TYPE OF CHROMOSOME: only has q arm

(a)  

TYPE OF CHROMOSOME: has 1/4 p arm, 3/4 q arm

(a)  

TYPE OF CHROMOSOME: centromere is slightly off the center

(a)  

TYPE OF CHROMOSOME: centromere is at the center

(a)  

• - contains 22 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome

• - are haploid in number

• a single germ cell divides intro four unique daughter cells.

• the daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as parent cell, so they are considered haploid

this process reduces the amount of genetic information.

during sexual reproduction, gametes combine in fertilization to reconstitute the diploid complement in parental cells

(a)  

the process of two successive divisions of a diploid nucleus.

(a)  

refers to the number of chromosomes occurring in the nucleus of cells.

(a)  

one copy of each chromosome (half), designated as "n," the number of chromosomes in one "set"

found in gametes/sex cells

(a)  

two sets of chromosomes (pair), two of each chromosomes, designed as "2n," found in somatic cells.

(a)  

FIRST MEIOTIC DIVISION (PARTS)

(a)  

PROPHASE 1 IS DIVIDED INTO SUBPHASES:

(a)  

PROPHASE 1: replicated chromosomes have coiled and already visible. the number of chromosome present is the same number as the number in the diploid cell

(a)  

PROPHASE 1: homologous chromosomes begin to pair and twist around each other in a highly specific manner

(a)  

the pairing of homologous chromosomes

(a)  

refers to the pair of chromosomes

(a)  

homologous chromosomes that are in synapsis during meiosis

(a)  

PROPHASE 1: chromosomes become much shorter and thicker. a form of physical exchange of a chromosome region happens

(a)  

the process of physical exchange of a chromosome region is called

(a)  

PROPHASE 1: the two pairs of sister chromatids begin to separate from each other

(a)  

the area of contact between two non-sister chromatids

(a)  

PROPHASE 1: the four chromatids of each tetrad are even more condensed. the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappears

(a)  

MEIOSIS 1: the paired homologous are moved by the spindle fibers to the equator of the cell

(a)  

MEIOSIS 1: chromosomes in each tetrad separate and migrate towards the opposite poles. the sister chromatids remain attached at their respective chromatids regions

(a)  

MEIOSIS 1: two daughter cells are completely divided. the chromosomes in both cells are the same.

(a)  

MEIOSIS 1: short pause between meiosis 1 and 2

(a)  

quite similar to the mitotic division. the difference lies, however, in the number of chromosomes each daughter cell receives

(a)  

MEIOSIS 2: the nuclear envelope, and nucleoli disappear, and the chromatids start to shorten and ticken

(a)  

MEIOSIS 2: the movement of the chromosomes to the cell equator. each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids that are joined by a centromere and are attached to the spindle fibers

(a)  

MEIOSIS 2: centromeres joining the chromatids divide, allowing microtubules attached to the kinetochores to pull the sister chromatids apart.

(a)  

MEIOSIS 2: the monads are at the poles, forming two groups of chromosomes. a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes and cytokinesis follows

(a)  

MEIOSIS 2: the two nuclei are compartmentalized into separate daughter cells and complete meiotic division process

(a)  

Genetic conditions that occur due to a problem with one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes. This could be due to a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA.

(a)  

complete set of chromosomes in an organism

(a)  

what do you call the first 22 chromosomes

(a)  

the last pair of chromosomes are called

(a)  

CAUSES OF ABNORMALITIES:

Happens when an error in cell division leads to gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

(a)  

CAUSES OF CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES:

There are chromosomal abnormalities that can be passed down from a parent.

(a)  

CAUSES OF CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES: Many abnormalities arise spontaneously in the egg or sperm and are not inherited from the parent.

(a)  

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE OCCURENCE OF CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES

(a)  

TYPE OF ABNORMALITY: There is an incorrect number of chromosomes

(a)  

Addition or loss of one or more chromosomes

(a)  

additional of a complete set of chromosomes

(a)  

Possible causes: Meiosis I nondisjunction, Meiosis II nondisjunction, Mitotic errors, errors in DNA replication, problems with M checkpoint, and defects in centrosome duplication.

(a)  

Possible causes: Meiosis nondisjunction that leads to diploid gametes, multiple sperm fertilization, and diploid gamete fusion.

(a)  

TYPE OF ABNORMALITY: Involve a change in the structure of a chromosome.

(a)  

TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES: removes a chromosomal segment.

(a)  

TYPE OF STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES: repeats a segment.

(a)  

TYPE OF STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES: reverses a segment within a chromosome.

(a)  

TYPE OF STRUCTURAL ABNORMALITIES: moves a segment from one chromosome to another, non-homologous one.

(a)  

A definitive method for detecting both numerical and structural abnormalities by analyzing a complete set of chromosomes from a cell sample.

(a)  

Most common chromosomal disorder

Caused by the presence of an extra cop of chromosome 21Y

(a)  

Rare and severe genetic disorder

Caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome 18

(a)  

Rare and severe genetic disorder

Caused by the presence of a third copy of all or part of chromosome 13

(a)  

The individual has three copies of chromosome 16

The most common autosomal trisomy leading to miscarriage and is generally incompatible with life when present in all cells (Full Trisomy 16).

An embryo with Full Trisomy 16 does not typically survive to birth.

(a)  

A female chromosomal abnormality in which all or part of one of the sex chromosomes is absent.

