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WorksheetsPage 1
Total questions: 104
Worksheet time: 52mins
What is the primary antibody in an ELISA?
The first antibody used to detect foreign particle
Second cell produced by the macrophage
The first antibody used to give color
The second antibody used to detect foreign particle
Particle produced by the antigen
Corina got a negative result for the Covid-19 antigen rapid test but when she tried for the PCR test, unfortunately she got a positive result. What might happen in this situation?
She is at early period of Covid-19 infection
False positive PCR result
The rapid test was invalid
She is an immune-compromised patients
None of the above
The sandwich ELISA test requires ….
Known antigen
Virus
Known antibody
Complement
Patient antibody
Why is enzyme used in an immunoassay?
To denature protein
To detect antibody
To detect antigen
To degrade amino acid
To produce color change
What is the function of DNA polymerase?
Gluing together Okazaki fragments
Terminating synthesis process
Unzipping the two strands of DNA
Joining together nucleotides during replication
Help primers to attach DNA template
When an enzyme cuts open a DNA molecule, what type of bonds are being broken?
Ionic bonds
Phosphodiester bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Covalent bonds
Peptide bonds
Which one from the molecules below is the ddNTP molecule? The figure shows four nucleotide structures labeled a–d with sugar ring substituents marked at the 2′ and 3′ positions: a displays 2′ OH and 3′ H; b displays 2′ H and 3′ H; c displays 2′ OH and 3′ OH; d displays 2′ H and 3′ OH.
All incorrect
In order to determine AFP concentration in patient blood, we coat the ELISA plate with .....
Plasma/serum
AFP Antigen
AFP Virus
HCV Antigen
Anti-AFP antibody
These statements explain the Sanger Method, except:
Involves making many copies of a target DNA region
Needs dNTP to synthesize new DNA strand
Using ingredients and process that are exactly similar to PCR
Terminated 3' end products
None of the above
Beer’s law states that the intensity of light decreases with respect to ...
Color
Composition
Concentration
Volume
Distance
Which type of sugar is in DNA?
Deoxyfructose
Ribose
Sucrose
Maltose
Deoxyribose
Dr. Murphy would like to isolate antibiotic resistant gene of Streptococcus from six different DNA samples. How many PCR reactions should he prepare?
7
5
8
6
2
The enzyme that is used for measuring blood sugar level in a glucometer is .....
Hexokinase – dehydrogenase
Lipase – amylase
Glucose oxidase – peroxidase
Trypsin
Glucose oxidase
In the fasting state ………………………… and …………………… maintain glucose level in blood.
Gluconeogenesis, Glycolic Acid
Glycogenolysis, Glycolipid
Glycoprotein, Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis
Glycosylation, Glycogenolysis
When in a blood test result, your hematocrit is more than 70%. This means that your condition is…
Polycythemia
Normal
Death
Blood loss
Anemia
Which statement is not correct about RDT?
The COVID-19 tests’ result does not depend on the time from onset of illness
RDT is qualitative solid phase immunoassay
The RDT can continue to be positive for OgG even when the patient recovers
The antigen(s) detected are expressed only when the virus is actively replicating, therefore, such tests are best used to identify acute or early infection
Negative result in COVID-19 antibody rapid test doesn’t mean that no infection in the sample
What does mean when HBV rapid test result shows only a single band?
Positive result
Negative result
Invalid result
Means nothing
Depends position
Which one of these following reagents is able to dissolve DNA?
Nuclease free water
Tris-Ethanol
70% ethanol
Phenol
Isopropanol
Write down the right sequence of nucleotides from the picture of sequencing process (with the right orientation).
It cannot be read
5’-TGACAAGCG-3’
5’-TGCGAACAG-3’
5’-GACAAGCGT-3’
5’-GCGAACAGT-3’
Type of sample for ELISA AFP:
Serum
Whole blood
Buffy coat
a and b
a and c
Function of hormones produced in beta cell pancreas is to ….
Hide blood sugar
Lower blood sugar
Raise blood sugar
Produce sugar
Release blood sugar
Right requirement in Sanger sequencing
dsDNA, primer, polymerase, dNTP, ddNTP
ssDNA, primer, polymerase, ddNTP
dsDNA, primer, polymerase, ddNTP
ssDNA, primer, polymerase, dNTP, ddNTP
dsDNA, primer, dNTP, ddNTP
Main component for blood clotting is
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Thrombocytes
There are samples of monosaccharide, except
Xylose
Dextrose
Ribose
Fructose
Lactose
Which cell has no nucleus when mature?
Basophil
Neutrophil
Erythrocyte
Lymphocyte
Platelets
The following image represents the agarose gel electrophoresis result from a restriction digest experiment. Lane 1 is a DNA ladder and Lane 2 is the DNA sample cut by a single restriction enzyme. What is the maximum size of the uncut DNA fragment assuming complete digestion has occurred?
