Helps to cut observe, transfer, and examine biological specimens (includes probe, scissors, scalpel, tweezers, pins, and ruler)

Measures temperature in Celsius of liquids or solids

Used to heat chemicals or other lab objects

- Measure the volume of liquid in mL, the liquid is measured at the meniscus

Container for chemicals, measures volume

Measures temperature in Celsius of liquids or solids

- Used to heat chemicals or other lab objects

Used to transfer a small amount of liquid volume by squeezing and releasing the bulb

A glass tube used to hold chemicals that can be heated and mixed within the test tube

- Measures temperature in Celsius of liquids or solids

Used to transfer a small amount of liquid volume by squeezing and releasing the bulb

- Allows the growth and observation of organisms

- Zooms in on an object for closer observation

Used to hold the test tube and is used when the tube contains dangerous chemicals

 Measures temperature in Celsius of liquids or solids

Used to measure the mass of an object in grams (Beam 1- 1 gram units, 2- 10 gram units, 3- 100 gram units)

Makes objects look bigger for observation

A preserved organism or object used for research and observation

Allows the growth and observation of organisms

Zooms in on an object for closer observation

Used to heat chemicals or other lab objects

- Zooms in on an object for closer observation

Allows the growth and observation of organisms

Provides an approximate measurement of a liquid’s volume in liters or millimeters.

- Makes objects look bigger for observation

Helps to cut observe, transfer, and examine biological specimens (includes probe, scissors, scalpel, tweezers, pins, and ruler)

Allows the growth and observation of organisms

- Measures temperature in Celsius of liquids or solids

Used to transfer a small amount of liquid volume by squeezing and releasing the bulb

Uses lenses to magnify small objects for observation

 Used to measure the mass of an object in grams (Beam 1- 1 gram units, 2- 10 gram units, 3- 100 gram units)

Used to heat chemicals or other lab objects

Zooms in on an object for closer observation

ed to heat chemicals or other lab objects

Used to hold the test tube and is used when the tube contains dangerous chemicals

Measure the volume of liquid in mL, the liquid is measured at the meniscus

- Used to measure the mass of an object in grams (Beam 1- 1 gram units, 2- 10 gram units, 3- 100 gram units)

Measure the volume of liquid in mL, the liquid is measured at the meniscus

Makes objects look bigger for observation

A glass tube used to hold chemicals that can be heated and mixed within the test tube

Helps to cut observe, transfer, and examine biological specimens (includes probe, scissors, scalpel, tweezers, pins, and ruler)

Container for chemicals, measures volume

 Provides an approximate measurement of a liquid’s volume in liters or millimeters.

Used to transfer a small amount of liquid volume by squeezing and releasing the bulb

A preserved organism or object used for research and observation

Used to measure the mass of an object in grams (Beam 1- 1 gram units, 2- 10 gram units, 3- 100 gram units)

- Helps to cut observe, transfer, and examine biological specimens (includes probe, scissors, scalpel, tweezers, pins, and ruler)

Allows the growth and observation of organisms

Makes objects look bigger for observation

- Used to measure the mass of an object in grams

Uses lenses to magnify small objects for observation

 Used to heat chemicals or other lab objects

A preserved organism or object used for research and observation

sed to hold the test tube and is used when the tube contains dangerous chemicals

Provides an approximate measurement of a liquid’s volume in liters or millimeters.

Container for chemicals, measures volume

Characteristics that can be measured or counted.

using our senses to study the world

a condition that is manipulated, or changed, by a scientist.

a proposed explanation for wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence

a condition that is manipulated, or changed, by a scientist.

the conditions that don’t change during an experiment

Recorded observations.

a proposed answer for a scientific question

Descriptions of a phenomenon

When scientists study factors called independent variables and dependent variables to find cause-and-effect relationships

Characteristics that can be measured or counted.

a proposed explanation for wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence

 a proposed answer for a scientific question

Descriptions of a phenomenon

Characteristics that can be measured or counted.

- using our senses to study the world

- a condition that is manipulated, or changed, by a scientist.

- a proposed explanation for wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence

e conditions that don’t change during an experiment

a proposed answer for a scientific question

condition that is manipulated, or changed, by a scientist.

When scientists study factors called independent variables and dependent variables to find cause-and-effect relationships

a proposed explanation for wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence

Recorded observations

- a condition that is manipulated, or changed, by a scientist.

the experimental data that is observed and measured during an experiment

the conditions that don’t change during an experiment

a proposed explanation for wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence

the conditions that don’t change during an experiment

- a condition that is manipulated, or changed, by a scientist

the experimental data that is observed and measured during an experiment

a proposed explanation for wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence

the conditions that don’t change during an experiment

Characteristics that can be measured or counted.

