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WorksheetsATI Ch 12-14: Acute Neurologic Disorders
Total questions: 71
Worksheet time: 36mins
Which type of hydrocephalus is characterized by no obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow but either inadequate absorption or overproduction of CSF?
Communicating hydrocephalus
Obstructive hydrocephalus with blocked CSF flow
Congenital hydrocephalus from genetic abnormalities
Ex-vacuo hydrocephalus due to degenerative disease
What is a key difference between bacterial and viral meningitis in cerebrospinal fluid findings?
Bacterial meningitis shows cloudy fluid with elevated WBC and protein, decreased glucose, and is gram positive; viral meningitis shows clear fluid, barely elevated WBC and protein, normal glucose, and is gram negative.
Bacterial meningitis shows clear fluid with normal glucose and is gram negative; viral meningitis shows cloudy fluid with decreased glucose and is gram positive.
Bacterial meningitis shows decreased protein and increased glucose; viral meningitis shows increased protein and decreased glucose.
Bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis have identical cerebrospinal fluid findings.
Which test is commonly used to diagnose meningitis?
CSF lumbar puncture
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Blood pressure measurement
Urinalysis
Which nursing intervention is appropriate during a seizure?
Provide a patent airway
Administer antibiotics
Encourage oral intake of fluids
Apply heat packs to the head
What is the primary purpose of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in seizure management?
Decrease incidence and severity of seizures
Increase blood pressure
Reduce fever
Promote muscle growth
Which type of seizure is characterized by rhythmic contractions and relaxations of muscles, loss of consciousness, and confusion after the event?
Tonic clonic (grand mal) seizure
Absence seizure
Atonic seizure
Simple partial seizure
Which seizure type involves a brief lapse in consciousness, often with little or no warning, and is common in children aged 4-12 years?
Absence seizure
Tonic clonic seizure
Complex partial seizure
Febrile seizure
What is a characteristic feature of atonic seizures?
Sudden loss of muscle tone and fall
Rhythmic contractions and relaxations
Brief lapse in consciousness
Numbness or tingling in one area
Which type of seizure involves impaired awareness and behavior changes, such as responding to stimuli in a confused way?
Complex partial seizure
Simple partial seizure
Absence seizure
Atonic seizure
Febrile seizures are most commonly associated with which condition?
Fever over 100.4°F
Low blood pressure
Dehydration
Head trauma
What is a recommended nursing action for an infant with a head injury?
Monitor intracranial pressure (ICP) and assess for drainage from ears and nose
Encourage vigorous physical activity
Administer high doses of glucose
Apply ice packs to the entire body
For a suspected head injury, which intervention should be avoided?
Use hypotonic solutions
Maintain airway
Cervical stabilization
Monitor for bleeding and drainage
What is the role of a nurse in the pediatric emergency room when caring for a child with a head injury?
Perform ABC neuro check, manage spine and fluids, coordinate diagnostic tests, and educate parents
Administer only oral medications
Encourage immediate discharge without tests
Focus solely on parent education
Which of the following is a symptom of infantile spasms (West syndrome)?
Sudden brief muscle spasm with flexed head and extended arms and legs
Loss of consciousness for several minutes
Persistent high fever
Continuous crying without muscle movement
Which type of hydrocephalus occurs in degenerative neurological disease, stroke, or trauma in older adults?
Ex-vacuo hydrocephalus
Communicating hydrocephalus
Obstructive hydrocephalus
Congenital hydrocephalus
Which of the following is a common complication associated with Down Syndrome?
Congenital heart defect
Frequent bone fractures due to osteoporosis
Type 1 diabetes
Asthma
What is a characteristic physical sign of Down Syndrome?
Single palmar crease
Multiple birthmarks
Excessive hair growth
Large ears
Which symptom is most indicative of dehydration in a preschool-aged child?
Lethargy and sunken eyes
Frequent urination and increased appetite
Rapid weight gain and flushed skin
Persistent hiccups and sneezing
What is the primary treatment for mild dehydration in children?
Oral rehydration
IV fluid boluses
Surgical intervention
Antibiotic therapy
Hirschsprung Disease is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions?
Down syndrome and congenital heart disease
Asthma and diabetes
Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia
Epilepsy and muscular dystrophy
What is the main surgical intervention for Hirschsprung Disease?
Removal of aganglionic section of bowel with temporary ostomy
Appendectomy
Gastric bypass surgery
Liver transplant
Which nutritional approach is recommended before surgery for Hirschsprung Disease?
High protein, high calorie, low fiber diet, possibly TPN
Low sodium, high potassium diet
Gluten-free, dairy-free diet
High fat, low carbohydrate diet
Projectile vomiting in infants is most commonly associated with which condition?
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Intussusception
Appendicitis
What is a classic sign seen on ultrasound in infants with pyloric stenosis?
Mass at the pyloric canal
Fluid-filled cyst in the liver
Enlarged spleen
Collapsed lung
After surgery for pyloric stenosis, which nursing intervention is most important?
