The Pacific Ring of Fire covers a chain of shoreline countries around the Atlantic Ocean. ​ (a)  

The Pacific Ring of Fire is where wildfire often occurs. ​ (b)  

The movement of the ground is responsible for the geological activities on the Pacific Ring of Fire. ​ (c)  

The Pacific Ring of Fire dominates the Pacific Ocean with at least 450 dormant and active volcanoes, forming a horseshoe. ​ (d)  

There are a lot of volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire because of the movement, collision, and destruction of lithospheric plates. ​ (e)  

Match the following type of fault

NORMAL FAULT

Forms in areas undergoing ​ (a)   tectonic stress, where the Earth's crust is being pulled apart (divergent movement) forming ​ (b)   . As the hanging wall moves ​ (c)   relative to the footwall, ​ (d)   stress builds up along the fault plane. Eventually, the accumulated stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, causing them to ​ (e)   energy in the form of seismic waves.

REVERSE FAULTS (THRUST FAULTS)​

Reverse faults form in areas undergoing ​ (a)   tectonic stress, where the Earth's crust is being pushed together. As the hanging wall moves ​ (b)   relative to the footwall, ​ (c)   stress builds up along the fault plane. When the

accumulated stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, they break along

the fault, releasing ​ (d)   energy as seismic waves.

STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS

Strike-slip faults form in areas undergoing ​ (a)   tectonic stress, where the Earth's crust is moving ​ (b)   pas​t each other. Stress builds up along the fault plane due to the ​ (c)   between the moving plates. When the frictional ​ (d)   is overcome, the rocks on either side of the fault suddenly ​ (e)   past each other, releasing energy in the form of seismic waves.

Forms in areas undergoing compressional tectonic stress, where the Earth's crust is being pushed together. ​ (a)  

Forms in areas undergoing extensional tectonic stress, where the Earth's crust is being pulled apart (divergent movement) forming valleys. ​ (b)  

Form form in areas undergoing lateral tectonic stress, where the Earth's crust is moving horizontally past each other. ​ (c)  

In the Philippines, the most common types of faults are typically​ (a)   . The country is located along the ​ (b)   of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate, where the movement is ​ (c)   (strike-slip) and ​ (d)   (thrust). These types of faults are responsible for the significant seismic activity and ​ (e)   experienced in the region.

​ (a)   is a transform boundary formed by the movement of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian Plate.

The ​ (b)   is the most active fault line in the Philippines.

​ (c)   are structures where we expect displacement to

occur. Because a shallow earthquake is a mechanism that causes displacement across a fault, they must all occur on active faults.

​ (d)   are features that we can recognize but do not produce earthquakes.

The fault plane is inclined at an angle greater than 45 degrees from the horizontal, and the hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall. ​ (a)  

The fault plane is nearly vertical, and the movement is predominantly lateral along

the fault plane. ​ (b)  

The fault plane is inclined at an angle less than 45 degrees from the horizontal, and the hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall. ​ (c)  

Direction of Slip: Horizontal motion, where two tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally - ​ (a)  

Direction of Slip: Vertical motion, where hanging wall moves downward relative to the footwall that occurs from tensional tectonic settings. - ​ (b)  

Direction of Slip: Vertical motion, where hanging wall moves upward relative to the footwall that typically form in compressional tectonic settings. ​ (c)  

The ​ (a)   are caused by the sudden release of energy stored in the Earth's crust.

When tectonic plates shift or collide, seismic waves are generated, spreading outward from the point of origin, called the ​ ​ (b)   .

The higher the ​ (c)   of an earthquake, the greater the potential for widespread damage and devastation in the affected community.

In some cases, these earthquakes occur underwater, along subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is forced beneath another. This movement can displace large volumes of water, resulting in the formation of a ​ (d)   .

The motion of ​ (a)   particles forms a horizontal line that is perpendicular to the propagation direction. The energy of Love waves radiates in two directions rather than three.

​ (b)   are compressional waves that travel through solids, liquids, and gases.

