carbohydrates form used by the body referred to as blood sugar

(a)  

sweetest of the sugar, combines with glucose to form sucrose

(a)  

combined with glucose to form lactose, milk sugar

(a)  

disaccharides

(a)  

short carbohydrate chain of 310 monosacchariides

(a)  

long carbohydrate chains of

monosaccharides linked by glycosidic

bonds

(a)  

plant storage form of carbohydrate, long branched or unbranched chains of glucose

(a)  

1. highly branched units of glucose units

• Animal storage form of carbohydrate

 non digestible carbohydrates(chain of monosaccharides) and lignin that are intact and intrinsic in plants(includes oligosaccharides)

(a)  

isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans

(a)  

 chewing, salivary amylase

(a)  

1.  fiber remains in the stomach longer, delays gastric emptying

1. pancreas secretes enzyme pancreating amylase

1.  resistant starches and fibers may be digested by bacteria

1. glucose fuels the work of most of the body’s cells 

A metabolic state or process in order to keep our body working. When it doesn’t have enough carbohydrates from food for your cells to burn for energy, it burns fat instead.

(a)  

beneficial for weight control by contributing to satiety & delay gastric emptying

(a)  

Elevated blood glucose

(a)  

low blood glucose

(a)  

s primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose. The two main hormones are INSULIN and GLUCAGON.

(a)  

a disorder of energy metabolism due to failure of insulin to regulate blood glucose

(a)  

is an autoimmune disease, which means it results from the immune system mistakenly attacking parts of the body. In the case , the immune system incorrectly targets insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

(a)  

is different. The autoimmune systems of people with this diabetes don’t attack beta cells. Instead, this diabetes is characterised by the body losing its ability to respond to insulin. This is known as insulin resistance.

(a)  

dramatic drop in blood glucose

• symptoms similar to an anxiety attack: rapid weak heart beat, sweating, anxiety, hunger, trembling, weakness

• RARE in healthy people

• may occur as a result of poorly managed

• 200x sweeter than sugar, yields 4 kcal per gram. ade of two amino acids:

• PHENALANINE & ASPARTIC ACID

one study found that excess may cause bladder cancer in rats, but longitudinal human studies show no support for saccharin causing bladder cancer

(a)  

• cannot be digested by the body thus provides no energy

• not affected by heat so can be used in cooking

• 200x sweeter than table sugar

• made from sugar but does not contribute to energy because it is not digested

• approved by the FDA in U.S. in 1998, used in Canada since 1992

• sold under trade name Splenda

• 600x times sweeter than table sugar

are the large, complex molecules that are critical for normal functioning of cells

(a)  

are the amino acids which you need through your diet because your body cannot make them. All are found in dairy products

(a)  

are the

amino acids which are not an essential part of

your diet because they can be synthesized by

your body.

(a)  

Amino acids are linked together by ‘amide groups’ called

(a)  

The simplest level of protein structure, primary

structure is simply the sequence of amino acids in a

polypeptide chain.

(a)  

refers to local folded structures that

form within a polypeptide due to interactions between atoms.

(a)  

most common types of secondary structures are the

(a)  

The overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is called its

(a)  

which amino acids with nonpolar, hydrophobic R groups cluster

together on the inside of the protein, leaving hydrophilic amino acids

on the outside to interact with surrounding water molecules.

(a)  

When multiple polypeptide chain subunits come

together, then the protein attains its quaternary

structure.

(a)  

- Long, rod-like forming fibers

- Insoluble in water

(a)  

Bundles of helical polypeptides twisted together.

Found in hair, wool, skin, horns and fingernails

(a)  

Most abundant proteins in vertebrates

Synthesized by connective tissue cells

Essential structural components of all connective

tissues such as cartilage, tendons, ligaments and skin

(a)  

Structural protein that gives elasticity to the body’s tissues

and organs

Found predominantly in the walls of arteries, intestines, skin

and other elastic tissues

Highly hydrophobic: composed primarily of A, V, L and G

(a)  

Protein found in silk

Silk can be produced by insects and spiders

Fibroin is considered to be β-keratin (the polypeptide chains

are arranged in anti-parallel β-pleated sheet conformations)

Consists of amino acid residues with small R groups (i.e.

glycine and serine)

(a)  

-Spherical in shape and Soluble in water

- Functions as enzymes, hormones, membrane

transporters and receptors, immunoglobulins or

antibodies, storage protein

(a)  

Found in high concentration in skeletal and cardiac

muscles (responsible for the red color)

(a)  

means someone is not getting enough protein to meet their body’s needs.