When scientists study factors called independent variables and dependent variables to find cause-and-effect relationships

a proposed explanation for wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence

- the conditions that don’t change during an experiment

a proposed explanation for wide range of observations and experimental results that is supported by a wide range of evidence

Descriptions of a phenomenon

- a proposed answer for a scientific question

Small subunits called monomers

Fats, Oils, and Cholesterols.

Carbon is the basis of most molecules that make up all living things.

Four unpaired electrons

4

2

1

3

Three; straight chain, branched chain, ring

two; straight chain, branched chain

one; ring

none

A large molecule made of monomers bonded together

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Small subunits called monomers

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Small subunits called monomers

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sugar and starches) that can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells

The most basic type of a carbohydrate called simple sugar

A large molecule made of monomers bonded together

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sugar and starches) that can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells

Fats, Oils, and Cholesterols. They are nonpolar molecules (don’t dissolve in water) and are made up of chains of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Can be used as a source of energy for cells.

Carbon is the basis of most molecules that make up all living things.

Polymers of amino acids (amino acids contain C, H, O, N, and S)

C6 H12 O6

C7 H12 O6

C6 H12 O9

C6 H18 O6

Two simple sugars bonded together (aka table sugar)

Starches (made and stored by plants), Glycogen (made and stored in animals), Cellulose (makes up the strong plant cell walls)

The most basic type of a carbohydrate called simple sugar

any glucose molecules that are linked together

any glucose molecules that are linked together

The most basic type of a carbohydrate called simple sugar

Two simple sugars bonded together (aka table sugar)

? 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Two simple sugars bonded together (aka table sugar)

 Many glucose molecules that are linked together

Animal Fats

The most basic type of a carbohydrate called simple sugar

Starches (made and stored by plants), Glycogen (made and stored in animals), Cellulose (makes up the strong plant cell walls)

Starches (made and stored by plants)

Starches (made and stored by plants), Glycogen (made and stored in animals)

none

Contain detailed instruction to build proteins.

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (sugar and starches) that can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells

Fats, Oils, and Cholesterols. They are nonpolar molecules (don’t dissolve in water) and are made up of chains of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Can be used as a source of energy for cells.

Polymers of amino acids (amino acids contain C, H, O, N, and S)

They form cell membranes. Their head is a polar phosphate, their tail is a nonpolar fatty acid

It is a part of cell membranes and is used by your body to make chemicals called steroid hormones

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

 They store a large amount of chemical energy in organisms.

Chains of carbon atoms bonded to Hydrogen atoms. Fats and oils contain these fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Oils

They link amino acids together into chains called polypeptides

 DNA (stores genetic information) and RNA (builds proteins)

Oils

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

? Animal Fats

Two simple sugars bonded together (aka table sugar)

Animal Fats

 Oils

Monomers called nucleotides

Discovered plant cells

 They form cell membranes. Their head is a polar phosphate, their tail is a nonpolar fatty acid

 They form covalent bonds with each other

 Oils

They form cell membranes. Their head is a polar phosphate, their tail is a nonpolar fatty acid

It is a part of cell membranes and is used by your body to make chemicals called steroid hormones

Fats, Oils, and Cholesterols. They are nonpolar molecules (don’t dissolve in water) and are made up of chains of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Can be used as a source of energy for cells.

Chains of carbon atoms bonded to Hydrogen atoms. Fats and oils contain these fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

Monomers called nucleotides

Contain detailed instruction to build proteins

DNA (stores genetic information) and RNA (builds proteins)

It is a part of cell membranes and is used by your body to make chemicals called steroid hormones

Contain detailed instruction to build proteins.

C6 H12 O6)

Polymers of amino acids (amino acids contain C, H, O, N, and S)

Fats, Oils, and Cholesterols.

DNA (stores genetic information) and RNA (builds proteins)

covalent bonds with each other

They link amino acids together into chains called polypeptides

Monomers called nucleotides

They link amino acids together into chains called polypeptides

It is a part of cell membranes and is used by your body to make chemicals called steroid hormones

They form covalent bonds with each other

olymers of amino acids (amino acids contain C, H, O, N, and S)

Discovered plant cells

They form covalent bonds with each other

Contain detailed instruction to build proteins.

Polymers of amino acids (amino acids contain C, H, O, N, and S)

Monomers called nucleotides

- Cells come from other cells

Contain detailed instruction to build proteins.

