WorksheetsFinal
Total questions: 125
Worksheet time: 6hrs 15mins
Which of the following traits is shared by all humans?
Facultative bipedalism
Rapid life history
Precocial Infants
Enlarged brains for our body size
Stone tool technology
Which of the following describes the correct order of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
DNA > RNA > Protein
RNA > DNA > Protein
RNA > Protein > DNA
DNA > Protein > RNA
DNA > Intron > Protein
Different variations of a gene are called
Chromosomes
Karyotypes
Alleles
Codons
Adaptations
The ability to digest lactose in adulthood is a dominant Mendelian trait in humans. Which of the following statements about dominant Mendelian traits is true?
They are polygenic traits.
They are found only in human males.
They will be expressed by those who inherit the dominant allele from one or both parents.
They will only be expressed by those who inherit the dominant allele from both parents.
They are inherited only through the mother.
The function of messenger RNA is to _____ .
Produce new combinations of alleles
Assemble amino acids into a protein chain during translation
Produce pigments in the skin, eyes, and hair
Transport the coding sequences from the nucleus to the ribosome
Regulate gene activity
Human height is influenced by over 10,000 genetic variants. This is an example of a _____ trait.
Monogenic
Polygenic
Pleiotropic
Heterozygous
Homologous
Which of the following processes results in new combinations of alleles during cell division of gametes?
Protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
Gene Flow
Cross over
New mutations can only be passed onto offspring if they occur during ____.
Protein synthesis
Mitsosis
Meiosis
Recombination
Gene regulation
Genes are composed of
Introns and exons
Introns and RNA
mRNA and exons
mRNA and proteins
DNA and RNA
Humans selectively bred the wild mustard plant to produce modern crop plants like kale, broccoli, and cauliflower. Which of the following terms best describes this process?
Genetic drift
Artificial selection
Sexual selection
Natural selection
Mutation
The process by which differential reproductive success results from variation in heritable traits is called
Norm of reaction
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Mutation
Evolution
Genetic drift will have the greatest impact on evolutionary change in a population when
there is substantial interbreeding among populations
the environment favors only some variations
the breeding population is small
there is no variation in the trait being considered
a species' genetic makeup is very simple
The variation in beak size and shape observed in Darwin's finches resulted from generations of individuals with specialized traits being better able to take advantage of specific food sources such as nectar, insects, or seeds, improving their reproductive success and ensuring the traits is passed on to further generations. These specialized beak traits associated with different food sources are examples of ____.
Convergences
Pleiotropy
Adaptations
Mutations
Homoplasies
Female chimpanzees often disperse from their birth group to join other groups, which leads to interbreeding between groups. The gene flow between the groups of chimpanzees results in
An increase in variation between groups, a decrease in variation within groups
An increase in variation between groups, an increase in variation within groups
A decrease in variation between groups, a decrease in variation within groups
A decrease in variation between groups, an increase in variation within groups
Gene flow does not affect the genetic variation within or between groups
A small population of humans immigrated to a remote island. One member of the population carried the recessive allele for a rare blood disorder. Due to the small size of the initial population, the blood disorder became more and more common in the population over generations. This scenario is caused by
Gene flow
Natural selection
mutation
Phenotypic plasticity
Founder effect
A species of fish varies in fin size, which affects individuals' survival and reproductive success. The fish with the smallest fins fall victim to predators more frequently because they cannot swim fast enough to escape. The fish with the largest fins, while able to out-swim their predators, are not able to find enough food to meet their high energy needs. Consequently, the majority of the fish that survive and reproduce from generation to generation have medium-sized fins. What mode of selection does this example illustrate?
Group selection
Directional selection
Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection
Artificial selection
Which of the following adaptations is an example of convergent evolution in humans?
Lighter skin in populations living at high latitudes with low UV raditation
Darker skin in populations living at central latitudes with high UV radiation
Physiological and genetic changes to survive chronic hypoxia in populations living at high altitutdes
Maintenance of the sickle-cell allele among populations living in malaria endemic areas
Dietary traditions that include vitamin D rich foods among populations living in arctic regions
The observed range of variation in modern skin color is an adaptive response to
Different levels of sunlight intensity across the globe
Resistance to malaria
Chronic hypoxia at high altitudes
Lactose rich diets
Cold climates
The higher than expected frequency of individuals with heterozygous sickle-cell genotype within large populations that are exposed to malaria is an example of
Genetic drift
Balanced polymorphism
Founder effect
Gene flow
Homoplasy
In desert regions where water has high levels of arsenic, the allele that confers arsenic tolerance in humans has increased in frequency over several generations. This is an example of ____ in humans.
