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WorksheetsPancreas and Fed, Fasting
Total questions: 60
Worksheet time: 30mins
Which cells of the pancreas are responsible for insulin secretion?
Alpha (α) cells
Beta (β) cells
Delta (δ) cells
Epsilon (ε) cells
What effect does ghrelin have on pancreatic hormone secretion?
Stimulates insulin, inhibits glucagon
Inhibits both insulin and glucagon
Stimulates glucagon, inhibits insulin
Has no effect on pancreatic hormones
Which of the following inhibits glucagon release?
Ghrelin
Somatostatin
Cholecystokinin
Cortisol
What happens when dietary fat is consumed with carbohydrates?
Rapid glucose absorption and sharp insulin peak
Slower gastric emptying and blunted insulin response
Increased glucagon release only
Decreased insulin and GLP-1 secretion
Which hormone is secreted by delta (δ) cells and acts as a universal inhibitor?
Insulin
Somatostatin
Ghrelin
Pancreatic polypeptide
What stimulates pancreatic polypeptide (PP) release?
Fasting and hyperglycemia
Vagal input
Insulin and leptin signaling
Cortisol and stress
Which mechanism triggers glucagon secretion during hypoglycemia?
Activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channels
Closure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels
Inhibition of voltage-dependent calcium channels
Decrease in intracellular calcium concentration
Which statement best describes the relationship between insulin and glucagon?
Both increase blood glucose levels
They act synergistically to lower blood glucose
They have opposing effects
Insulin stimulates glucagon secretion under all conditions
Which statement about ghrelin is TRUE?
It increases insulin sensitivity
It promotes fat breakdown and weight loss
It stimulates growth hormone release and appetite
It suppresses glucagon secretion
What happens to ghrelin levels during fasting?
They decrease
They remain constant
They increase to stimulate hunger
They depend only on insulin levels
Which hormone acts as an “off switch” for digestion?
Ghrelin
Somatostatin
GLP-1
Gastrin
In the pancreas, which stimulus increases trypsinogen secretion?
Fasting
Insulin via cholecystokinin stimulation
High ghrelin levels
Glucagon during stress
What is the role of amylin in pancreatic hormone regulation?
Stimulates glucagon secretion
Slows digestion and inhibits glucagon release
Activates insulin secretion
Stimulates CCK release
Which of the following hormones directly suppresses ghrelin release?
Cortisol
Insulin
Glucagon
Gastrin
Which of the following does NOT stimulate ghrelin?
Glucagon
Growth hormone
Cortisol
Vasopressin
Leutinizing hormone
Which of the following inhibits glucagon release?
Cortisol
Protein-rich meals
Gastrin
Cholecystokinin
GLP-1
Which of the following stimulates glucagon release?
Insulin
Somatostatin
Amylin
Hyperglycemia
Parasympathetic stimulation
Which of the following best summarizes somatostatin’s effects on β-cells?
Promotes cAMP synthesis
Enhances insulin granule exocytosis
Reduces calcium influx
Increases glucagon release from α-cells
Which is the major somatostatin form in intestinal mucosa?
S-14
S-28
S-56
S-GHIH
What effect does fat alone have on glucagon and GLP-1?
Decreases both hormones
Increases glucagon and GLP-1 secretion
Increases insulin and decreases glucagon
No effect
What is the effect of ghrelin on pancreatic hormone release?
Stimulates insulin, inhibits glucagon
Inhibits insulin, stimulates glucagon
Stimulates both insulin and glucagon
No effect on pancreatic hormones
Which hormone is co-secreted with insulin and slows digestion?
Amylin
CCK
GLP-1
Ghrelin
What stimulates somatostatin secretion?
Glucagon and β-cell activity
Ghrelin and insulin
Cortisol and GLP-1
Low blood glucose
What receptor mediates somatostatin’s inhibitory effects on insulin?
SSTR1
SSTR2
β2 receptor
α1 receptor
Which of the following decreases insulin sensitivity in tissues?
Somatostatin
GLP-1
Ghrelin
Gastrin
Which pancreatic hormone promotes hepatic glucose production?
Glucagon
Insulin
Somatostatin
Amylin
Which pancreatic hormone increases during stress or fasting?
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Amylin
GLP-1
What is ghrelin’s effect on glucose levels?
Decreases hepatic glucose production
Increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Decreases glucagon secretion
Increases insulin receptor sensitivity
Which of the following correctly matches the hormone to its secreting cell type?
Ghrelin – β-cell
Glucagon – α-cell
Somatostatin – ε-cell
Insulin – δ-cell
Which hormone acts as a paracrine inhibitor of α-cell function?