Monitoring daily weight and intake/output
Administering antibiotics every 4 hours
Encouraging immediate oral feeding
Applying heat packs to the abdomen
Which developmental concern is most likely in infants who have had cleft lip and palate repairs?
Speech production and coordination difficulties
Frequent nosebleeds
Excessive hair growth
Early puberty
What psychosocial effect may occur in children with cleft lip and palate repairs?
Negative body image and self-esteem issues
Improved athletic performance
Increased risk of diabetes
Enhanced memory
Which teaching point is most important for decreasing the incidence of urinary tract infections in children?
Regular voiding and proper hygiene practices
Limiting fluid intake
Avoiding all dairy products
Taking vitamins daily
Which symptom is commonly seen in infants with urinary tract infections?
Irritable, fussy crying and diaper rash
Persistent sneezing and coughing
Excessive sweating and hair loss
Rapid weight gain and flushed cheeks
Why is it important for sexually active adolescents to urinate after intercourse?
To reduce the risk of urinary tract infections
To increase hydration levels
To prevent pregnancy
To improve kidney function
What defines a recurrent urinary tract infection?
Multiple occurrences of asymptomatic or symptomatic bacteriuria
Single episode of fever and chills
Continuous abdominal pain for one week
Persistent cough and sore throat
Which of the following is a common cause of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children?
Constipation
Frequent urination and high fluid intake
Excessive antibiotic use
Regular bathroom breaks
Why is prevention of recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) important in pediatric patients?
To avoid long-term kidney damage and excessive antibiotic exposure
To reduce the need for frequent bathroom breaks
To prevent constipation and infrequent urination
To encourage social activities
Which psychosocial impact may affect children with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Delayed psychosocial milestones and need for parental support
Improved social skills due to frequent medical visits
Increased participation in group activities
Enhanced self-esteem from managing symptoms
What is a recommended strategy to help children with recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) minimize social disruption?
Manage pain, urinary burning, and increased frequency
Encourage excessive antibiotic use
Limit fluid intake and bathroom breaks
Avoid all social activities
Which prenatal finding can indicate obstructive disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract?
Oligohydramnios
Polyhydramnios
Normal amniotic fluid levels
Increased fetal movement
What is bladder exstrophy?
A birth defect where the bladder develops outside the abdominal cavity, diagnosed during prenatal ultrasounds
A condition where the bladder is enlarged but remains inside the body
A disorder involving frequent urinary tract infections
A temporary swelling of the bladder after birth
Which diagnostic tool is commonly used prenatally to detect major genitourinary tract abnormalities?
Prenatal ultrasound
Postnatal CT scan
Urinalysis
Physical examination
Which condition can be detected by prenatal ultrasound and confirmed by newborn examination?
Hydronephrosis, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism
Diabetes mellitus and hypertension
Asthma and bronchitis
Congenital heart defects
Which imaging studies may be used postnatally to assess the extent of genitourinary anomalies?
Ultrasounds, voiding cystourethrograms, and CT scans
Prenatal ultrasounds only
Blood tests and urinalysis
Physical examination alone
Which statement best describes Diabetes Insipidus (DI)?
DI is a rare condition characterized by excessive urination and thirst, unrelated to diabetes mellitus.
DI is a common complication of diabetes mellitus involving high blood sugar.
DI is a disorder caused by insulin deficiency leading to weight loss.
DI is a condition that only affects adults.
Central Diabetes Insipidus is caused by which of the following?
A deficiency of ADH production by the hypothalamus or release by the pituitary gland.
Insulin resistance in the pancreas.
Excessive glucose production in the liver.
Improper kidney response to ADH despite normal production.
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus occurs when:
The kidneys do not respond properly to ADH, despite normal production and release.
The pituitary gland fails to produce ADH.
There is excessive insulin production.
The pancreas is destroyed by autoimmune processes.
Which of the following is a significant consequence of Diabetes Insipidus?
Significant fluid loss and the production of dilute urine.
Elevated blood glucose and weight gain.
Decreased urine output and fluid retention.
Increased insulin resistance.
Which symptoms are most commonly associated with the clinical presentation of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1) in children?
Polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss.
Obesity, low birth weight, and poor diet.
Elevated blood pressure and rapid heart rate.
Frequent infections and delayed puberty.
What is the primary diagnostic test for children with symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss to confirm DM1?
Hemoglobin A1c test.
Random plasma glucose test.
Oral glucose tolerance test.
Continuous glucose monitoring.
Screening for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) is recommended for which group?
Asymptomatic children and adolescents who are overweight or obese and have additional risk factors such as a family history of diabetes or certain ethnic backgrounds.
All children regardless of risk factors.
Only adults over the age of 40.
Children with a history of thyroid disorders.
What does Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) measure?
The average blood glucose level over the past two to three months.
The amount of insulin produced by the pancreas.
The level of ADH in the blood.
The concentration of electrolytes in the urine.