Directional selection
Stabilizing selection
Diversifying selection
Sexual selection
Genetic drift
Which of the following pieces of evidence support the following statement: Racial categories are not an accurate way to describe human variation?
There is more genetic variation within modern human populations then between them
Human variation is clinal and continuous
Humans genetic diversity fits a model of serial founder effects out of Africa
All of the above
As a species, humans share what percentage of DNA with each other?
10%
99%
90%
85%
110%
____ is the drawing of an association between people's physical characteristics and their behavior, intelligence, ability, values, and morals.
Eugenics
Biological determinism
Convergence
Taxonomic classification
Race
According to the Biological Species Concept, speciation is
an event where one member of the population cannot interbreed with the rest
a process through which populations become reproductively isolated, and lose capacity to exchange genetic material as a result
rare because once an organism cannot interbreed with its species it goes extinct
a process that relies only on the ability to identify potential mates
common due to frequent migrations of populations
The common ancestor of dolphins and ichthyosaurs did not have flippers. This indicates the presence of flippers in these two species is due to
genetic drift
homoplasy
mutation
homology
macroevolution
The common ancestor between dolphins and ichthyosaurs did have forelimbs, making the presence of forelimbs between the two species a ____ trait.
homologous
convergent
polyandrous
monogenic
polygenic
A landslide split a lake containing catfish into two separate bodies of water. Over time, the catfish in the two separate lakes evolve into two different species. This is an example of ____ speciation.
Parapatric
Sympatric
Hybridizing
Phenetic
Allopatric
Phylogenetic trees are meant to represent what sorts of relationships?
Social
Ecological
Reproductive
Evolutionary
A primatologist observed a female langur monkey giving her infant to her sister, another adult female, for temporary care. During the time the infant was in its aunt's care, the mother was free to forage. Which of the following best describes this childcare strategy?
Grandmothering
Alloparenting
Resource defense polygyny
Maternity certainty
Polygynandry
Human females invest in a long gestation period of around 9 months for a single infant. Brown rat females invest in a short gestation period of around 21 days and can give birth to between 7-14 pups. Which evolutionary concept explains this difference in litter size and offspring investment between humans and rats?
Dominance hierarchies
Grandmothering
Sexual selection
Kin selection
Life history pace
Living non-human apes are currently found in the wild in which regions?
Africa only
Asia only
Central and South America, and Africa
Africa and Europe
Africa and Asia
Which is not an evolutionary trend seen in most primates?
Hands adapted for grasping, with nails instead of claws
Generalized skeleton
Greater reliance on smell than vision
Expansion of the brain
Strong mother-infant bonds
Which of the following statement is correct?
In a clade-based classification system, species are grouped based on similar adaptations.
In a grade-based classification system, species are grouped based on recent shared ancestry.
In a phylogenetic tree, the lines represent the last common ancestor between descendent species
All of the above
None of the above
At the zoo, you see a primate with a prehensile tail. Where would you see this primate in the wild?
North America and Europe
Central and South America
Africa and Asia
Asia and Australia
The Americas, Africa, and Asia
Inclusive fitness is defined as
an individual's own reproductive success
reproductive success gained from close relatives
the sum of an individual's direct reproductive success plus its influence on its relatives' reproductive success, depending on degree of relatedness
the sum of the reproductive success of relatives, regardless of their genetic distance
the fitness benefit of genetic diversity
Pretend that you have found a small fossil primate. Its rear leg bones are much longer than its arms and would have supported thick, strong muscles. What can you infer about its likely style of locomotion?
It moves quadrupedally on branches
It practiced vertical clinging and leaping
It hung from a prehensile tail
It brachiated at high speeds
It clambered slowly in the canopy by bending branches
Which of the following is not helpful for pursuing a frugivorous diet?
Trichromatic color vision
Shovel-like incisors
Prehensile tail
Cheek pouches
Tapetum lucidum
Which of the following statements about human life history is correct?
