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WorksheetsCHEM 1 exam review part 1
Total questions: 57
Worksheet time: 31mins
Which two of the following directly affect an individual's arterial PO₂ levels? (Select TWO answers)
Depth of inspiration
Gas exchange between lungs and arterial blood
Hemoglobin uptake of oxygen and hemoglobin concentration
Metabolic rate
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
Which statement correctly describes how respiration is controlled?
It is only regulated by oxygen levels in the lungs
Central chemoreceptors respond to low CSF pH; peripheral chemoreceptors respond to low plasma pH and low PO₂
Central chemoreceptors respond to high blood glucose; peripheral chemoreceptors respond to high blood pressure
Respiration is controlled by kidney oxygen sensing
Why is bicarbonate reabsorption by the kidney important?
It helps raise blood potassium levels
It prevents acidosis by maintaining blood pH
It increases blood sugar
It helps the lungs oxygenate the blood
A patient has: HCO₃⁻ = 23 mmol/L and PCO₂ = 48 mmHg. What is the approximate blood pH using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation?
7.50
7.40
7.30
7.20
Which of the following factors directly affect oxygen levels in arterial blood? (Select all that apply)
Hemoglobin levels
Air temperature
Alveolar gas exchange efficiency
Blood flow and circulation
Vitamin D levels
The primary stimulus for automatic breathing regulation in the medulla oblongata is:
Low oxygen
Low temperature
High carbon dioxide
High blood sugar
Right shift of the oxygen dissociation curve means hemoglobin holds oxygen more tightly.
True
False
Which of the following can cause a right shift in the oxygen dissociation curve?
Low temperature
Low CO₂
High 2,3-BPG
High pH
Which equation best describes the relationship between bicarbonate, CO₂, and blood pH?
Beer-Lambert Law
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
Michaelis-Menten equation
Bohr effect equation
Given: HCO₃⁻ = 24 mmol/L, PCO₂ = 40 mmHg. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, what is the pH?
7.10
7.25
7.40
7.55
Which of the following are major forms of CO₂ transport in the blood? (Select all that apply)
Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻)
Dissolved CO₂
Bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
Carbon monoxide
The respiratory system helps maintain acid-base balance by regulating oxygen levels.
True
False
Which of the following is not a proper guideline for collecting an arterial blood gas sample?
Use a heparinized syringe
Analyze sample within 15 minutes or keep on ice
Use venous blood for oxygen level testing
Avoid air bubbles in the sample
Which electrode is used to measure blood oxygen (PO₂)?
Glass pH electrode
Severinghaus electrode
Clark electrode
Thermocouple electrode
Which part of an amino acid determines its unique identity and chemical properties?
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R group (side chain)
Alpha carbon
Given glutamine has pKa values of 2.17 and 9.13, what is its isoelectric point (pI)?
7.0
5.65
9.13
2.17
Which of the following is not involved in stabilizing the tertiary structure of a protein?
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bridges
Hydrophobic interactions
Phosphodiester bonds
Which of the following is a mucoprotein?
Hemoglobin
Mucin
Albumin
IgG
Which of the following is a glycoprotein?
Myosin
Mucin
Transferrin
Keratin
"Salting out" refers to increasing protein solubility by adding salt.
True
False
In the biuret method, which ion forms a violet complex with peptide bonds?
Fe²⁺
Cu²⁺
Na⁺
Mg²⁺
At what wavelength do peptide bonds absorb UV light for protein estimation?
260 nm
540 nm
280 nm
200 nm
Which of the following is not a component of a typical α-amino acid?
A carboxyl group
A nitrogenous base
An amino group
An R group (side chain)
Which two processes are involved in protein synthesis?
Replication and mutation
Translation and respiration
Transcription and translation
Digestion and absorption
Which level of protein structure involves hydrogen bonding between nearby amino acids to form α-helices and β-sheets?
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
Which of the following is an example of a conjugated protein?
Albumin
Keratin
Lipoprotein
Collagen
Which of the following is an example of a conjugated protein?
Albumin
Keratin
Lipoprotein
Collagen
In the Biuret method, what causes the violet color change indicating protein presence?
Sodium ions binding to glucose
Peptide bonds reacting with copper ions
Ammonium ions reacting with base
Protein denaturation in heat
What does serum protein electrophoresis detect?
Blood pH levels
Monoclonal immunoglobulin spikes
Hormonal imbalances
Platelet function
Why can proteins be measured at 200 nm?
Because tyrosine absorbs light strongly there
Because peptide bonds absorb UV light
Because hemoglobin binds oxygen
Because of metal ion interactions
What is the role of mass spectrometry in protein analysis?