They form covalent bonds with each other

hey form cell membranes. Their head is a polar phosphate, their tail is a nonpolar fatty acid

ers of amino acids (amino acids contain C, H, O, N, and S)

They link amino acids together into chains called polypeptides

Composed of deoxyribose (sugar), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

Chains of carbon atoms bonded to Hydrogen atoms. Fats and oils contain these fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

DNA (stores genetic information) and RNA (builds proteins)

3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

They link amino acids together into chains called polypeptides

1839: Schwann

1674: Anton von Leeuwenhoek-

1838: Schleiden

1665: Robert Hooke

1665: Robert Hooke

1674: Anton von Leeuwenhoek-

1855: Virchow

1839: Schwann

Anton von Leeuwenhoek

1665: Robert Hooke-

1838: Schleiden

1855: Virchow

1674: Anton von Leeuwenhoek-

1855: Virchow

1838: Schleiden

1839: Schwann

1855: Virchow

1674: Anton von Leeuwenhoek

1838: Schleiden

1665: Robert Hooke

Cells come from other cells

Reproducing, obtaining or making food, using energy, and moving from place to place

thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, “security guard”, controls what goes in and out of the cell

states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure in living things, and all cells are produced from other cells

All living things are made out of cells

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

Reproducing, obtaining or making food, using energy, and moving from place to place

Discovered plant cells

They don’t have a nucleus, DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm, enclosed by a cell membrane, has no membrane-bound organelles, and are single-celled organisms

Controls the cell/brain of the cell, stores DNA

thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell, “security guard”, controls what goes in and out of the cell

They have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, nucleus contains DNA, enclosed by a cell membrane, and are unicellular or multicellular organisms

They have a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, nucleus contains DNA, enclosed by a cell membrane, and are unicellular or multicellular organisms

Found in only eukaryotic cells, made of protein, like threads or fibers that criss cross the cell, supports and shapes the cell, assists

They don’t have a nucleus, DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm, enclosed by a cell membrane, has no membrane-bound organelles, and are single-celled organisms

Has no ribosomes and makes lipids

Centrioles-

Nucleolus-

Cell Wall-

Cell membrane

ytoplasm

Cytoskeleton-

Smooth ER

Nucleus

Cytoplasm-

Centriole

acuol

Mitochondria-

Lysosom

DNA

Nucleus-

Nucleolus-

Chloroplast

Nucleolus

Centrioles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Chloroplast

Smooth ER

Microtubules

DNA

Vacuole

Centrioles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Vesicles

Cytoskeleton

Golgi Apparatus

Mitochondria

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Microtubule

Vacuole

Cell Wall

Golgi Apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

Ribosomes

Vesicle

Centriole

Golgi Apparatus

Nucleolus

Vacuole

Vesicles

Cell membrane

Centrioles-

Microtubules-

Chloroplast-

Centrioles-

Vacuole

Mitochondria

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lysosome

Cytoplasm-

DNA

Lysosome

Chloropla

Centrioles

Mitochondria

Microtubules

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Microtubules-

Cell Wall

Chloroplast-

Golgi Apparatus

Polar Head

Chloroplast

Cell Wall

Vacuole

Mitochondria

Centrioles

Chloroplast

Receptor

Protein

Fluid Mosaic Model

Cell Membrane

1

3

2

4

For no bonds with water, tails are attracted to each other but repelled by water

strengthens the cell membrane

“Identification Tag”, made out of carbohydrates, used to communicate with other cells

? Forms H+ bonds with water molecules

tunnel with a door, transports substances

For no bonds with water, tails are attracted to each other but repelled by water

“Transportation”, made out of protein, allow molecules to pass through the membrane

strengthens the cell membrane

The cell membrane allows SOME material to pass through into the cell

- Describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Identification Tag”, made out of carbohydrates, used to communicate with other

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs and action in response

materials move across membranes because of concentration differences

ater moving from a higher to lower concentration

tunnel with a door, transports substances

Identification Tag”, made out of carbohydrates, used to communicate with other cells

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane transport substances through the membrane

tunnel with a door, transports substances

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs and action in response

“Transportation”, made out of protein, allow molecules to pass through the membrane

For no bonds with water, tails are attracted to each other but repelled by water

strengthens the cell membrane

- Describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Transportation”, made out of protein, allow molecules to pass through the membrane

The cell membrane allows SOME material to pass through into the cell

Cell Membrane- Controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell, separates a cell from the external environment

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane transport substances through the membrane

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs and action in response

tunnel with a door, transports substances

- Describes the arrangement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

Proteins embedded in the cell membrane transport substances through the membrane

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs and action in response

Forms H+ bonds with water molecules

or no bonds with water, tails are attracted to each other but repelled by water

tunnel with a door, transports substances

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs and action in response

? Forms H+ bonds with water molecules

Difference in concentration of a substance from one location to another, move from higher to lower concentration