Humans have relatively fast reproductive rate, compared to orangutans
Humans have a slow life history, compared to cougars
Humans grow up slowly, compared to strepsirhines
All of the above
None of the above
Which letter represents a unique, derived trait that would allow you to identify a strepsirrhine?
A
B
C
D
What is the name of the unique, derived trait that would allow you to identify a strepsirrhine?
Orthography
Bilophodont molars
Fully enclosed orbits
Tooth comb
Sclera
Jane studies chimpanzees in Tanzania. As she is interested in the dominance hierarchy within females, she observes one female a day for the entirety of the day, and records that female's behavior. Which method is she using?
Ad libitum sampling
Scan sampling
Focal follow
Tuff sampling
Monkey sampling
Which bone articulates with the innominate at the acetabulum?
Humerus
Femur
Fibula
Sacrum
Femur and Sacrum
According to Wrangham's Socioecological Model, in primates, female distribution depends on
Male distribution
Resource distribution
Predator distribution
Access to water
According to Wrangham's Socioecological Model, in primates, male distribution depends on
Female distribution
Resource distribution
Predator distribution
Access to water
Mariam wants to determine the dominance hierarchy of female gelada monkeys they are studying in Ethiopia. To do this, they must collect data on aggressive interactions among the females, which occur infrequently among any and all group members, and are short in duration. What type of observation method should they use?
Genetic sampling
Scan sampling
Ad libitum sampling
Continuous sampling
Focal follows
Why do male primates within a group compete for high rank?
To gain access to the best feeding sites
To gain the most benefits from the selfish herd principle
To gain opportunities for mating
To receive the most grooming opportunities
A human is a ____.
a platyrrhine only
a haplorrhine, catarrhine, and ape
a catarrhine only
a strepsirrhine and catarrhine
an ape only
Living apes are currently found in which regions?
Africa only
Asia only
Central and South America, and Africa
Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Asia, and Antarctica
Africa and Asia
Which of the following is the only shared, derived trait found in the skeleton of all living and fossil primates?
Anterior foramen magnum
Petrosal auditory bulla
Enclosed eye orbits
Grasping hands and feet
Long life history
Which of the following factors did not cause significant changes to global climate during the Cenozoic?
Variation in Earth's orbit
Milankovitch cycles
Plate tectonics
Changes in ocean salinity
Anthropogenic carbon emissions
The adaptive radiation of apes occurred in which epoch?
Pleistocene
Holocene
Oligocene
Pliocene
Miocene
Which of the following is the current Cenozoic epoch?
Pleistocene
Paleocene
Eocene
Holocene
Miocene
A small group of early anthropoids most likely dispersed from Africa to South America on floating masses of vegetation, and over time evolved into the diverse monkeys of the Americas that we know today. This is an example of which of the following:
Gene flow
Natural selection
Mutation
Balanced polymorphism
Founder effect
On which continents do we find fossil apes?
Africa
Africa and Asia
North America, Africa and Europe
Asia, Africa, and Europe
North and South America
Milankovitch cycles
Refer to the variations in Earth's orbit, which impacts temperatures on Earth
Are used in new, highly scientific dating techniques
Refer to changes in the ocean currents
Are used for fine washables and delicates
Are periods of time when adaptive radiations happen
You are a paleoanthropologist working with Dr Kieran McNulty on excavations in Rusinga Island. Your team has found a fossil that you suspect may be an early ape. Which of the following anatomical features is likely to be present in this early ape?
Prehensile tail
Large brain
Claws
Postorbital bar
Specialized dentition
Taphonomy is the study of
The age of a fossil
How layers of sediment are formed
What happens from the time an organism dies to the time its fossil is discovered
Where an organism lived during its lifetime
Reconstructing the probable mode of locomotion for a fossil organism
All of the following are favorable for the preservation and fossilization of organic remains, except
Fine-grained sediment
A rapid burial
Weathering by sunlight or rain
Areas with low geological activity
Extremely wet, anaerobic environment
The study of humans in the past and present through physical evidence of their behavior, including material culture, is defined as
Paleontology
Taphonomy
Archaeology
Stratigraphy
Entomology
Radiocarbon dating can be used to date fossils of living organisms that lived approximately
200 ya
5 kya
60 kya
300 kya
1 mya
You are a paleoanthropologist working at a hominin occupation site in East Africa. Partially fossilized faunal remains, charcoal, and burnt stone tools are found in the layer associated with a fossilized hominin skull. You find that the hominin skull is sandwiched between two volcanic ash layers resulting from different volcanic events. The lower ash layer must be older (Volcanic ash layer 1 dates to 2.5 mya) and the upper ash layer must be younger (Volcanic ash layer 2 dates to 1.9 mya) than the hominin skull, according to
Bergmann's rule
Lamarck's rule
Allen's rule
The Law of Superposition
Hamilton's rule
A paleontologist on your team identifies the faunal remains from the hominin occupation site in East Africa as wild pig. This species is well dated from other fossil occurrences with clear stratigraphy, and so provides a date range of 2.95-1.7mya. This is an example of what type of dating techinique?