Which diagnostic tool offers real-time glucose monitoring and provides more detailed information than HbA1c alone?
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM).
Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).
Random Plasma Glucose Test.
Fasting Insulin Test.
Children with diabetes may also be screened for which additional conditions?
Thyroid disorders, gastrointestinal conditions, lipid disorders, low albumin, and retinopathy.
Asthma and allergies.
Heart disease and hypertension.
Bone density and vitamin D deficiency.
Which of the following is a diagnostic criterion for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2)?
Random plasma glucose level of 200 mg/dL or greater with symptoms such as polyuria, polydipsia, or weight loss.
Fasting blood glucose level below 100 mg/dL.
HbA1c less than 5%.
Continuous glucose monitoring showing normal levels.
What is the recommended treatment focus for Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) in hospitalized children?
Rehydration, insulin administration, and correction of electrolyte imbalances, specifically potassium, and monitoring for cerebral edema.
Immediate surgery and removal of the pancreas.
High-protein diet and exercise.
Antibiotic therapy and bed rest.
Which risk factor is associated with the development of Type II Diabetes Mellitus in adolescents?
Having a first-degree relative with diabetes, obesity, low birth weight, and certain ethnic backgrounds.
Frequent infections and delayed puberty.
High levels of physical activity and healthy diet.
Excessive ADH production.
Which hormone is produced by the pituitary gland and is associated with growth hormone deficiency?
Growth hormone.
Insulin.
ADH (antidiuretic hormone).
Thyroid hormone.
Which laboratory test provides insight into how well diabetes is being managed over time?
Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).
Random plasma glucose test.
Fasting insulin test.
Oral glucose tolerance test.
Which of the following is NOT a recommended screening for children with diabetes?
Screening for heart disease and hypertension.
Screening for thyroid disorders.
Screening for gastrointestinal conditions.
Screening for retinopathy.
Which hormone stimulates growth and repair in the body?
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with additional effects on metabolism
Prolactin (PRL) with effects on breast milk production and growth
Oxytocin, which also stimulates uterine contraction and growth
What is the primary function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Controls body fluid and mineral levels retained by the kidneys
Stimulates breast milk production and uterine contraction
Regulates reproductive functioning and stimulates ovaries and testes
Promotes muscle and bone development
Which diagnostic test is commonly used to determine bone age in children with suspected growth hormone deficiency?
X-ray of the hand and wrist
MRI of the brain with additional blood tests
CT scan of the pituitary gland
Ultrasound of the thyroid gland
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) can be caused by which of the following?
Congenital (hereditary) or acquired (cancer, surgery, traumatic brain injury)
Only acquired causes such as surgery or trauma
Only congenital causes such as genetic mutations
Environmental factors like poor nutrition
Which laboratory test is used to confirm the diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency?
GH stimulation test and serum Igf1
Thyroid function test and serum TSH
Blood glucose test and insulin levels
Urine analysis for protein content
What is the most common pituitary hormone deficiency in children?
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
Thyroid hormone deficiency with additional metabolic effects
Prolactin deficiency affecting breast milk production
Adrenal hormone deficiency causing fluid imbalance
Precocious puberty is more common in which group, and at what ages does it typically start?
Females, starting at 8 years; males, starting at 9 years
Males, starting at 7 years; females, starting at 10 years
Females, starting at 9 years; males, starting at 8 years
Both genders, starting at 7 years
Which endocrine disorder is one of the more common in pediatric clients, with congenital incidence ranging from 1 in 3,000 to 4,000 live births?
Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism with higher incidence in females
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1)
Growth hormone deficiency (GHD)
What dietary factor influences the production of thyroid hormones t3 and t4?
Iodine intake
Calcium intake with additional effects on bone health
Protein intake
Vitamin D intake
Which symptom is commonly associated with congenital hypothyroidism in children?
Short slow growth, cold intolerance, bruises easily, delayed puberty
Rapid growth and early puberty
Excessive weight gain and hyperactivity
Frequent infections and high fever
Which of the following is a common assessment finding in pediatric hyperthyroidism?
Tachycardia, heat intolerance, exophthalmos, weight loss, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, emotional lability, palpitations
Short slow growth, cold intolerance, bruises easily, delayed puberty
Rapid weight gain, sleepiness, and increased appetite
Muscle weakness, joint pain, and hair loss
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) commonly presents in children at which ages?
Between ages 5 to 7 and around puberty
At birth and during early infancy
Between ages 10 to 12 only
After age 18
Which statement best describes the trend in incidence of diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) in recent decades?
Incidence has increased significantly
Incidence has remained stable
Incidence has decreased
Incidence is only increasing in adults
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is more common in which group?
Pediatric clients with DM1, but also occurs in pediatric clients with DM2
Adults with DM2 only
Children with hypothyroidism
Females with hyperthyroidism
Which ethnic groups have higher incidences of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) in adolescence?
Certain ethnic groups
Only Caucasian children
Only Asian children
No ethnic differences