The motion of ​ (c)   is a mix of longitudinal, compressional, and dilatation.

_​ (d)   : They are also known as shear waves, and they can only propagate in hard, solid materials by vibrating particles in a direction perpendicular to the propagation.

They are easily identified and are responsible for earthquake-

related damage and devastation. ​ (a)  

travel through the interior of the Earth and have a frequency higher than the surface wave. - (b)  

are waves that flow along the Earth's surface-air boundary, or into the crust. They have lower frequency than body waves. - (c)   ​

have particles that move in a circular or elliptical pattern. ​ (d)  

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

BODY WAVES

​ (a)   – are waves that flow along the Earth's surface-air boundary, or into the crust. They have ​ (b)   frequency than body waves. They are easily identified and are responsible for ​ (c)   - related damage and devastation. Surface waves have particles that move in a ​ (d)   pattern. The strength of surface waves ​ (e)   as they go deeper below the surface.

SURFACE WAVES

When the btreak line (​ the ​ (a)   ) between two blocks of rock suddenly moves, the movement causes vibrations (​ (b)   ) to race rapidly outward in all directions from the ​ (c)   . The point at ground level directly above the focus is called the ​ (d)   .

​ (a)   - is where the action is. It is a flat surface that may be vertical or sloping ​ (b)   - is the line it makes on the Earth's surface

​ (c)   - The overhanging face of a fault found resting on top of the foot wall ​ (d)   - The ramp-like face of a fault found underneath the hanging wall.

​ (e)   - the place where fault ruptures begin

Epicenter - is the point on the Earth's surface directly above a hypocenter or focus the point where an earthquake or an underground explosion originates

​ (a)   - The block of rock that forms the lower half of a fault. always below the fault line.

​ (b)   - The block of rock that forms the upper half of a fault. Always above the fault line.

​ (c)   occur due to tensional stress.

​ (d)   forms under compressional forces.​

​ (e)   occurs when rocks move horizontally or slide past each other.

areas along which all shallow earthquakes occur. Display seismic activity within 10,000 years - (a)  

areas which had not displayed any seismic activity for more than 10,000 years - (b)  

The rocks beneath the Erath's surface are constantly subjected to ​ (a)   caused by pushing and pulling forces.​

When the rigid rocks break, the energy stored in hem is released and energy is manifested on the Earth's surface as ​ (b)  

The energy that causes earthquakes travels from particles to particle in the solid and liquid materials of the Earth. This energy spreads through the Earth as vibrations called ​ (c)   .

Seismic waves radiate from the ​ (d)   of an earthquake.

The point of origin of the seismic wavers is called the ​ (e)   .

The ​ (a)   is located on the Earth's surface directly above the focus.

The ​ (b)   refers to the perceptible strength of an earthquake in a certain locality or area.

Intensity describes the effects, or the amount of damage ​ (c)   has caused on people, infrastructure, natural objects, and land surfaces,

A quantitative measure of an earthquake's strength is called ​ (d)   .

Magnitude refers to the amount of energy released. This is determined from the amplitude of the surface waves recorded by a ​ (e)   .

Magnitude and Intensity

A Japanese term used to describe a series of ocean waves generated by the displacement of water due to underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions - ​ (a)   ​

The energy of ​ (b)   earthquake is equivalent to about 6,270,000 tons of TNT explosives.

During the tsunami, the tectonic plates of the Earth's surface slip releeasing a masive amount of energy into the ​ (c)   .

Tsunami is moving at overr ​ (d)   per hour.

A tsunami is formed as the displaced water moves under the influence of ​ (e)   .

How are tsunami formed?

​ (a)   under the ocean, submarine landslides ir landslides in the mountains carrying a big volume of debris to the ocean.

​ (b)   plunging into the ocean

​ (c)   movement associated with earthquakes, landslides, lava entering the sea, seamount collapse

How does the energy from the sun reach the Earth?

On average, it takes approximately ​ (a)   ​ or 500 seconds for solar energy to reach the top of Earth's ​ (b)   . Covering an approximate distance of​ (c)   through space, this energy reaches the top layer​ of Earth's atmosphere. The​ (d)   propagates in waves from the Sun, traveling at the speed of light as ​ (e)   within the vacuum of space.