Paleomagnetism
Carbon-14 dating
Biostratigraphy
Argon-Argon dating
Thermoluminescence
Using the evidence provided in the previous two questions and in the figure above, what is the best date estimate for this site?
2.5-1.9mya
2.95-1.7mya
2.95-1.9mya
2.5-1.7mya
None of the above
Imagine that you are a paleoanthropologist working at a hominin occupation site in South Africa which is believed to be between 100,000-400,000 years old. Burnt stone tools are the only evidence found at this site indicating that hominins were present. Which of the following radiometric techniques would be the best choice to date this stratigraphic layer?
Radiocarbon dating
Postassium-Argon dating
Uranium series dating
Thermoluminescence
Paleomagnetism
Which of the following is not an example of a chronometric (absolute) dating technique?
Radiocarbon dating
Biostratigraphy
Argon-Argon dating
Uranium series dating
Thermoluminescence
Based on the evidence provided by early probably hominins, including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Orrorin tugenesis, and Ardipithecus ramidus, which of the following likely emerged first in the hominin lineage?
Consuming cooked foods
Stone tools
Language
Larger brains
Bipedality
Traits such as bipedalism, large brain size, and language all evolved at different times during hominin evolution. This is an example of:
Norm of reaction
Disruptional selection
Genetic drift
Stabilizing selection
Mosaic evolution
why is it significant that early probable hominins such as Ardipithecus, Sahelanthropus, and Orrorin were found associated with woodland environments?
It supports the theory that these organisms were bipedal
The probable hominins were hunting and eating these other species
It challenges Darwin's theory that bipedalism freed the hands to create and carry tools
It challenges the Savannah Hypothesis on the origin of bipedalism
It challenges the Energy Efficiency hypothesis on the origins of bipedalism
Which of the following combination of features allows us to cautiously identify a fossil ape as a probable hominin?
Small canines and adaptations toward bipedal locomotion
A 2:1:2:3 dental formula and bilophodont molars
A centrally placed foramen magnum and a well-developed C/P3 honing complex
A very large brain and a 2:1:3:3 dental formula
Adaptations towards bipedal locomotion and bilophodont molars
Which of the following morphological traits is not an adaptation for bipedalism?
A foramen magnum at the rear of the skull
A valgus knee
An s-shaped spine
Bowl-shaped pelvis
A cranially oriented glenoid fossa
According to Dr McNulty's lecture, which of the following has the most evidence in support of being the earliest hominin?
Australopithecus
Ardipithecus
Sahelanthropus
Proconsul
Orrorin
Living dinosaurs (like penguins) are bipedal, like Homo sapiens. What best explains the occurrence of this trait in these two groups?
Gene flow, in which these groups exchanged genes for bipedality
Mutation, in which radiation following the asteroid strike that wiped out larger dinosaurs resulted in genes for bipedality emerging in the species that survived
Homoplasy, in which the trait emerged independently due to common functional demands
Homology, in which both groups possess this trait due to their last common ancestor possessing the trait for bipedality
Island biogeography, in which both groups became isolated on an island with few predators, creating a safer environment for bipedality
The main difference between Paranthropus and Australopithecus is
P was a habitual biped, and A was an arboreal climber
A had a significantly larger brain compared to P
A had a more gracile cranial morphology and likely fed on less tough foods than P
P was primarily a fruit eater while A ate primarily nuts
P is more closely related to Ardipithecus than A
Paranthropus is characterized by
Temporal lines, strong postorbital constriction, orthognathic face
Temporal lines, flared zygomatic arches, small premolars, prognathic face
Sagittal crest, Strong postorbital constriction, prognathic face
Temporal lines, flared zygomatic arches, prognathic face
Sagittal crest, strong postorbital constriction, molariform premolars
You are a researcher reconstructing behavior and mating systems of the Australopiths. Which of the following traits would you study to understand their social organization?
