WorksheetsMBD PRELIM EXAM - DOMC
Total questions: 99
Worksheet time: 1hrs 14mins
What are mutations?
Changes in the RNA sequence
Changes in the protein structure
Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
Changes in the amino acid sequence
Which type of mutation is not passed to offspring?
Frameshift mutations
Point mutations
Gametic mutations
Somatic mutations
What type of mutation may improve an organism's survival?
Neutral mutations
Beneficial mutations
Harmful mutations
Somatic mutations
What is a common cause of mutations?
Low oxygen levels
Chemicals and UV radiation
Increased temperature
High pressure
What type of mutation involves the loss of a chromosome segment?
Duplication
Translocation
Deletion
Inversion
What occurs during a frameshift mutation?
A single nucleotide is substituted
A chromosome is duplicated
One or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted
A segment of DNA is inverted
What is a nonsense mutation?
A mutation that does not change the amino acid
A mutation that creates a stop codon
A mutation that results in a frameshift
A mutation that causes a gene to be deleted
What is the result of a missense mutation?
A stop codon is formed
The same amino acid is produced
A different amino acid is produced
No change occurs
What type of mutation involves the failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis?
Deletion
Nondisjunction
Duplication
Translocation
What is a silent mutation?
A mutation that leads to a stop codon
A mutation that does not affect the amino acid produced
A mutation that causes a frameshift
A mutation that changes the amino acid sequence
What type of mutation involves changing the structure of a chromosome?
Frameshift mutation
Gene mutation
Chromosomal mutation
Point mutation
What is the effect of almost all mutations?
They are neutral
They are beneficial
They are always repaired
They are harmful
What is a common result of somatic mutations?
Sickle Cell disease
Skin cancers
Down syndrome
Cystic fibrosis
What type of mutation involves the insertion of a nucleotide?
Point mutation
Nonsense mutation
Silent mutation
Frameshift mutation
What is a common effect of mutations on genes?
They always have a positive effect
They can disrupt normal gene function
They never change protein structure
They only occur in plants
ATTTGAGCC- Original
ATTGAGCC - Mutated
The example above is an example of a
Insertion- Frameshift
Deletion- Substitution
Deletion -Frameshift
All of the above
Which shows a substitution mutation:
Original DNA: TTACATGG
TTAGATGG
TTAACATGG
TTACAGG
TTACATGG
Which shows a deletion mutation from the following DNA sequence
CGTAAGATC
CGTAGATC
CGTAAGAATC
CGTAGGATC
CGTAAGATC
What is the primary function of genetic material according to Francis Crick?
To transport nutrients
To control cell metabolism
To duplicate itself and control cell development
To provide energy for cellular processes
Which type of bacteria did Frederick Griffith work with?
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacillus subtilis
Staphylococcus aureus
What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty conclude about DNA?
It is a carbohydrate
It is a protein
It is a lipid
It is the transforming principle
What did Hershey and Chase use to demonstrate that DNA is the genetic material?
Plant cells
Bacteria infected with a virus
Yeast cells
Animal cells
What sugar is found in RNA?
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Fructose
Glucose
What did Erwin Chargaff discover about base pairing in DNA?
A = G and T = C
A = T and C = G
A = U and C = G
A = C and G = T
Which technique did Rosalind Franklin use to study DNA?
X-ray diffraction
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Mass spectrometry
Electron microscopy
What is the structure of DNA described as?
Single helix
Triple helix
Linear strand
Double helix
What type of bond holds the base pairs together in DNA?
Disulfide bonds
Covalent bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
In DNA replication, what is the role of the replication fork?
To package DNA
To open the DNA strands
To synthesize proteins
To repair DNA
What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication?
Strands are mixed with old and new DNA
Each daughter molecule has one old and one new strand
Strands remain unchanged
Both strands are newly synthesized
What is the basic unit of DNA called?
Nucleosome
Chromosome
Nucleotide
Amino acid
What is the term for the DNA wrapped around histones?