The Earth's ​ (a)   causes day and night, while its ​ (b)   around the Sun brings about the changing ​ (c)   throughout the year.

Analyze the statement refers to either Earth’s Rotation or Revolution.

The angle of Earth's axial tilt is ​ (a)   .

in the diagram, the Tropic of Cancer and the equatorial region receive the greatest intensity of the​ (b)   . Sunlight strikes the ​ (c)   more directly compared to other ​ (d)   . This direct angle of sunlight results in greater heating and higher ​ (e)  

As you move from the equator towards the poles, sunlight strikes the Earth's surface at an increasingly ​ (a)   angle. This means the same amount of ​ (b)   is spread over a larger area, resulting in less intense heating.

Near the poles , sunlight strikes the Earth's surface at a very oblique angle, especially during ​ (c)   months. This results in​ less ​ (d)   being absorbed, leading to colder temperatures. These regions also have reduced duration of sunlight leading to less ​ (e)   being received

Near the ​ (a)   , sunlight strikes

the Earth's surface almost

perpendicularly throughout the

year. This ​ (b)   of sunlight

leads to maximum heating and

results in ​ (c)   .

Earth’s Tilt Cloze The tilt of the Earth's axis relative to its orbit around the Sun contributes to the changing seasons. Regions near the 1) (a)   experience higher temperatures because sunlight strikes the Earth's surface more 2) (b)   resulting in greater heating. Near the equator, sunlight strikes the Earth's surface more 3) (c)   leading to higher intensity of solar radiation and heat. The tilt of the Earth's axis causes different parts of the Earth to receive varying amounts of 4) (d)   throughout the year, leading to the changing seasons. The angle at which sunlight strikes the Earth's surface near the equator and near the poles affects the 5) (e)   of solar radiation and heat received. Temperatures vary by latitude, with locations closer

The earth makes one complete rotation approximately once every ​ (a)   . As one side of the earth rotates toward the sun, that side experiences ​ (b)   . The side facing away from the sun experiences ​ (c)   .

Earth’s axis is tilted ​ (d)   in the same direction, so the parts of Earth that receive more direct sunlight and have more daylight hours change throughout the year. This causes ​ (e)   or times of the year with patterns of weather and daylight, which vary depending on where you live.

The seasons change due to the ​ (a)   of the Earth's axis as it orbits around the Sun. Throughout the year, different parts of the Earth receive varying amounts of​ _​ (b)   because of this tilt.

When a particular hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun, it receives more direct sunlight, leading to (c)   . When that hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun, it receives less direct sunlight, resulting in ​ (d)   .

The changing ​ (a)   of sunlight and the varying ​ (b)   of daylight hours throughout the year contribute to the​ (c)   .

The ​ (d)   are characterized by equal lengths of day and night,

while ​ (e)   are characterized by the longest or shortest days of the year.

​ (a)   is the point in an orbit where a celestial body is closest to the Sun.

​ (b)   is the point in an orbit where a celestial body is farthest to the Sun.

The ​ (c)   of the Earth with respect to its orbit around the Sun makes different parts of the planet receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year.

The tolt of the Earth is the main reason why we have ​ (d)   .

The word (a)   comes from the Latin terms ‘ (b)   ’ (equal) and ‘ (c)   ’ (night), symbolizing the nearly equal length of day and night during this (d)   event.

The ​ (e)   marls the starts of astronomical spring in the northern hemisphere.

Around the March Equinox, most of the world experiences nearly ​ (a)   of daylight, though the exact duration varies slightly depending on ​ (b)   —becoming more pronounced closer to the poles.

During the equinox, the North and South Poles simultaneously witness​ (c)   daylight—with the sun rising at the North Pole and setting at the South Pole, marking the start of ​ (d)   .