Body size dimorphism between males and females
Position of the foramen magnum
Radiocarbon dating
Molar size
Dental isotopes
Paranthropus is likely not in our derived lineage because
it has several derived features relative to humans such as very thick enamel, very large premolars and molars, and a sagittal crest
it has several derived features relative to humans such as enlarged brain, complex arched foot, and valgus knee orientation
it was probably not a biped
it only lived in South Africa
it predates Australopithecus
Which of the following is true about Australopithecus and Paranthropus?
Gracile australopiths are only found in East Africa while robust australopiths are only found in South Africa
Both gracile and robust australopiths had the same dietary adaptation for eating soft, ripe fruit
Gracile and robust australopiths were likely facultative bipeds, engaging in arboreal and terrestrial locomotion.
Robust australopiths were large males and gracile australopiths were small females providing a good example of sexual dimorphism
A hypothesis for the evolution of bipedalism is that increased infant brain size led to greater altriciality of infants, which forced early hominins to spend more time terrestrially in order to carry these infants. Which of the following observations could realistically contradict this hypothesis?
A transition to frquent hunting/scavenging for meat corresponds with the transition to bipedality.
Controlling for diet and body size, a cross species comparison shows a tendency for larger brains
A transition to woodland diet corresponds with the transition to bipedality
Controlling for diet and body size, a cross species comparison shows no tendency for larger brains in terrestrial primates compared to arboreal primates
The Taung child fossil (Australopithecus africanus) is important for many reasons, one of those being
It has a large brain and primitive teeth like Piltdown man
It was the first Miocene ape specimen ever found
It is the youngest A. afarensis speciemen found and provided valuable data regarding growth
It refocused human origins research on Africa by confirming that hominins evolved in Africa instead of Europe, which was the prevailing belief at the time
It had smaller teeth and much larger cranial capacity than anticipated.
All of the following are true about australopiths except
Growth and maturation rates were more similar to humans than to chimpanzees
Brain size was similar to chimpanzees
Molars are larger than those of chimpanzees
Canines were reduced in size compared to those of chimpanzees
Lived in East and South Africa
The Oldowan tool technology is characterized by
Bifacial flakes produced with a soft hammer
Bifacial flakes produced with a hard hammer
Simple cores and flakes
Projectile points
Flakes which are twice as long as they are wide (blades)
Which of the following statements best describes the postcranial morphology of Homo habilis?
H. habilis was the first hominin species t have modern human body proportions, in which length of arms was longer than legs
H. habilis preserved the ancestral postcranial condition, where the length of arms was longer than legs
H. habilis was likely a suspensory apes vs. biped
H. habilis used brachiation during bipedal locomotion
There are no postcranial fossils for H. habilis.
Which is a hominin with a sagittal keel, nuchal torus, the greatest breadth of the skull located at the base of the skull, and a bar-like supraorbital torus?
Early Homo
Homo erectus
Paranthropus
Gorilla
Homo sapiens
When does H. Erectus first appear in the fossil record?
27,000 years
300,000 years
2 million years
2.6 million years
3.4 million years
Which of the following hypotheses for why Homo erectus was able to disperse out of Africa is supported by fossil record at Dmanisi?
Climate change allowed African fauna to disperse out of Africa and H. erectus followed these animals
H. erectus developed new stone tool technologies (found at Dmanisi) allowing them to inhabit a greater range of habitats
Social behaviors changed, allowing for longevity as seen by old individuals at Dmanisi
H. erectus experienced a significant increase in brain size, which can be seen in Dmanisi specimens
H. erectus adopted a monogamous mating system as indicated by reduced sexual dimorphism seen in fossils at Dmanisi
Which was the first fully committed terrestrial biped?
Australopithecus afarensis
Homo naledi
Homo habilis
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Dated fossil remains from Java suggest that H. erectus was present there as long as 1.8mya. Why are these dates surprising?