Chromatid
Chromatin
Nucleosome
Gene
What is the orientation of the two strands in the DNA double helix?
Parallel
Antiparallel
Circular
Random
During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?
G2 phase
G1 phase
S phase
M phase
Given the DNA template strand
5' A G C T A A G T C G A C G C T 3',
what is the complementary DNA strand?
(a)
What type of bond holds together the nitrogen bases?
Hydrogen Bond (weak bond)
Covalent Bond (strong bond)
Ionic Bond
no bond
Which enzyme "unzips" the DNA molecule to prepare for replication?
DNA Helicase
RNA Helicase
DNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
Which enzyme "glues" the nitrogen bases of the DNA molecule together?
DNA Helicase
RNA Helicase
DNA Polymerase
RNA Polymerase
Chose the complementary DNA strand to the following DNA: ACTGGACCATGA (you may use scratch paper if you need)
ACTGGACCATGA
TGACCTGGTACT
TGACGTGGTACT
UGACCUGGUACU
UCACCUGGUACU
What is the role of RNA in relation to genes and proteins?
RNA is only found in the cytoplasm
RNA is the bridge between gene and protein
RNA stores genetic information
RNA is a type of protein
What is the non-template strand of DNA called?
Exome
RNA strand
Coding strand
Template strand
What is the first stage of gene expression?
Transcription
Replication
Translation
Mutation
What is the function of RNA polymerase?
To build an RNA molecule
To replicate DNA
To splice mRNA
To translate RNA into protein
What is a codon?
A sequence of three nucleotides
A type of RNA
A type of protein
A single nucleotide
How many types of proteins do genes encode in the human genome?
20,325
10,000
100,000
50,000
What is the purpose of the poly-A tail in mRNA?
To initiate transcription
To stabilize the mRNA
To code for amino acids
To facilitate splicing
What happens during the elongation phase of transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
RNA nucleotides bond with the DNA template strand
The mRNA exits the nucleus
Introns are removed
What is the role of chaperone proteins?
To transport proteins to the nucleus
To assist in protein synthesis
To degrade misfolded proteins
To stabilize partially folded proteins
What is the significance of the start codon AUG?
It codes for the amino acid serine
It is a stop codon
It signals the end of translation
It initiates protein synthesis
What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
DNA to protein to RNA
DNA to RNA to protein
Protein to RNA to DNA
RNA to DNA to protein
What is a reading frame?
The sequence of amino acids in a protein
The structure of a protein
The process of transcription
The way codons are read in mRNA
What is the function of transcription factors?
To transport proteins
To bind DNA and initiate transcription
To degrade RNA
To initiate translation
What occurs during translation termination?
The mRNA is spliced
The RNA polymerase detaches
A stop codon enters the A site
The ribosome assembles the protein
Using this DNA sequence ATA CGA GGA TTT, what is the complementary RNA sequence will be
UAU GCU CCU AAA
UAU GCU CCU TTT
TAT GCT CCT AAA
TAT GCT CCT TTT
A split gene includes non-coding introns that are ____________ during post-transcriptional modification.
capped
removed
retained
methylated
How do you know when to begin translating a strand of mRNA?
look for AUG
start at the beginning
look for ATG
when the teacher says so!!!
What is the main goal of molecular diagnostics?
To detect genomic variants
To study cell theory
To analyze protein structures
To understand plant biology
Who introduced the term 'molecular disease' based on the discovery of sickle cell anemia?
Watson and Crick
Pauling
Johann Miescher
Gregor Mendel
What technique was invented by Kary Mullis in 1985 that greatly facilitated molecular diagnostics?
Protein Micro-array
DNA Sequencing
Southern Blotting
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Which scientist played a crucial role in determining the structure of DNA using X-ray diffraction techniques?
Rosalind E. Franklin
Watson and Crick
Johann Miescher
Gregor Mendel
What is the main function of nucleic acids in cells?
Energy storage
Protein synthesis
Cell structure
Genomic information storage
What is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independently?