Protein that detects a signal molecule and performs and action in response

Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins, requires no energy, makes it easier to move across the membrane

materials move across membranes because of concentration differences

Requires energy, drives molecules across a membrane from a lower to higher concentration, uses transport proteins powered with ATP, molecules move against the concentration gradient

opposite of endocytosis

Movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a higher to lower concentration, moves down the concentration gradient

Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins, requires no energy, makes it easier to move across the membrane

 water flows out of the cell, concentration is higher outside of the cell, cell can shrivel and die

Difference in concentration of a substance from one location to another, move from higher to lower concentration

requires energy, the process of taking materials into the cell (membrane makes a pocket around the molecule, pocket breaks off membrane inside the cell and forms a vesicle, lysosome breaks down the vesicle and contents are released inside the cell)

Constant movement, equal in and out, even, “Happy”

Movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a higher to lower concentration, moves down the concentration gradient

water flows out of the cell, concentration is higher outside of the cell, cell can shrivel and die

Does not require energy from the cell (2 types: diffusion and osmosis)

- Water moves into the cell, concentration is higher inside the cell, cell could expand and burst

Movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a higher to lower concentration, moves down the concentration gradient

Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins, requires no energy, makes it easier to move across the membrane

Requires energy, drives molecules across a membrane from a lower to higher concentration, uses transport proteins powered with ATP, molecules move against the concentration gradient

- Water moving from a higher to lower concentration

Constant movement, equal in and out, even, “Happy”

- water flows out of the cell, concentration is higher outside of the cell, cell can shrivel and die

Water moves into the cell, concentration is higher inside the cell, cell could expand and burst

Hypotonic

Exocytonic

Isotonic

Hypertonic

Water moves into the cell, concentration is higher inside the cell, cell could expand and burst

requires energy, the process of taking materials into the cell (membrane makes a pocket around the molecule, pocket breaks off membrane inside the cell and forms a vesicle, lysosome breaks down the vesicle and contents are released inside the cell)

water flows out of the cell, concentration is higher outside of the cell, cell can shrivel and die

Constant movement, equal in and out, even, “Happy”

water flows out of the cell, concentration is higher outside of the cell, cell can shrivel and die

Water moves into the cell, concentration is higher inside the cell, cell could expand and burst

Constant movement, equal in and out, even, “Happy”

Requires energy, drives molecules across a membrane from a lower to higher concentration, uses transport proteins powered with ATP, molecules move against the concentration gradient

Constant movement, equal in and out, even, “Happy”

Water moving from a higher to lower concentration

Water moves into the cell, concentration is higher inside the cell, cell could expand and burst

- water flows out of the cell, concentration is higher outside of the cell, cell can shrivel and die

Movement of molecules in a fluid or gas from a higher to lower concentration, moves down the concentration gradient

- Requires energy, drives molecules across a membrane from a lower to higher concentration, uses transport proteins powered with ATP, molecules move against the concentration gradient

requires energy, the process of taking materials into the cell (membrane makes a pocket around the molecule, pocket breaks off membrane inside the cell and forms a vesicle, lysosome breaks down the vesicle and contents are released inside the cell)

Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins, requires no energy, makes it easier to move across the membrane

requires energy, the process of taking materials into the cell (membrane makes a pocket around the molecule, pocket breaks off membrane inside the cell and forms a vesicle, lysosome breaks down the vesicle and contents are released inside the cell)

Water moving from a higher to lower concentration

Requires energy, drives molecules across a membrane from a lower to higher concentration, uses transport proteins powered with ATP, molecules move against the concentration gradient

- Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins, requires no energy, makes it easier to move across the membrane

materials move across membranes because of concentration differences

Requires energy, drives molecules across a membrane from a lower to higher concentration, uses transport proteins powered with ATP, molecules move against the concentration gradient

requires energy, the process of taking materials into the cell (membrane makes a pocket around the molecule, pocket breaks off membrane inside the cell and forms a vesicle, lysosome breaks down the vesicle and contents are released inside the cell)

Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins, requires no energy, makes it easier to move across the membrane

Diffusion of molecules across a membrane through transport proteins, requires no energy, makes it easier to move across the membrane

- Requires energy, drives molecules across a membrane from a lower to higher concentration, uses transport proteins powered with ATP, molecules move against the concentration gradient

requires energy, the process of taking materials into the cell (membrane makes a pocket around the molecule, pocket breaks off membrane inside the cell and forms a vesicle, lysosome breaks down the vesicle and contents are released inside the cell)

opposite of endocytosis

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. Now it is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Adenosine Triphosphate, a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food, carries chemical energy that the cells can use

ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules for cell functions

Organisms that use chemicals to make energy

Carbohydrates (36 ATP)

Organisms that make their own food

Molecules in food store energy in their bonds

Organisms that use chemicals to make energy

 it’s one of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy

Adenosine Triphosphate, a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food, carries chemical energy that the cells can use

ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules for cell functions

t has a lower amount of energy and can be converted back to ATP with the addition of a phosphate group

Because it’s one of the most important compounds that cells use to store and release energy

ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules for cell functions

Adenosine Triphosphate, a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food, carries chemical energy that the cells can use

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. Now it is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

? It has a lower amount of energy and can be converted back to ATP with the addition of a phosphate group

? Proteins

Energy is released when a phosphate group is removed from the molecule. Now it is ADP (adenosine diphosphate)

Organisms that use chemicals to make energy

Obtains food by consuming other living things

Organisms that make their own food

Organisms that use chemicals to make energy

ATP transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules for cell functions

Plants/ producers

Lipids/fats (146 ATP)

 Proteins

Carbohydrates (36 ATP)

roteins

? Plants/ producers

? Lipids/fats (146 ATP)

Carbohydrates (36 ATP)

Lipids/fats (146 ATP)

Proteins

Carbohydrates (36 ATP)

Plants/ producers

Organisms that use chemicals to make energy

Obtains food by consuming other living things

? Organisms that make their own food

Organisms that make their own food

Obtains food by consuming other living things

Organisms that use chemicals to make energy

 Obtains food by consuming other living things

Organisms that make their own food

Organisms that use chemicals to make energy

Fluid that surrounds the grana

this part of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight, occurs in the thylakoid membrane, needs water and sunlight, ATP is transferred along the thylakoid membrane, oxygen is released

Releases chemical energy from sugar and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

Process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy

Cells

humans

Plants/ producers

monsters

this part of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight, occurs in the thylakoid membrane, needs water and sunlight

White” light from the sun that has a mixture of different wavelengths of energy

this part of photosynthesis makes sugar using the transferred energy, occurs in the stroma, carbon dioxide is needed, uses energy from the light dependent reaction, sugar is formed

Molecules in chloroplast, absorbs some of the energy is visible light, absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light

Molecules in chloroplast, absorbs some of the energy is visible light, absorbs red and blue wavelengths of light

“White” light from the sun that has a mixture of different wavelengths of energy

this part of photosynthesis makes sugar using the transferred energy, occurs in the stroma, carbon dioxide is needed, uses energy from the light dependent reaction, sugar is formed

Stack of thylakoids

Where chlorophyll pigments are located  

Fluid that surrounds the grana

Stack of thylakoids

? Membrane bound organelle, site of photosynthesis

Where chlorophyll pigments are

Membrane bound organelle, site of photosynthesis

Stack of thylakoids

Fluid that surrounds the grana

Fluid that surrounds the grana

Stack of thylakoids

Membrane bound organelle, site of photosynthesis

White” light from the sun that has a mixture of different wavelengths of energy

Membrane bound organelle, site of photosynthesis

Stack of thylakoids

Where chlorophyll pigments are located  

Fluid that surrounds the grana

$$6CO_2+6H_2O-→C_6H_12O14+6O_2$$

$$6CO_2+6H_2O-→D_6H_12O_6+6O_2$$

$$7CO_2+6H_2O-→C_{12}H_12O_6+6O_2$$

  $$6CO_2+6H_2O-→C_6H_{12}O_6+6O_2$$

 this part of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight, occurs in the thylakoid membrane, needs water and sunlight, ATP is transferred along the thylakoid membrane, oxygen is released this part of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight, occurs in the thylakoid membrane, needs water and sunlight, ATP is transferred along the thylakoid membrane, oxygen is released

Regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

- this part of photosynthesis makes sugar using the transferred energy, occurs in the stroma, carbon dioxide is needed, uses energy from the light dependent reaction, sugar is formed

Fluid that surrounds the grana

this part of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight, occurs in the thylakoid membrane, needs water and sunlight, ATP is transferred along the thylakoid membrane, oxygen is released

Membrane bound organelle, site of photosynthesis

this part of photosynthesis makes sugar using the transferred energy, occurs in the stroma, carbon dioxide is needed, uses energy from the light dependent reaction, sugar is formed

Stack of thylakoids

Electron Transport Chain. Last stage, occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, protein pumps are embedded in the membranes

