its axis
The distance between Earth and the sun
The moon's orbit around Earth
During which event is the Northern Hemisphere maximally tilted towards the sun?
March Equinox
June Solstice
September Equinox
December Solstice
What is the effect of Earth's tilt on its axis?
It has no significant effect on Earth
It changes the Earth's distance from the sun
It causes variation in angle of insolation, length of day, and season
It stabilizes the Earth's magnetic field
What does the term 'albedo' refer to?
The angle at which sunlight hits the Earth
The rotation speed of Earth around the sun
The amount of light that is reflected by a surface
The intensity of the sun's rays at equator
Why are urban heat islands typically warmer than their surrounding areas?
They are closer to the equator
They have higher albedo
They are located at higher altitudes
They have lower albedo of surfaces like blacktop
Which of the following statements is true about polar regions?
They are warmer due to high albedo
They are colder due to high albedo
They have no significant albedo effects
They absorb more heat due to low albedo
What is primarily responsible for determining the climate according to the text?
Local wildlife
Insolation
Soil type
Forest density
Which geographic feature is mentioned as moderating temperature and adding moisture to the air?
Deserts
Oceans
Rivers
Plateaus
How do volcanoes affect the climate?
By creating wind patterns
By increasing air pressure
By blocking solar radiation with ash/gases
By increasing humidity
What effect do mountains have on wind and precipitation?
They have no significant effect
They increase air pressure
They disrupt wind and produce rain shadow effect
They decrease precipitation
According to the diagram showing sun's rays and the Earth, why does the equator receive more intense insolation?
The sun is closer to the equator
The sun's rays hit the equator at a more direct angle
The atmosphere is thinner at the equator
There is less cloud cover at the equator
What is a rain shadow effect?
An area that receives excessive rainfall due to mountain barriers
A region that becomes drier because a higher elevation area blocks precipitation from reaching the land
A phenomenon where rain falls equally on all sides of a mountain
A type of cloud formation on mountains
What happens when an air mass hits mountains?
It speeds up and retains its moisture
It disperses into the atmosphere without any changes
It slows down and cools, causing the air to move over the mountains
It increases in temperature and moisture content
What is the consequence of air cooling and losing moisture on the windward side of a mountain?
Formation of deserts on the leeward side
Increased rainfall on the windward side
Lush, green vegetation due to condensation
Snow formation instead of rain
What describes the conditions on the leeward side of a mountain due to descending dry air?
Humid and rainy
Cold and snowy
Arid and desert-like
Tropical and lush
Which example illustrates the rain shadow effect?
Himalayas blocking monsoon winds in India
Rockies influencing weather in Canada
Andes Mountains causing dry conditions in western South America
Alps creating varied climates in Europe
What are gyres in the context of El Niño and La Niña events?
Small, localized weather systems
Large ocean circulation patterns due to global wind patterns
Specific types of oceanic wildlife
Areas of low atmospheric pressure
What is the primary effect of westerlies in the context of El Niño and La Niña?
They decrease ocean salinity
They push mid-latitude currents from east to west
They push mid-latitude currents from west to east
They stabilize ocean temperatures
What role do upwelling zones play in oceanic ecosystems during El Niño and La Niña events?
They decrease nutrient availability in surface waters
They increase water temperature
They bring deeper, colder, nutrient-rich water to the surface
They prevent movement of marine species
What is the function of thermohaline circulation in the global ocean system?
It primarily transports aquatic life forms across different ocean basins
It connects all the world's oceans by moving saline, nutrient-rich waters
It reduces the overall salinity of the oceans
It warms up the polar regions exclusively
What is the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) primarily characterized by?
A pattern of stable atmospheric pressure across the Pacific Ocean
A pattern of shifting atmospheric pressure and oceanic currents between South America and Australia/Southeast Asia
Unchanging oceanic currents in the Pacific Ocean
A consistent increase in global temperatures