(a)  

If you don’t

get enough protein, your body will sacrifice muscle mass and

prioritize the production of enzymes and hormones. It’s an

ingenious survival mechanism that will keep you functioning

as well as possible.

(a)  

Your muscles make up most of your body weight. In total,

your body consists of about one fifth of proteins. Anyone who

loses muscle tissue due to a protein deficiency will therefore

probably lose weight. In the long run, a lack of protein

reduces your appetite, causing you to lose even more

weight.

(a)  

If you don’t give your body what it needs you will have to grope

into your reserves. This will make your body tired faster. On the

one hand, you do not provide the nutrients needed to function

optimally. And on the other hand, your body has to maintain the

body processes through all kinds of less energy-efficient ways. If

you also sleep worse as a result, your energy will be completely

lost.

(a)  

Healthy skin and hair is always a mirror of our inner health. For

example, dry skin can indicate a lack of healthy fats. Our skin, hair

and nails also consist of proteins. If you do not take in enough

proteins, they will look less healthy. The symptoms of a protein

deficiency are scaly skin with red spots and pigmentation. The hair

becomes dull and thin. Hair color changes and hair loss can occur.

(a)  

A protein deficiency is usually caused by a lack of nutrition. If you

eat too little, you will often also get too few vitamins and minerals.

The immune system itself is also made up of all kinds of substances

such as enzymes and white blood cells that have to recognize and

eliminate invaders. But when these building blocks for the immune

system are missing, the defense wall will gradually crumble.

(a)  

is the accumulation of fluid in tissues.

(a)  

Proteins are essential for building muscles and bones and for the

general growth of the body. Several studies have shown the link

between low protein intake and slow growth. In fact, slow growth

is the most common feature of childhood

malnutrition. Fortunately, we are not bothered by slow growth in

the Netherlands, we are on average one of the tallest people in the

world.

(a)  

occurs mainly in obese people or people with an alcohol

problem. But it can also occur as a result of a protein

deficiency.

(a)  

Not only your muscles, skin and hair need protein, but also

your bones. However, muscle breakdown will be visible much

faster. Your bones will slowly but surely weaken, but of

course you won’t see that. In the long run, however, you will

be more likely to break bones.

(a)  

are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents

(a)  

They are basic building blocks of lipids(simplest lipids).

(a)  

is a type of dietary fat. It is one

of the unhealthy fats, along with trans fat.

These fats are most often solid at room

temperature.

(a)  

are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids

(a)  

type of glyceride molecule, also

known as a lipid or fat. It can come from plant oils or animal

fats, and it can also be manufactured

synthetically.

(a)  

They are common food additives that

are either derived from natural products or are synthetically

produced. They are often referred to as incomplete fats

because they do not contain the same number of fatty acids

as most natural fats or triglycerides.

(a)  

are lipids (waxy fats) that give your body energy.are fats from the food we eat that are carried

in the blood.

(a)  

may contribute to hardening of the arteries or

thickening of the artery walls (arteriosclerosis) — which increases the

risk of stroke, heart attack and heart disease. Extremely high

triglycerides can also cause acute inflammation of the pancreas

(pancreatitis).

(a)  

type of lipid molecule that

is the main component of the cell membrane.

Lipids are molecules that include fats, waxes,

and some vitamins, among others. is made up of two fatty acids,

a phosphate group, and a glycerol molecule.

(a)  

A complex mixture of esters of long -chain

carboxylic acids (fatty acids) and alcohols

Found as protective coatings for plants and animals

simple lipid which is an ester of a

long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid. The alcohol may

contain from 12-32 carbon atoms.