Releases chemical energy from sugar and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present

combination of proteins and DNA

? Both halves of the chromosome

$$6EFO_2+C_6H_12O_6-→6CO_2+6H_2O+Energy$$

$$6O_2+C_6H_12O_6-→6CO_2+6H_2O+Energy$$

$$6O_2+C_6H_{12}O_6-→6CO_2+6H_2O+Energy$$

$$6O_2+C_6H_12O_6-→6CO_2+6H_2O$$

In the mitochondria

In the nucleus

In the cell membrane

In the Lysosome

Electron Transport Chain. occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, protein pumps are embedded in the membranes

Glycolysis. Must take place before cellular respiration can occur, is an anaerobic process (doesn’t require oxygen), occurs in the cytoplasm, ongoing process

Krebs Cycle. Produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration, occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

Krebs Cycle. Produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration, occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain. occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, protein pumps are embedded in the membranes

Glycolysis. Must take place before cellular respiration can occur, is an anaerobic process (doesn’t require oxygen), occurs in the cytoplasm, ongoing process

Glycolysis. Must take place before cellular respiration can occur, is an anaerobic process (doesn’t require oxygen), occurs in the cytoplasm, ongoing process

Electron Transport Chain. occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane, protein pumps are embedded in the membranes

Krebs Cycle. Produces molecules that carry energy to the second part of cellular respiration, occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

Process that divides the cell’s cytoplasm, 2 daughter cells are created

Both halves of the chromosome

One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes (humans have 46)

? Regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Gap 1, Mitosis

Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis

Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis

Gap 2, Mitosis

The cell divides the nucleus and its contents, the nuclear membrane dissolves, 2 new cells form that are identical

The cell makes a copy of its DNA, the nucleus of the cell now contains 2 copies of its DNA

during this time everything functions as normal, cell increases in size, cell spends most of its life in this stage

The cell continues to carry out normal life functions, cell continues to grow

The cell makes a copy of its DNA, the nucleus of the cell now contains 2 copies of its DNA

 during this time everything functions as normal, cell increases in size, cell spends most of its life in this stage

 during this time everything functions as normal, cell increases in size, cell spends most of its life in this stage

The cell divides the nucleus and its contents, the nuclear membrane dissolves, 2 new cells form that are identical

during this time everything functions as normal, cell increases in size, cell spends most of its life in this stage

The cell makes a copy of its DNA, the nucleus of the cell now contains 2 copies of its DNA

The cell divides the nucleus and its contents, the nuclear membrane dissolves, 2 new cells form that are identical

The cell continues to carry out normal life functions, cell continues to grow

during this time everything functions as normal, cell increases in size, cell spends most of its life in this stage

The cell divides the nucleus and its contents, the nuclear membrane dissolves, 2 new cells form that are identical

The cell continues to carry out normal life functions, cell continues to grow

The cell makes a copy of its DNA, the nucleus of the cell now contains 2 copies of its DNA

during this time everything functions as normal, cell increases in size, cell spends most of its life in this stage

The cell divides the nucleus and its contents, the nuclear membrane dissolves, 2 new cells form that are identical

The cell continues to carry out normal life functions, cell continues to grow

Process that divides the cell’s cytoplasm, 2 daughter cells are created

Young

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

Old

11 hours

24 hours

12 hours

2 hours

too many demands placed on DNA

A combination of proteins and DNA

volume grows too fast relative to surface area, material exchange is insufficient

One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes (humans have 46)

- Process that divides the cell’s cytoplasm, 2 daughter cells are created

? One half of a duplicated chromosome

too many demands placed on DNA

volume grows too fast relative to surface area, material exchange is insufficient

One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes (humans have 46)

he cell divides the nucleus and its contents, the nuclear membrane dissolves, 2 new cells form that are identical

Regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell division that occurs in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

It protects the DNA and located on either ends of the chromatids

cytoplasm

cells

Histones

eukaryotic

Where the sister chromatids are held together

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Both halves of the chromosome

A combination of proteins and DNA

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Both halves of the chromosome

A combination of proteins and DNA

Where the sister chromatids are held together

One long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes (humans have 46)

Both halves of the chromosome

One half of a duplicated chromosome

A combination of proteins and DNA

 Histones

Where the sister chromatids are held together

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Both halves of the chromosome

It protects the DNA and located on either ends of the chromatids

Both halves of the chromosome

Where the sister chromatids are held together

A combination of proteins and DNA

Last part of mitosis, the nuclear membrane begins to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers fall apart, cell begins to divide into two daughter cells