(a)  

Also known as XXY Syndrome

Male born with an extra X chromosome in their sex chromosomes

(a)  

Also known as XYY Syndrome and Superman Syndrome

Male born with an extra Y chromosome in their sex chromosomes

(a)  

Formerly called Metafemale

A woman who has an extra X chromosome in their sex chromosomes

(a)  

The name is French for “cat’s cry”, refers to the characteristic high-pitched, cat-like cry of affected infants.

Rare genetic disorder caused by a deletion of genetic material on the p arm of chromosome.

(a)  

Chromosomal abnormality that results from the fusion of the long arms of two acrocentric chromosomes.

The involved chromosomes are 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22.

(a)  

A fusion between two different acrocentric chromosomes, such as chromosomes 13 and 14

(a)  

A fusion between two homologous acrocentric chromosomes, such as two chromosome 21s.

(a)  

compounds of hydrocarbons and other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur

(a)  

organization of macromolecules:

(a)  

the main source of energy of the body. are formed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

(a)  

two examples of carbohydrates:

(a)  

carbohydrates are composed of what?

(a)  

smalles unit of saccharides. also known as simple sugar

(a)  

glucose and fructose are examples of what

(a)  

monosaccharides are combines together to form:

(a)  

lactose and sucrose and examples of what?

(a)  

are chains of 3-10 monosaccharides

(a)  

are largest unit of carbohydrates

(a)  

(a)   are polysaccharide chains made drom 300-1000 glucose lipids

functions as stored energy, insulation of the body and assist absoroption of certain vitamins. these molecules are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms

(a)  

serves as nutrient reserves in plants. yellowish in color and are in liquid form in room temperature

(a)  

serves as nutrient reserves in plants. yellowish in color and are in liquid form in room temperature

(a)  

serves as nutrient reserves in animals. whitish in color and are solid in room temperature

(a)  

serves as nutrient reserves in animals. whitish in color and are solid in room temperature

(a)  

basic units of fats and oils (lipids)

(a)  

lipids are composed of (a)  

Triglycerides are composed of:

(a)  

chain of triglyceride is equal to

(a)  

are nutrients which contain materials the body uses for growth and repair

(a)  

proteins are made of what elements?

(a)  

proteins are large molecule made up of combinations of (a)  

organization of proteins:

(a)  

building blocks of proteins

(a)  

stpres and carries genetic information. composed of nucleotides. unlike other macromolecules, this is not obtained from food.

(a)  

example of nucleic acid

(a)  

all nucleic acids are made from combinations of (a)  

is the process where cells breaks down glucose to release energy for the cell to use. It happens in the mitochondria and produces carbon dioxide, water, and ATP, which is the cell's energy source

(a)  

meaning of ATP

(a)  

the fluid (and suspended molecules of salts, sugars, amino acids, enzymes, etc.) around the organelles

(a)  

the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within it, except the nucleus

(a)  

can be considered as the opposite of photosynthesis. it is the transformation of food energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP

(a)  

produces food (glucose). stores energy, consumes CO2, releases O2, light dependent

(a)  

consumes food (glucose), releases energy (ATP), produces CO2, consumes O2, light dependent

(a)  

TYPE OF RESPIRATION: occurs when oxygen is not present (when O2 is not available, fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm), results in Ethanol and CO2, Lactic Acid

(a)  

TYPE OF RESPIRATION: occurs in the presence of oxygen. the process is continued in the mitochondria of the cell

(a)  

Aerobic respiration is a three-step process

(a)  

occurs in the cytoplasm, first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

(a)  

a metabolic pathway by which one molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, yielding a small amount of ATP and NADH

(a)  

is combining any molecule with a molecule of oxygen (O2). is when a molecule loses an electron or (gains oxygen molecule or loses hydrogen molecule)

(a)  

is when a molecule gains an electron or (addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen)

(a)  

energy is released from the conversion of ATP to

(a)  

a single glucose molecule that has undergone glycolysis will produce a net yield of (a)  

is the reduced form of NAD+, functions as an electron carrier from one step to the next in the respiration process

(a)  

meaning of NADH

(a)  

is an aerobic process, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. two molecules of acetyl CoA is produced from each glucose molecule.

(a)  

In the preparatory phase of the Krebs cycle, the pyruvate is oxidized into a usable form known as (a)   , as it enters the mitochondrial matrix

two molecules of acetyl CoA are produced from each glucose molecule, so two krebs cycle turns are required, yielding

(a)  

third step in aerobic respiration, occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria

(a)  

before it can be used by the cell, the electrons' energy must be converted to

(a)  

is the process by which energy is transferred from NADH and FADH2 to ATP

(a)  

the movement of electrons from NADH and FADH2, occurs along an electron transport chain in the (a)   of the mitochondrion

electrons who have become ______ are brought to the ETC by carriers such as ____ and _____

(a)  

when the hydrogen ions flow back through the mitochondrial membrane, energy is (a)  

the electron transport chain generates (a)   produced from each glucose molecule.

The (a)   yield represent less than half of the chemical energy in one glucose molecule.

it is the extraction of energy from pyruvate in the absence of oxygen

(a)  

two types of fermentation

(a)  

TYPE OF FERMENTATION: carried out by yeast and some bacteria. results in ethanol and CO2

(a)  

TYPE OF FERMENTATION: carried out by muscles when O2 is not absorbed fast enough, also occurs in bacteria, found in yogurt

(a)  

does not breakdown glucose to its full energy potential, but does provide a quick burst of necessary energy when oxygen cannot reach the cells fast enough

(a)  

•During anaerobic respiration, only (a)   are produced during the first and essentially only step; glycolysis.

The partial breakdown of glucose in muscle cells results in

(a)