0.25 kb
5.0 kb
2.5 kb
0.75 kb
10 kb
Tools for DNA sequence analysis:
NCBI, BLAST, protein blast
EBI, BLAST, blastx
EBI, BLAST, nucleotide blast
NCBI, BLAST, tblastn
NCBI, BLAST, nucleotide blast
DNA is found in the ____ of Escherichia coli.
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
Nucleoid
White blood cell
Amy is concerned about her friend’s condition. She is often thirsty and has increased appetite. A fasting blood test is performed using the o-toluidine method. The standard curve is y=200x+80 (y in mg/dL; x is absorbance), and the sample’s absorbance is 0.100. Based on the calculated fasting sugar level and the symptoms, what can you conclude about Amy’s friend’s condition?
Normal
Diabetic
Pre-diabetic
Hypoglycemia
Component of buffy coat, except ….
Erythrocyte
Thrombocytes
Eosinophil
Lymphocyte
Basophil
Why do scientists load DNA of known sizes into a the agarose gel?
To Practice loading the DNA before you get to the important DNA
It makes it easier to determine size of unknowns using comparison techniques
As a balancer so it can running well
To fill in all the slots on the gel so you can run it
so you Know how long the gel needs to run
Maltose is a disaccharide of ….
Glucose and lactose
Ribose and dextrose
Glucose and glucose
Fructose and glucose
Lactose and lactose
Possible interpretation negative HCV rapid test?
Strip invalid
Low titer of HCV Ag concentration
The sample is from Immune-compromised patients
False negative
The patient has been infected but has Resolved infection
After the heating step at 94C, why do we have to set the thermal cycler to reduce the temperature to 55C?
To separate the DNA template strands
To allow extension process
To optimize DNA polymerase activity
To allow the DNA template strands to bind to each other
To allow primers to bind to the DNA template strands
The wavelength that we used in o-toluidine reaction is …
280 nm
540 nm
450 nm
630 nm
655 nm
What is the effect of ethidium bromide?
Fluorescent dye that binding with bases of nucleic acid
Fluorescent dye that used to visually track the progress of sample running through the gel
Fluorescent dye that used to coloring the gel
Fluorescent dye that incorporated into nucleic acid
Fluorescent dye that intercalates between bases of nucleic acid
Which step stops the color forming reaction in blood glucose test?
Wrapping glucose + o-toluidine container with aluminum foil
Heating up the glucose + o-toluidine
Addition of acetic acid to glucose + o-toluidine
Cooling down the glucose + o-toluidine
Addition of the stop solution
The breakdown of the molecule glycogen in the liver, kidney or muscles into glucose to be subsequently modified into glucose-6-phosphate for use in glycolysis pathway is called …
Metabolism
Glucoselysis
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
During DNA isolation, what is the purpose of the “phenol saturation” step, and how does it contribute to the extraction process?
Enhances DNA stability
Improves buffer efficiency
Facilitates RNA degradation
Increases DNA yield
Reduces protein contamination
The following is the purpose of sequencing analysis, except:
To detect the presence of mutation
To assign function to genes and proteins by the study of the similiarities between to compared sequences
To analyze the single nucleotide polymorphism
To analyze mutation that caused high protein expression
To analyze the amount of DNA in a sample
Which is one of the major advantages of ELISA in comparison to other biological quantification techniques?
Detection of a molecule at a low concentration
Inexpensive
Easily available
Low sensitivity
Low specificity
The wavelength at which nucleic acid, organic compounds (e.g., phenol), and protein absorb light, respectively, are …
280 nm, 260 nm, 230 nm
280 nm, 230 nm, 260 nm
260 nm, 280 nm, 230 nm
260 nm, 230 nm, 280 nm
230 nm, 260 nm, 280 nm
Which of the following statements is false?
PCR requires the use of a heat-stable DNA polymerase to make copies of the template DNA
PCR has three important steps: denaturation, annealing, and extension
PCR is a cell-based DNA cloning that allows much greater DNA
PCR is usually used to amplify a specific DNA sequence of interest using oligonucleotide primers
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a cell-free method of DNA amplification
Imagine an error occurring during DNA replication in a cell, so that where there is supposed to be a T in one of the genes there is instead a G. What effect will this probably have on the cell?
