"And depends on the management goals for a given forest. The same tree can be valued very differently by each person who looks at it. A large, straight black cherry tree has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made into furniture." Từ "timber" có nghĩa là gì?

"A tree's 'value' depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, quality, function, and accessibility." Từ "accessibility" có nghĩa là gì?

"Has high value as timber to be cut into logs or made into furniture." Từ "logs" có nghĩa là gì?

"But for a landowner more interested in wildlife habitat." Từ "landowner" có nghĩa là gì?

"The real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals." Từ "stem" có nghĩa là gì?

"The real value of that stem (or trunk) may be the food it provides to animals." Từ "trunk" có nghĩa là gì?

"But to a woodworker interested in making bowls, it brings an opportunity for a unique and beautiful piece of art." Từ "bowls" có nghĩa là gì?

"In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees as high-quality timber. The norm was to remove the stems of highest quality." Từ "norm" có nghĩa là gì?

"This practice, called 'high-grading', has left a legacy of 'low-use wood' in the forests." Từ "practice" có nghĩa là gì?

"This practice, called 'high-grading', has left a legacy of 'low-use wood' in the forests." Từ "legacy" có nghĩa là gì?

"Some people even call these 'junk trees', and they are abundant in Pennsylvania." Từ "junk" có nghĩa là gì?

"Some people even call these 'junk trees', and they are abundant in Pennsylvania." Từ "abundant" có nghĩa là gì?

"These trees have lower economic value for traditional timber markets, compete for growth with higher-value trees, shade out desirable regeneration." Cụm từ "shade out" có nghĩa là gì?

"Shade out desirable regeneration and decrease the health of a stand." Từ "regeneration" có nghĩa là gì?

"Leaving it more vulnerable to poor weather and disease." Từ "vulnerable" có nghĩa là gì?

"Management that specifically targets low-use wood can help landowners manage these forest health issues, and wood energy markets help promote this." Từ "promote" có nghĩa là gì?

"Wood energy markets can accept less expensive wood material of lower quality than would be suitable for traditional timber markets. Most wood used for energy in Pennsylvania is used to produce heat or electricity through combustion." Từ "combustion" có nghĩa là gì?

"Many schools and hospitals use wood boiler systems to heat and power their facilities." Cụm từ "wood boiler systems" có nghĩa là gì?

"Many schools and hospitals use wood boiler systems to heat and power their facilities." Từ "facilities" có nghĩa là gì?

"Many homes are primarily heated with wood, and some coal plants incorporate wood into their coal streams." Từ "coal" có nghĩa là gì?

"And some coal plants incorporate wood into their coal streams to produce electricity." Từ "incorporate" có nghĩa là gì?

"Wood can also be gasified for electrical generation." Từ "gasified" có nghĩa là gì?

"For electrical generation and can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline." Cụm từ "electrical generation" có nghĩa là gì?

"And can even be made into liquid fuels like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars." Cụm từ "liquid fuels" có nghĩa là gì?

"Like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars." Từ "gasoline" có nghĩa là gì?

"Like ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars." Từ "lorries" có nghĩa là gì?

"All these products are made primarily from low-use wood." Từ "primarily" có nghĩa là gì?

"Several tree- and plant-cutting approaches, which could greatly improve the long-term quality of a forest." Từ "approaches" có nghĩa là gì?

"Focus strongly or solely on the use of wood for those markets." Từ "solely" có nghĩa là gì?

"In a TSI Cut, really poor-quality tree and plant material is cut down to allow more space, light, and other resources to the highest-valued stems that remain." Từ "stems" có nghĩa là gì?

"Removing invasive plants might be another primary goal of a TSI Cut." Cụm từ "invasive plants" có nghĩa là gì?

"The stems that are left behind might then grow in size and develop more foliage and larger crowns." Từ "foliage" có nghĩa là gì?

"And develop more foliage and larger crowns or tops that produce more coverage for wildlife." Từ "crowns" có nghĩa là gì?

"That produce more coverage for wildlife." Từ "coverage" có nghĩa là gì?

"That produce more coverage for wildlife." Từ "wildlife" có nghĩa là gì?

"They have a better chance to regenerate in a less crowded environment." Từ "regenerate" có nghĩa là gì?

"TSI Cuts can be tailored to one farmer's specific management goals for his or her land." Từ "tailored" có nghĩa là gì?

"Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use wood is a Salvage Cut." Từ "yield" có nghĩa là gì?

"Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use wood is a Salvage Cut." Cụm từ "Salvage Cut" có nghĩa là gì?

"With the many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adelgid." Từ "pests" có nghĩa là gì?

"With the many pests and pathogens visiting forests." Từ "pathogens" có nghĩa là gì?

"Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few." Từ "beetle" có nghĩa là gì?

"Emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few." Từ "moth" có nghĩa là gì?

"It is important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures." Từ "issues" có nghĩa là gì?

"Can help ease these issues through cutting procedures." Từ "procedures" có nghĩa là gì?

"These types of cut reduce the number of sick trees and seek to manage the future spread of a pest problem." Từ "pest" có nghĩa là gì?

"They leave vigorous trees that have stayed healthy enough to survive the outbreak." Cụm từ "vigorous trees" có nghĩa là gì?

"That have stayed healthy enough to survive the outbreak." Từ "outbreak" có nghĩa là gì?

"A Shelterwood Cut, which only takes place in a mature forest that has already been thinned several times." Từ "thinned" có nghĩa là gì?

"Involves removing all the mature trees when other seedlings have become established." Từ "seedlings" có nghĩa là gì?

"This then allows the forester to decide which tree species are regenerated." Từ "regenerated" có nghĩa là gì?

"It can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests." Cụm từ "a two-tier forest" có nghĩa là gì?

"So that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or more." Từ "harvests" có nghĩa là gì?

"Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood." Từ "Thinnings" có nghĩa là gì?

"Thinnings and dense and dead wood removal for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood." Cụm từ "fire prevention" có nghĩa là gì?

"However, it is important to remember that some retention of what many would classify as low-use wood is very important." Từ "retention" có nghĩa là gì?

"Some retention of what many would classify as low-use wood is very important." Từ "classify" có nghĩa là gì?

"The tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil." Từ "nutrients" có nghĩa là gì?

"So that their nutrients cycle back into the soil." Cụm từ "cycle back" có nghĩa là gì?

"So that their nutrients cycle back into the soil." Từ "soil" có nghĩa là gì?

"In addition, trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insect predators." Từ "cavities" có nghĩa là gì?

"Are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals." Cụm từ "insect predators" có nghĩa là gì?

"Like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals." Từ "woodpeckers" có nghĩa là gì?

"They help control problem insects and increase the health and resilience of the forest." Từ "resilience" có nghĩa là gì?

"Finally, rare species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity." Cụm từ "structural diversity" có nghĩa là gì?