Java was glaciated at that time so H. erectus must have been wearing fur
Java has always been an island so H. erectus must have had boats
The date is very close to the earliest appearance of H. erectus in Africa, suggesting rapid migration
The timing predates earliest appearance of H. erectus in Africa, suggesting they evolved in Java
H. erectus was not an efficient biped and it is surprising that it traveled to East Asia so rapidly
H. erectus is known from which region/s?
Africa, Asia, Europe
Africa
Africa, Asia, Australia
Africa and Asia
Asia
Studies of life history of H. erectus suggest
H. erectus had a prolonged pattern of development like humans
Although H. erectus had a faster life history strategy than humans, it is slower than chimpanzees'
H. erectus grew up quickly like chimpanzees
H. erectus had a faster life strategy than any known living primate
You cannot study life history in fossil hominins
Which hominins are associated with Oldowan stone tool industry?
Paranthropus
Australopithecus and Paranthropus
H. habilis
H. erectus
Paranthropus, H. habilis, H. erectus
Where are H. floresiensis fossils found?
Africa
Asia
Africa and Asia
Africa, Europe and Asia
Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia
A small group of rodents arrived on an island where they had no natural predators. The rodents successfully reproduced and over time their descendants increased in size. Which concept explains this change in body size?
Convergent evolution
Kin selection
The island mutation
The island rule
Grandmother hypothesis
According to the fossil record, which hominin species expanded into Indonesia?
H. habilis
H. floresiensis
H. erectus
H. erectus, floresiensis
H. erectus, floresiensis, sapiens
What type of depositional environment was H. naledi found in?
Lacustrine
Aluvial
Colluvial
Rock shelter and cave system
Island
Variation in a trait, heritability of that trait, and differential reproductive success of individuals due to that trait are necessary and sufficient conditions of ____.
mutation
natural selection
gene flow
genetic drift
island rule
Which of the following statements about australopith locomotion is correct?
We are unable to determine australopith locomotion at this time due to a limited fossil sample.
Australopiths were knuckle-walkers.
Australopiths were strict bipeds, and did not spend any time in the trees.
Australopiths were strictly arboreal, and rarely came down from the trees.
Australopiths had a mosaic of bipedal and arboreal behaviors.
Early Homo consists of a single, highly sexually dimorphic species.
True
False
Which letter indicates the bulb of percussion on the stone tool above?
A
B
C
D
E
Which letter indicates the platform on the stone tool above?
A
B
C
D
E
Which letter indicates the point of percussion on the stone tool above?
A
B
C
D
E
Which hominin is the FIRST (but not only) species associated with the Acheulean technology?
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo neanderthalensis
Homo habilis/rudolfensis
Paranthropus
Homo erectus/ergaster
Which statement(s)) is/are true about the Movius Line (choose all that apply)?
Beyond the Movius Line to the NE, there are few Acheulean tools found in the archaeological record.
The Movius Line marks where bamboo grows in abundance (NE of the line) and H. erectus in this area might have preferred bamboo tools to complex stone tools
Hominins below the Movius Line are capable of more complex culture because they have abundance evidence of stone tools.
The Movius Line marks the geographical division of early Homo and Homo erectus
According to Leslie Aiello's "Expensive Tissue Hypothesis" how did a higher quality diet contribute to the evolution of larger brains in hominins?
A higher quality diet allowed hominins to hominins to evolve a smaller gut because lower quantities of food needed to be consumed.
The smaller gut resulting from a higher quality diet ensured more energy was available that could be invested in a larger brain.
More complex foraging behavior required to collect higher quality food items resulted in selection for a larger brain to support the more complex behavior.
The increased energy available from the higher quality diet could be invested in a larger brain.
All of the above
Which of the following are seen as LIKELY explanations for the evolution of bipedalism in hominins?
Bipedalism evolved to free the hands for carrying tools and other materials.
Erect, bipedal posture keeps individuals cooler.
Orthograde posture in the arboreal substrate was a pre-adaptation for bipedalism on the ground.
Hominins needed to carry and use tools for extractive foraging of underground storage organs.
On the ground, walking bipedally is more efficient than the quadrupedal gait of apes.
Bergmann's rule indicates that individuals in colder regions should be larger, and individuals in warmer regions should be smaller.
True
False
Hominin with a double-arched brow ridge, occipital bun, robust skeleton, and retromolar gap.