In the Philippines, daytime on ​ (e)   will already be around six minutes longer than nighttime. This trend will continue, with daylight hours gradually increasing until they peak during the June Solstice

This period also signals the transition to the hot dry season, locally known as tag-init, which typically lasts until May or June. - (a)  

As the sun moves northward, parts of the Philippines will soon experience Zero Shadow Days—when the sun is directly overhead at noon, causing vertical objects to cast no shadow. - ​ (b)  

On average, it takes approximately ​ (a)   for solar energy to reach the top of Earth's atmosphere. Covering an approximate distance of ​ (b)   through space, this energy reaches the top layer of Earth's atmosphere. ​ (c)   propagates in waves from the Sun, traveling at the ​ (d)   as electromagnetic radiation within the ​ (e)   of space.

This layer extends up to about 13 kilometers (km) from the Earth's surface. This layer holds 75% of the atmosphere'smass.​ (a)  

This layer lies directly above the troposphere. It extends from about 13km to 48km above the Earth's surface. ​ (b)  

This layer lies directly above the stratosphere. It extends from about 48 km to 85 km above the Earth's surface. ​ (c)  

This layer lies directly above the mesosphere. It extends from about 85 km to 700 km above the Earth's surface. ​ (d)  

This layer is the uppermost layer, and it extends 10,000 km into space. In fact, it blends with what scientists consider tobe outer space! ​ (e)  

​ (a)   ("Exo" = ​ Outside )

The ​ (b)   layer of Earth's atmosphere.

Very thin air, mainly ​ (c)   .

​ (d)   orbit here.

Gradually ​ (e)   into space.

​ (a)   ("Thermo" = ​ Heat )

Extremely ​ (b)   , temperatures can exceed 2,000°C (3,600°F).

The​ (c)   orbits here.

​ (d)   occur in this layer.

​ (a)   ("Meso" = ​ Middle )

The ​ (b)   layer of the atmosphere.

The ​ (c)   , with temperatures dropping to -90°C (-130°F).

Where ​ (d)   burn up, creating "​ (e)   ."

​ (a)   ("Strato" = Layer)

Contains the ​ (b)   , which absorbs harmful UV rays.

Airplanes fly here because it's ​ (c)   and has less turbulence.

Temperature increases with ​ (d)   due to the ozone layer absorbing ​ (e)   .

​ (a)   ("Tropo" = Changes)

The ​ (b)   layer, where all ​ (c)   happens.

Contains most of the atmosphere’s​ (d)   .

Temperature decreases as ​ (e)   increases.

Where humans and animals live.

1. What physical quantities were mentioned that characterize each layer of the atmosphere? ​ ​ (a)  

2. How far above the surface is the Troposphere? ​ (b)  

3. Which layer has the lowest temperature? ​ (c)  

4. Which layer is the thinnest?​ (d)  

5. Which layer is the farthest from the surface?​ (e)  

The relationship between temperature and altitude varies in each atmospheric layer: $$A\ -\ \uparrow\ altitude\ \downarrow\ temperature$$ $$B\ -\ \uparrow\ altitude\ \uparrow\ temperature$$ $$C\ -\ \uparrow altitude,\ varies$$

The Earth's surface absorbs heat from the sun and warms the air near it. The farther from the surface, the colder it gets. - ​ (a)  

he ozone layer absorbs the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation, warming this layer. - ​ (b)  

There is no ozone to absorb heat, and this layer is far from the surface, making it the coldest layer of the atmosphere. - ​ (c)  

The sun’s high-energy radiation (like X-rays and UV rays) is absorbed, making this layer extremely hot (up to 2,000°C or more). - ​ (d)  

Molecules are so far apart that they can be very hot individually, but since there are so few of them, it wouldn’t feel hot to a human. - ​ (e)  

How does the interaction between the Sun and Earth's atmosphere influence the weather patterns observed throughout the day in Sunny Village?

The interaction between the Sun and Earth's atmosphere influences weather patterns by causing ​ (a)   variations, atmospheric (b)   cloud _​ (c)   . As sunlight penetrates the atmosphere, it warms the Earth's surface, leading to the formation of thermals and air currents that drive ​ (d)   . Additionally, the ​ angleof sunlight throughout the day affects temperature gradients and wind patterns, contributing to the development of local weather ​ (e)   such as winds, clouds, and precipitation.