Insulin
Ghrelin
GLP-1
Gastrin
Which hormones act as insulin counter-regulatory agents?
Aldosterone and vasopressin
Epinephrine, cortisol, and glucagon
Insulin and amylin
Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
What happens if glucose and lipid levels are not maintained?
Increased osmotic balance
Hypo-osmotic state
Hyperosmotic and glycosylation damage
Reduced oxygen consumption
Which of the following is a long-term complication of poorly controlled diabetes?
Dehydration only
Glycosylation of hemoglobin and vascular damage
Hypoglycemia
Hypotension
What is the C-peptide?
A non-functional byproduct of glucagon
A connecting peptide cleaved to activate insulin
A peptide that inhibits insulin
A cofactor for glucose uptake
How do sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release?
Open K⁺ channels
Block K⁺ channels
Inhibit Ca²⁺ channels
Inhibit glycolysis
What characterizes Type 1 Diabetes?
Insulin resistance
Overproduction of insulin
Autoimmune destruction of β-cells
Excess glucagon synthesis
How does insulin affect carbohydrate metabolism?
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
Inhibits glycolysis
Promotes glucose uptake and storage
Increases glucagon release
How does glucagon affect glycolysis and gluconeogenesis?
Increases glycolysis and decreases gluconeogenesis
Decreases glycolysis and increases gluconeogenesis
Increases both
Decreases both
How does insulin affect fat and protein metabolism?
Stimulates lipolysis and proteolysis
Promotes lipid synthesis and protein synthesis
Inhibits glycogen formation
Decreases amino acid uptake
What is the normal range for blood glucose?
40–60 mg/dL
60–80 mg/dL
80–100 mg/dL
100–140 mg/dL
How does glucagon affect fat and protein metabolism?
Promotes fat and protein storage
Stimulates lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
Increases protein synthesis
Inhibits β-oxidation
What are the products of starch digestion?
Maltose and maltotriose
Sucrose and lactose
Fructose and sucrose
Glucose only
Which glucose transporter is responsible for fructose absorption?
GLUT2
GLUT4
GLUT5
SGLT1
Which drug inhibits SGLT1/SGLT2 to reduce glucose reabsorption?
Miglitol
Metformin
Sotagliflozin
Simvastatin
Which drug promotes GLUT4 translocation by inhibiting gluconeogenesis?
Metformin
Simvastatin
Thiazolidinedione
Sulfonylurea
Which event triggers insulin release from pancreatic β-cells?
Decrease in intracellular ATP
Increase in intracellular ATP
Decrease in intracellular calcium
Increase in glucagon secretion
Which step of insulin biosynthesis occurs in the Golgi apparatus?
Cleavage of signal peptide
Packaging of proinsulin and Zn²⁺ into storage vesicles
Synthesis of preproinsulin on rough ER
Phosphorylation of insulin receptor
How does the drug class Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) affect glucose metabolism?
Inhibits gluconeogenesis directly
Activates PPAR-γ to increase GLUT4 expression
Blocks SGLT1 in intestines
Reduces insulin release from β-cells
During the fed state, which of the following occurs?
Lipolysis increases
Glucagon dominates
Insulin promotes glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis
Protein breakdown increases
Which of the following increases glucagon release?
High glucose
Epinephrine
Insulin
Low amino acid concentration
Which glucose transporter is insulin-dependent?
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT4
SGLT1
Which transporter is responsible for glucose sensing in β-cells?
GLUT1
GLUT2
GLUT3
GLUT4
Which drug inhibits maltase, sucrase, and isomaltase?
Metformin
Acarbose
Sotagliflozin
Pioglitazone
Which of the following describes the role of GLUT5?
Transports glucose into muscle
Transports fructose across intestinal cells
Transports sucrose into the liver
Reabsorbs glucose in the kidney
In Type 2 Diabetes, which tissue is most resistant to insulin?
Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
Pancreas
Intestine
Brain
Which of the following drugs blocks renal glucose reabsorption?
Sulfonylureas
Thiazolidinediones
SGLT2 inhibitors
α-glucosidase inhibitors
How does insulin glargine differ from human insulin?
Has additional Arg residues at B31 and B32
Has shorter half-life
Has reversed amino acids at B28 and B29
Is an oral insulin analog
What modification makes insulin aspart faster-acting?
B30 deletion
Proline at B28 replaced by aspartate
Lysine acetylation
Myristic acid attachment
What are the initial products formed when starch is digested by salivary amylase?
Maltose, maltotriose, and limit dextrins
Disaccharides
Glucose and fructose
Sucralose and galactose
What are the energy sources for the brain during prolonged fasting?
Ketone bodies
Fatty acids
Lactic acid
Glycerol