Anti-codon
Protein
Codon
Cell
Who proposed the Cell Theory stating that all organisms are composed of cells?
Watson and Crick
Rudolf Virchow
Gregor Mendel
Johann Miescher
What is the function of a codon in DNA or RNA?
Amino acid correspondence
Energy production
Cell replication
Protein synthesis
Which technology allows the identification of all human genes and the sequences of human DNA?
Biochip Technology
Electrophoretic Methods
Human Genome Project
Recombinant DNA Technology
What is the main advantage of PCR in molecular diagnostics?
Limited target amplification
Increased cost
Decreased need for radioactivity
Slow detection process
What is the significance of molecular diagnostics in human medicine?
To study plant biology
To understand animal behavior
To explore outer space
To diagnose human diseases at the nucleic acid level
What is the main impact of the Human Genome Project on human diseases?
Identification of novel molecular markers
Development of new vaccines
Improved agricultural practices
Enhanced communication skills
What is the primary function of proteins in organisms?
Energy storage
Cell structure
Genetic information storage
Enzymes and structural components
What is the main benefit of the PCR Revolution in molecular diagnostics?
Decreased specificity
Large number of copies of target sequence generated
Slow detection process
Increased need for radioactivity
What is the main function of anti-codons in tRNA molecules?
Cell replication
Amino acid correspondence
Protein synthesis
Energy production
All mutations are harmful.
True
False
Cannot be determined
A ____ mutation occurs during the DNA replication that precedes meiosis, while a ____ mutation occurs during the DNA replication that precedes mitosis.
germline; somatic
germline; spontaneous
somatic; germline
spontaneous, point
Beta thalassemia and sickle cell disease are both associated with mutations in the ____ gene.
globin
dystrophin
collagen
CCR5
____ codons are those that specify the same amino acid.
Nonsynonymous
Conditional
Triplet repeat
Synonymous
A mutagen is _____.
a change in the nucleotide base sequence
an agent that causes a mutation
an unusual phenotype
None of the above
Which of the following is a natural source of radiation?
sunlight
cosmic rays
radioactive minerals in the Earth's crust
All of the above
A point mutation that changes a codon specifying an amino acid into a stop codon is called a _____.
missense mutation
nonsense mutation
frameshift mutation
deletion mutation
Which of the following is an effect of a mutation?
It prevents a protein from forming.
It lowers the amount of a protein.
It adds a function to a protein.
All of the above can occur.
Changing the codon AGC to AGA represents a ____ mutation.
missense
nonsense
frameshift
deletion
A point mutation that has no obvious effect at all on the phenotype is called a ____ mutation.
silent
missense
nonsense
transversion
One possible result of chromosomal breakage is for a fragment to join a nonhomologous chromosome. What is this alteration called?
Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Duplication
A genetic change that involves the loss or gain of entire chromosomes leads to _____.
Inversion
Duplication
Deletion
Aneuploidy
DNA point mutations _____.
Have no effect because of the redundancy of the nucleotide code.
Causes an incorrect amino acid, but no change in the overall protein.
Always leads to a nonfunctional protein.
Can lead to a nonfunctional protein or can have little effect depending on the position of the mutation.
In order to cause a frame shift mutation, ______ must occur.
One or two nucleotides must be inserted or deleted in the coding region
A nonsense mutation leading to protein termination
A missense mutation causing the insertion of a hydrophobic amino acid
The insertion of three nucleotides into the coding region
GAG-CTC-GAC-AGA
Mutant
GAG CTC-CAC-AGA
What are the three types of gene mutation?
Insertion, Deletion, Subsitution
Aberration, Deletion, Substitution
Inversion, Duplication, Insertion
Insertion, Duplication, Substitution
This type of mutation is possible because certain codons may code for the same amino acid
silent
missense
nonsense
6th sense
The bottom DNA sequence in the image has been altered by this type of mutation
substitution
insertion
deletion
translocation
In this type of point mutation, one base pair is lost
substitution
insertion
deletion
translocation