Measures protein absorbance at 540 nm
Separates proteins by electric charge
Identifies proteins by mass-to-charge ratio
Measures protein solubility
If a patient is in metabolic acidosis, what compensatory mechanism would occur?
Hypoventilation to retain CO₂
Hyperventilation to reduce CO₂
Renal retention of hydrogen ions
Increased bicarbonate excretion
Which of the following best explains the acid/base disorder seen in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Excess bicarbonate retention from kidneys
CO₂ retention due to respiratory failure
Ketone accumulation from fat metabolism lowers pH
Chloride loss from vomiting raises pH
A patient with emphysema is most likely to develop which acid/base imbalance?
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
A patient with severe vomiting is at risk for:
Metabolic acidosis due to loss of bicarbonate
Respiratory alkalosis due to increased ventilation
Metabolic alkalosis due to chloride loss and bicarbonate retention
Respiratory acidosis due to airway obstruction
Given the following ABG results, what is the interpretation? pH = 7.41 PCO₂ = 41 mmHg HCO₃⁻ = 25 mmol/L
Respiratory acidosis, uncompensated
Metabolic acidosis, partially compensated
Normal acid/base status
Respiratory alkalosis, fully compensated
Interpret the following ABG values: pH = 7.49 PCO₂ = 30 mmHg HCO₃⁻ = 22 mmol/L
Respiratory alkalosis, uncompensated
Respiratory acidosis, fully compensated
Metabolic alkalosis, partially compensated
Respiratory alkalosis, fully compensated
What is the effect of air exposure on a blood gas sample for PO₂, and why?
PO₂ decreases due to oxygen leaving the sample
PO₂ increases due to oxygen diffusing in from room air
PO₂ remains unaffected
PO₂ decreases due to CO₂ diffusion
Which of the following describes the principle of the PO₂ electrode?
Potentiometry – Measures pH change from CO₂
Amperometry – Measures current from oxygen reduction
Spectrophotometry – Measures light absorbance by hemoglobin
Turbidimetry – Measures light scattering in plasma
The PCO₂ electrode works by which principle?
Fluorescence
Amperometry
Potentiometry
Absorbance
What causes pH to increase in a blood sample exposed to room air?
CO₂ diffuses out, decreasing carbonic acid and H⁺
Oxygen diffuses in, creating acid
Loss of bicarbonate increases acidity
Red cell lysis releases potassium
What blood gas finding is characteristic of metabolic acidosis?
pH <7.35, HCO3- <22, PCO2 normal or low
pH >7.45, HCO₃⁻ >26, PCO₂ normal
Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?
Severe diarrhea
Emphysema
Vomiting
Hyperventilation due to anxiety
Which compensatory mechanism is most immediate in metabolic acidosis?
Renal bicarbonate retention
Hypoventilation to retain CO₂
Hyperventilation to reduce CO₂
Increased chloride reabsorption
A patient with prolonged vomiting will likely develop:
Metabolic acidosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis
What is the primary compensatory mechanism for respiratory alkalosis?
Lungs retain CO₂
Kidneys excrete bicarbonate
Kidneys retain bicarbonate
Lungs increase ventilation
In salicylate poisoning, which acid-base disorder is commonly seen?
Respiratory alkalosis only
Metabolic alkalosis only
Mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
What is an acute phase reactant protein?
A protein that only functions in digestion
A protein that changes concentration in response to inflammation
A protein that is only found in urine
A protein that is produced only during pregnancy
Which of the following is a negative acute phase reactant protein?
Haptoglobin
Fibrinogen
C-reactive protein
Albumin
Which protein is a positive acute phase reactant and commonly used as a marker for inflammation?
Albumin
Myoglobin
C-reactive protein (CRP)
Transferrin
A broad, diffuse elevation in the gamma region of an SPE (serum protein electrophoresis) is most consistent with:
Hypoproteinemia
Polyclonal gammopathy
Albuminuria
Monoclonal gammopathy
A sharp, narrow spike in the gamma region of an SPE suggests:
Liver disease
Renal failure
Monoclonal gammopathy
Normal immune response
Which protein is elevated in congestive heart failure (CHF)?
Troponin I
C-reactive protein
BNP (Brain Natriuretic Peptide)
Myoglobin
What protein is the most specific diagnostic marker for acute myocardial infarction (heart attack)?
Which of the following would most likely produce a monoclonal spike on SPE?
Chronic infection
Autoimmune disease
Multiple myeloma
Cirrhosis
CRP levels increase during acute inflammation.
True
False
Albumin levels increase during acute inflammation.
True
False