What role does the greenhouse effect play in maintaining Earth's temperature?

The greenhouse effect plays a crucial role in maintaining Earth's ​ temperature by trapping ​ (a)   in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor, absorb and re-emit​ (b)   emitted by the Earth's surface, preventing it from escaping into space. This process creates a​ (c)   . The greenhouse gases trap heat and help regulate Earth's temperature within a ​ (d)   range. Without the greenhouse effect, Earth would be much ​ (e)   , making it unsuitable for life as we know it.​

(a)  

(a)  

1. What are the thick, dark clouds that cover the sky at low to middle altitudes and bring continuous, steady precipitation? - ​ (a)  

2. What type of cloud is often associated with fair weather and has a fluffy, white appearance? - ​ (b)  

3. Which type of cloud is characterized by a uniform layer or sheet covering the sky, often resulting in overcast conditions? - ​ (c)  

4. What are the towering clouds with extensive vertical development, often associated with thunderstorms, heavy rain, and lightning? - ​ (d)  

5. Which type of cloud is thin and wispy, composed of ice crystals, and typically found at high altitudes? - ​ (a)  

6. What are the mid-altitude clouds that appear as gray or blue-gray sheets covering the sky and often precede storm systems? - ​ (b)  

7. What type of cloud is characterized by rounded masses or rolls and often appears in clusters or patches at mid-altitudes?​ (c)  

8. Which cloud type is low-altitude and forms in layers or patches with a mix of cumulus and stratus characteristics?​ - (d)  

The 1) ​ (a)   is composed of gases that surround the Earth, providing oxygen for life and protecting the planet from harmful solar radiation. The 2)​ (b)   is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, where weather phenomena occur, while the 3)​ (c)   is above it and contains the ozone layer. Next, the 4)​ (d)   extends higher into the atmosphere, where temperatures decrease with altitude. The 5)​ (e)   , located above the mesosphere, contains charged particles and is responsible for auroras.

Finally, the outermost layer, the 6)​ (a)   , gradually transitions into outer space. As altitude increases in the atmosphere, temperatures generally 7)​ (b)   in the troposphere, 8)​ (c)   in the stratosphere due to the presence of the ozone layer, then 9)​ (d)   again in the mesosphere, and finally 10)​ (e)   ___ in the thermosphere due to absorption of solar radiation.

Clouds are categorized based on their altitude. Here’s how they fit into the different levels:

​ (a)   – A seasonal wind pattern that brings heavy rainfall to the Philippines.

​ (b)   – The primary source of energy for Earth's climate system.

​ (c)   – It warms the atmosphere and is fundamental to atmospheric composition.

​ (d)   – Large-scale wind patterns occur at the Earth's surface.

​ (e)   – A seasonal wind pattern that brings dry and cool air blowing over the Philippine islands.

How does cloud formation start?

Cloud formation begins with the process of ​ (a)   , where heat from sources like the Sun gives​ (b)   enough energy to transform from ​ (c)   and rise into the atmosphere. When this water vapor cools, it ​ (d)   on tiny particles in the air, known as ​ (e)   , to form clouds.

What is a condensation nucleus?

A (a)   is a small particle, either solid or liquid, that provides a surface for (b)   to condense upon. These particles can range from a few ​ (c)   to a few tenths of a micron in ​ (d)   and are essential for the formation of (e)   .

Which cycle is the formation of clouds part of?

The formation of clouds is part of the (a)   , which is the continuous movement of ​ (b)   within the Earth and atmosphere. This cycle includes the processes of (c)   , (d)   (cloud formation), and (e)   (rain or snow).