(a)  

are lipids because they are hydrophobic and

insoluble in water, but they do not

resemble lipids since they have a structure composed

of four fused rings.

(a)  

is the most common steroid and is the

precursor to vitamin D, testosterone, estrogen,

progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol, and bile salts.

(a)  

is a waxy substance. It’s not inherently

“bad.” Your body needs it to build cells and make

vitamins and other hormones.

(a)  

in 1869, isolated an acidic compound from the nuclear material of SALMON sperms, and named it as NUCLEIN which is now called

(a)  

states that genetic

information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.

(a)  

are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction

(a)  

Found within cell nucleus for storing and transferring of genetic information that are passed from one cell to other during cell division

(a)  

Occurs in all parts of cell serving the primary function is to synthesize the proteins needed for cell functions.

(a)  

organic compound belonging to the purine family, occurring free or combined in many substances of biological importance, including the nucleic acids, which govern hereditary characteristics of all cells.

(a)  

a nitrogenous base derived from pyrimidine that occurs in nucleic acids, the heredity-controlling components of all living cells, and in some coenzymes, substances that act in conjunction with enzymes in chemical reactions in the body.

(a)  

an organic compound belonging to the purine group, a class of compounds with a characteristic two-ringed structure, composed of carbon and nitrogen atoms, and occurring free or combined in such diverse natural sources. It is

component of nucleic acids, the cell constituents that store and transmit hereditary traits.

(a)  

organic compound of the pyrimidine family that is

a constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA, along

with RNA (ribonucleic acid), regulates hereditary characteristics

in all living cells. Like the other nitrogenous components of

nucleic acids, thymine is part of thymidine, a

corresponding nucleoside (a structural unit composed of a

nitrogen compound and a sugar), in which it is chemically

linked with the sugar deoxyribose.

(a)  

takes genetic message from RNA

(a)  

transfer activated amino acid, to the site of protein synthesis

(a)  

are mostly present in the ribosomes, and responsible for stability of m-rna

(a)  

is a nucleotide, much like adenine, guanine, thymine, and

cytosine, which are the building blocks of DNA,

(a)  

are organic molecules

consisting of a nucleoside and a phosphate.

They serve as monomeric units of the

nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid

(DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of

which are essential biomolecules within all

life-forms on Earth.

(a)  

is the central information carrying part of the nucleotide structure. These molecules, which have different exposed functional groups, have differing abilities to interact with each other.

(a)  

The second portion of the nucleotide is the sugar. Regardless of the nucleotide, the sugar is always the same. The difference is between DNA and RNA.

(a)  

is the

energy molecule that most life on Earth

relies upon to store and transfer energy

between reactions. it contains three

phosphate groups, which can store a lot

of energy in their bonds.

(a)  

is a condition characterized by

neurological and behavioral abnormalities and the overproduction

of uric acid in the body. It occurs almost exclusively in males. Signs

and symptoms may include inflammatory arthritis (gout), kidney

stones, bladder stones, and moderate cognitive disability.

(a)  

is a condition that most often affects the

kidneys. It is characterized by high levels of a compound called

xanthine and very low levels of another compound called uric acid

in the blood and urine. The excess xanthine can accumulate in the

kidneys and other tissues.

(a)  

is a disease

caused by an enzyme deficiency resulting in a decreased ability to

synthesize pyrimidines.

(a)  

is a level of uric acid in blood

serum that is below normal. In humans, the normal range of this

blood component has a lower threshold set variously in the range

of 2 mg/dL to 4 mg/dL, while the upper threshold is 530 μmol/L (6

mg/dL) for women and 619 μmol/L (7 mg/dL) for men.\

(a)  

is a condition in which the body cannot

break down glycogen. Glycogen is a form of sugar (glucose) that is

stored in the liver and muscles. It is normally broken down into

glucose to give you more energy when you need it. is also called Type I glycogen storage disease (GSD I)

(a)  

is a rare but serious condition that causes

swelling in the liver and brain. most often

affects children and teenagers recovering from a viral infection,

most commonly the flu or chickenpox.

(a)