Prepares the cell to divide, DNA is duplicated, the cell grows large enough to be divided in half equally (Contains Gap 1, Synthesis, and Gap 2)

Second part of mitosis, spindle fibers attach to each chromosome, chromosomes align along the cell equator, spindle fivers attach to a protein structure on the centromere

First part of mitosis, chromatin condenses into coiled chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

The cytoplasm pinches and divides into two cells, each cell has an identical nucleus, a full stage of the cell cycle is now complete

Third part of mitosis, sister chromatids separate from ach other, spindle fibers begin to shorten, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids away toward opposite ends of the cell

Prepares the cell to divide, DNA is duplicated, the cell grows large enough to be divided in half equally (Contains Gap 1, Synthesis, and Gap 2)

First part of mitosis, chromatin condenses into coiled chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

Third part of mitosis, sister chromatids separate from ach other, spindle fibers begin to shorten, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids away toward opposite ends of the cell

Second part of mitosis, spindle fibers attach to each chromosome, chromosomes align along the cell equator, spindle fivers attach to a protein structure on the centromere

First part of mitosis, chromatin condenses into coiled chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

 Last part of mitosis, the nuclear membrane begins to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers fall apart, cell begins to divide into two daughter cells

First part of mitosis, chromatin condenses into coiled chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

The cytoplasm pinches and divides into two cells, each cell has an identical nucleus, a full stage of the cell cycle is now complete

 Third part of mitosis, sister chromatids separate from ach other, spindle fibers begin to shorten, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids away toward opposite ends of the cell

Last part of mitosis, the nuclear membrane begins to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers fall apart, cell begins to divide into two daughter cells

? First part of mitosis, chromatin condenses into coiled chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

The cytoplasm pinches and divides into two cells, each cell has an identical nucleus, a full stage of the cell cycle is now complete

 Third part of mitosis, sister chromatids separate from ach other, spindle fibers begin to shorten, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids away toward opposite ends of the cell

Last part of mitosis, the nuclear membrane begins to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers fall apart, cell begins to divide into two daughter cells

The cytoplasm pinches and divides into two cells, each cell has an identical nucleus, a full stage of the cell cycle is now complete

First part of mitosis, chromatin condenses into coiled chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrioles move to opposite poles, spindle fibers form

Last part of mitosis, the nuclear membrane begins to form, chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindle fibers fall apart, cell begins to divide into two daughter cells

Third part of mitosis, sister chromatids separate from ach other, spindle fibers begin to shorten, spindle fibers pull sister chromatids away toward opposite ends of the cell

Somatic

Exocytosis

Haploid

Germ

 Chromosome pairs 1-22, contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism

 Body cells, make up most of body tissues and organs, DNA in body cells is NOT passed onto offspring

 Directly control the development of sex characteristics (XX Female, XY Male)

Cells found in the reproductive organs, develop into gametes/sex cells, DNA in gametes are passed onto offspring (two gametes: ova/eggs, spermatozoa/sperm)

Cells found in the reproductive organs, develop into gametes/sex cells, DNA in gametes are passed onto offspring (two gametes: ova/eggs, spermatozoa/sperm)

The nuclear membrane breaks down, homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene, sex chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs

Sex Cells, sex cells have only 1 copy of every chromosome (22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome)

Body cells, make up most of body tissues and organs, DNA in body cells is NOT passed onto offspring

1 copy from mom (23) 1 from dad (23), Diploid number=46 total chromosomes

Fusion of egg and sperm, the nuclei from the male and female sex cells fuse to form 1 nucleus

Gametes have half the number of chromosome that body cells have (body/46, gamete/23)

The nuclear membrane breaks down, homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene, sex chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs

For each homologous pair, one chromosome comes from each parent

increased # can make a new species, decreased # causes death)

Directly control the development of sex characteristics (XX Female, XY Male)

Cells found in the reproductive organs, develop into gametes/sex cells, DNA in gametes are passed onto offspring (two gametes: ova/eggs, spermatozoa/sperm)

Fusion of egg and sperm, the nuclei from the male and female sex cells fuse to form 1 nucleus

Chromosome pairs 1-22, contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism

Body cells, each cell has 2 copies of every chromosome: 1 copy from mom (23) 1 from dad (23), Diploid number=46 total chromosomes

Directly control the development of sex characteristics (XX Female, XY Male)

 Gametes have half the number of chromosome that body cells have (body/46, gamete/23)

 Involves the fusion of 2 gametes (sex cells), offspring are a genetic mixture of both parents

Makes haploid cells from diploid cells, occurs in sex cells, produces gametes

Directly control the development of sex characteristics (XX Female, XY Male)