H. erectus
H. neanderthalensis
H. sapiens
Paranthropus
Hominin with a vertical forehead, relatively small face, and a mandible with a chin.
H. erectus
H. neanderthalensis
H. sapiens
Paranthropus
Hominin with a sagittal crest, molariform premolars, extremely thick enamel, a valgus knee, and cranially oriented glenoid fossa
H. erectus
H. neanderthalensis
H. sapiens
Paranthropus
What is a likely reason for a external (protruding) nose? Select 2.
to moisten air before it hits the lungs in the dry and open habitats of the Pleistocene
to facilitate better olfactory response
to keep sweat from flowing into breathing passages
Hominins that created Oldowan tools did not travel as far as hominins that created Acheulean tools.
True
False
When do we see solid evidence for usage of fire?
1 million years ago
500,000 years ago
2 million years ago
1.5 million years ago
Homo heidelbergensis had
a larger brain relative to H. erectus, shared some derived traits with AMH, retained some primitive H. erectus features
a smaller brain relative to H. erectus, shared some derived traits with AMH, retained some primitive H. erectus features
a larger brain relative to H. erectus, did not share derived traits with AMH, retained some primitive H. erectus features
H. heidelbergensis were found in
Europe, East Asia, Africa
East Asia and Africa only
Africa only
Europe and Africa only
Neanderthals were found in
Europe, Asia, the Middle East
Europe only
Europe and Asia only
Asia and the Middle East only
An artic hare has short ears while a jack rabbit that lives in the desert has longer ears. This is an example of
Allen's rule which states that in colder climates, longer appendages are better at preventing heat loss.
Allen's rule which states that in colder climates, shorter appendages are better at preventing heat loss.
Bergmann's rule which states that in colder regions, body size will be larger because the volume of an organism increases faster than does its surface area.
Bergmann's rule which states that in colder regions, body size will be smaller because the volume of an organism increases slower than does its surface area.
Which tool technology is associated with neanderthals?
Oldowan stone tool technology
Acheulean stone tool technology
Levallois stone technology
Which model best matches the paleoanthropological record of anatomically modern humans?
The multiregional model which states that modern populations descend from multiple Archaic homo sapiens populations around the world, united by gene flow
The single source model which states that modern populations descend from single population that arose in Africa from H. heidelbergensis
The assimilation model which states that there is an African origin of H. sapiens with varying degrees of integration through interbreeding with existing populations as H. sapiens spread from their places of origin.
What is evidence that H. sapiens originated in Africa? Select 3.
African populations have the most and oldest genetic diversity
All genetic diversity outside of Africa today, is a subset of African genetic pool
Human genetic variation decreases as populations move away from Africa
Genetic diversity between populations is greater than that within populations
All of the following are true of Neanderthals except
there was little genetic diversity relative to modern humans
they likely lived in small populations
they likely had big family groups
there are some genetic differences between those in Western and Eastern part of their range
All of the following are true of Denisovans except
there is extensive fossil evidence of Denisovans
they likely looked more like Neanderthals than modern humans
they lived in high altitudes
they represent the first identification of a hominin entirely based on ancient DNA
Which is an example of adaptive introgression between Denisovans and modern humans?
Genetic adaptations at the EPAS1 gene for high altitudes in Tibetans
Arsenic tolerance in humans in the Atacama desert
Lactase persistence if dairying communities
What are the features of language?
it is a vehicle for expression of cognition, semantic, phonemic, symbolic, grammatical
it is phonemic
it is grammatical
it is semantic
Select the 2 aspects of Theory of Mind.
Recognizing self as distinct from others (mirror test)
Sensitivity to others' goals, perception (gaze following), knowledge and ignorance, beliefs
Empathy for an individual of the same species
Ability to engage in symbolic behaviors
Robin Dunbar's Social Brain Hypothesis states that
Brain size is the result of selecting for social living, therefore the larger the group size, the larger the brain
Brain size is the result of selecting for social living, therefore the larger the group size, the smaller the brain
Brain size is the result of selecting for social living, therefore the smaller the group size, the larger the brain
On the ladder of abstraction, where does the general public typically access data?
at the criticism of interpretation and interpretation of popularizations stage
at the criticism of results and contextualization of results stage
at the analyses and data stage
at the popularization of results and criticisms stage