Cloud Cloze A cloud is a visible condensation of water that is suspended in the air. Clouds form as warm air 1) (a)   in the atmosphere and then cools 2) (b)   . The 3) (c)   heats water, which causes it to 4) (d)   into the air. Warmer air rises and cooler air sinks. As the warmer air containing water vapor rises, it is cooled. As the water vapor cools, it 5) (e)   into water droplets onto particles, such as dust, in the air. As more and more air cools, more droplets are formed and create different visible clouds

a. Warm air rises and cold air sinks. ​ (a)  

b. Warm air is more dense than cooler air. ​ (b)  

c. Air pressure is low over the tropics. ​ (c)  

d. Air pressure is high over the colder areas such as the poles. ​ (d)  

e. The difference in temperature creates wind. ​ (e)  

​ (a)   1. What factors determine the type of cloud that forms during cloud formation?

A. Wind speed B. Humidity levels C. Atmospheric pressure D. Temperature and humidity

​ (b)   2. Which of the following best describes the process of cloud formation?

A. Warm air rises and cools, causing water vapor to condense.

B. Cold air rises and warms, causing water vapor to condense.

C. Warm air sinks and cools, causing water vapor to evaporate.

D. Cold air sinks and warms, causing water vapor to evaporate.

​ (c)   3. What is the role of condensation nuclei in cloud formation?

A. absorbs water vapor. B. releases water vapor. C. causes water vapor to evaporate.

D. provides a surface for water vapor to condense onto.

​ (a)   4. What is the role of Coriolis effect in global wind patterns?

A. It has no effect on wind patterns. B. It causes winds to move in a straight line.

C. It accelerates wind speeds from the northern hemisphere to southern hemisphere.

D. It deflects winds to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.

​ (b)   5. Which global wind pattern blows between 300 and 600 latitude in both hemispheres?

A. Easterlies B. Westerlies C. Trade winds D. Polar easterlies

​ (c)   6. What weather conditions are typically associated with the ITCZ?

A. Dry and arid conditions B. Clear skies and sunny weather

C. Heavy rainfall and thunderstorms D. Cold temperatures and moderate rain

​ ​ (a)   7. How does the ITCZ contribute to global weather patterns?

A. Creating regions of high pressure at the poles

B. Causing hurricanes and typhoons near the equator

C. Generating strong westerly winds in the mid-latitudes

D. Influencing the movement of trade winds and monsoons

​ (b)   8. How does habagat affect the weather system of the Philippines?

A. It brings frequent heavy rainfall. B. It causes sunny and dry weather.

C. It causes droughts during May or June. D. It brings cold to moderate temperatures.

​ (a)   9. Will weather patterns exist if the earth’s surface receives the same amount of energy in all areas?

A. Yes, because air particles will move down and sink.

B. No, because air particles move up and create a high-pressure region.

C. No, because there will be no rising air particles, and this will not create differences in air pressure.

D. Yes, because there will be no differences in air pressures that will make the air move. in any direction.

​ (b)   10.Which is TRUE about cold air?

A. Cold air rises. B. Cold air sinks. C. Warm air is denser. D. Cold air spreads out.

​ (c)   11.In which direction does the wind flow in different parts of the world?

A. From low pressure area to a high-pressure area

B. From high pressure area to a low-pressure area

C. From low pressure area to another low-pressure area

D. From high pressure area to another high-pressure area

​ (a)   12.What type of monsoon occurs during the month of July?

A. Northeast monsoon

B. Northwest monsoon

C. Southeast monsoon

D. Southwest monsoon

​ (b)   13.How does Southwest monsoon affect the climate of a region?

A. By bringing heavy rainfall

B. By bringing dry weather and drought conditions

C. By moderating temperatures and reducing humidity

D. By creating stable weather patterns with minimal precipitation

​ (a)   14.Where are monsoons commonly experienced?

A. Near the poles

B. Near the equator

C. In tropical and subtropical regions

D. In the subtropical high-pressure belts

​ (b)   15.What weather conditions are associated with Amihan?

A. Dry and sunny weather

B. Hot and humid conditions

C. Heavy rainfall and thunderstorms

D. Cool temperatures and clear skies

The Earth's ​ (a)   causes day and night, while its ​ (b)   around the Sun brings about the changing ​ (c)   throughout the year.