Involves the fusion of 2 gametes (sex cells), offspring are a genetic mixture of both parents

Maintaining the correct number of chromosomes is important to the survival of organisms (increased # can make a new species, decreased # causes death)

Fusion of egg and sperm, the nuclei from the male and female sex cells fuse to form 1 nucleus

Sex Cells, sex cells have only 1 copy of every chromosome (22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome)

Makes haploid cells from diploid cells, occurs in sex cells, produces gametes

 Directly control the development of sex characteristics (XX Female, XY Male)

Fusion of egg and sperm, the nuclei from the male and female sex cells fuse to form 1 nucleus

Involves the fusion of 2 gametes (sex cells), offspring are a genetic mixture of both parents

 Sex Cells, sex cells have only 1 copy of every chromosome (22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome)

Body cells, each cell has 2 copies of every chromosome: 1 copy from mom (23) 1 from dad (23), Diploid number=46 total chromosomes

The nuclear membrane breaks down, homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene, sex chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs

Directly control the development of sex characteristics (XX Female, XY Male)

Directly control the development of sex characteristics (XX Female, XY Male)

Body cells, each cell has 2 copies of every chromosome: 1 copy from mom (23) 1 from dad (23), Diploid number=46 total chromosomes

? Involves the fusion of 2 gametes (sex cells), offspring are a genetic mixture of both parents

Sex Cells, sex cells have only 1 copy of every chromosome (22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome)

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Maintaining the correct number of chromosomes is important to the survival of organisms (increased # can make a new species, decreased # causes death)

End result: 4 haploid cells with a combination of chromosomes from both parents (4 cells results that have half the normal chromosome number- 23

The cell divides the nucleus and its contents, the nuclear membrane dissolves, 2 new cells form that are identical

Two cells are formed, each have a unique combination of 23 duplicated chromosomes coming from both parent

Makes haploid cells from diploid cells, occurs in sex cells, produces gametes

The nuclear membrane breaks down, homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene, sex chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs

 The nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

Two cells are formed, each have a unique combination of 23 duplicated chromosomes coming from both parent

Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; this arrangement mixes up the chromosomes and helps create and maintain genetic diversity

Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; this arrangement mixes up the chromosomes and helps create and maintain genetic diversity

Two cells are formed, each have a unique combination of 23 duplicated chromosomes coming from both parent

All 23 chromosomes align at the cell equator, each chromosome still has 2 sister chromatids

The nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

wo cells are formed, each have a unique combination of 23 duplicated chromosomes coming from both parent

? The nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

Paired homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromatids remain joined together as they move toward the poles

Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles of the cell

Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; this arrangement mixes up the chromosomes and helps create and maintain genetic diversity

The nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

End result: 4 haploid cells with a combination of chromosomes from both parents (4 cells results that have half the normal chromosome number- 23

Two cells are formed, each have a unique combination of 23 duplicated chromosomes coming from both parent

The nuclear membrane breaks down, homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene, sex chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs

All 23 chromosomes align at the cell equator, each chromosome still has 2 sister chromatids

Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; this arrangement mixes up the chromosomes and helps create and maintain genetic diversity

The nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

Two cells are formed, each have a unique combination of 23 duplicated chromosomes coming from both parent

Pairs of chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell; this arrangement mixes up the chromosomes and helps create and maintain genetic diversity

Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles of the cell

All 23 chromosomes align at the cell equator, each chromosome still has 2 sister chromatids

Sister chromatids are pulled apart toward the poles of the cell

End result: 4 haploid cells with a combination of chromosomes from both parents (4 cells results that have half the normal chromosome number- 23

The nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

? Paired homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromatids remain joined together as they move toward the poles

Paired homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromatids remain joined together as they move toward the poles

The nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

End result: 4 haploid cells with a combination of chromosomes from both parents (4 cells results that have half the normal chromosome number- 23

 Two cells are formed, each have a unique combination of 23 duplicated chromosomes coming from both parent

Mitosis: Chromosomes don’t pair up Meiosis: Chromosomes pair up

, Anaphase 1: sister chromatids remain together Mitosis: Chromatids always separate

1 vs. 2 cell division

, Meiosis: Results in haploid cells Mitosis: Results in diploid cells

1 vs 3 division stages

Paired homologous chromosomes separate, sister chromatids remain joined together as they move toward the poles

The nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers form, centrioles move to the opposite sides of the cell

the production of gametes from haploid cells

End result: 4 haploid cells with a combination of chromosomes from both parents (4 cells results that have half the normal chromosome number- 23