An amino acid will be missing from one of its kinds of protein
An amino acid will be missing from each of its kinds of protein
One of its kinds of protein will contain an incorrect amino acid
Each of its kinds of protein will contain an incorrect amino acid
The amino acid sequence of one of its kinds of protein will be completely changed
The purity of DNA to protein can be assessed by calculating the ratio between the absorbance values at …
260 nm to 230 nm
260 nm to 280 nm
230 nm to 280 nm
280 nm to 230 nm
280 nm to 260 nm
Clark Kent measured the absorbance of glucose standards and a sample using the o-toluidine method. The glucose standard equation is y=154.6x+18.95 ( R2=0.994 ), and the sample absorbance is x=1.5 . What is the glucose level and status of the student? (y = concentration; x = absorbance)
250 mg/dL; healthy
250.85 mg/dL; diabetes
250.85 ng/dL; diabetes
Cannot be calculated because the data is not complete
250 ng/dL; healthy
DNA can be dissolved in both water and Tris-EDTA buffer because DNA contains ___ and together with sugar deoxyribose that forms the ___ of DNA.
Nitrogenous bases; backbone
Ribose; backbone
Nitrogenous bases; nucleobase
Phosphate group; backbone
Phosphate group; nucleobase
Why do scientists load DNA of known sizes (also called ‘marker’ or ‘ladder’) into the agarose gel?
To practice loading the DNA before you get to the important DNA
To know how long the gel needs to run
It makes easier to determine the size of unknowns using comparison techniques
To fill all the slots on the gel so you can run it
A “GPD” so we can track the migration of DNA samples
Which of the following statements is true about spectrophotometry and agarose gel electrophoresis?
Agarose gel electrophoresis can precisely calculate the purity and concentration of DNA samples
Agarose gel electrophoresis will show the absorbance value of DNA samples
Spectrophotometry assesses DNA concentration and purity quantitatively
Molecular weight in gel agarose indicates the concentration of loaded DNA sample
Spectrophotometry only can evaluate the concentration of DNA samples
What is the difference between PCR and DNA sequencing?
PCR can amplify with a specific primer, while DNA sequencing needs different direction primers
DNA sequencing does not need amplification process
DNA sequencing requires ddNTPs while PCR does not
DNA sequencing used to duplicate the entire specific DNA sequence while PCR can generate every possible length of DNA
A patient suffers from diabetes which is caused by a mutation in the insulin receptor gene. The following analysis will be required to confirm the result:
Electrophoresis
ELISA
Immunoassay
Rapid test for glucose detection
Sequencing
Where can we find DNA in eukaryotes?
Mitochondria and nucleus
Cell wall and ribosome
Golgi apparatus and mitochondria
Cytoskeleton and nucleus
Membrane cell and mitochondria
Which of the following statements is true concerning human blood?
The blood of normal humans is true concerning red blood cell, WBC, platelets, and plasma
Protein are not components human blood
Monocyte are the first response for out immune system
Some human population normally lack the ability to produce plasma
The blood of normal human containing RBC, WBC, platelets, plasma , and proteinase
Which of the following is not the basic requirement of PCR reaction?
Modified building black
A heat-stable DNA polymerase
DNA segment to be amplified
Enzyme cofactor
A pair of oligonucleotide primer
The immediate goal of the human genome project was to …
Find cures for human genetic disorders
Map all the human genes and determine the nucleotides sequence of the entire human genome
Develop new technologies for studying DNA
Compare the genomes of a large number of individuals from different parts of the world
Map and sequence the genomes of important research organisms
The major components blood is …
Platelet
Buffy coat
Protein
Monocyte
Water
Calvulate dsDNA concentration with a dilution of 1:100 and absorbance value A260 = 0.08, A230 = 0.04, A280 = 0.02 for 1 cm path length measurement! (e dsDNA = 20L/g cm)
100 ul/mL
200 ul/mL
400 ul/mL
800 ul/mL
300 ul/mL
In lateral flow assays, the control line serves a crucial role. What is the primary purpose of the control line, and why is its absence r failure significat?
It prevents false-positive results
It indicates the presence of the target analyte
It enhances the test’s sensitivity
In monitors the sample’s quality
It confirms the functionality of the test kit
A patient is suspected to have diabetes after these following symptoms, except …
Significant weight gain
Frequent urination
Feeling hunger and tired
Unexpected weight loss
Extreme thirst
What is the component that can be used to stop the coagulation of the blood?
Tris-EDTA (TE buffer)
Sodium chloride
Distilled water
Glucose
In lateral flow assays, the choice of conjugate plays a crucial role in the detection process. What is the primary function of the conjugate and how it contribute to the accuracy of the test?
Enhances the stability of the test strip
Improves the visual appearance of the test result
Facilitates the binding of antibodies to the test line
Accelerates the reaction kinetics of the test
Acts as a control for the assay
The blood sample from a patient with a suspected viral hemorrhagic fever is subjected to a lateral flow assay, the result shows that both the test and control lines are absent, what could be the possible interpretation?
Late stage of infection
Invalid test
Antibody deficiency in the patient
Inconclusive result
Early stage of infection
What are the conditions that makes the glucose + o-toluidine reaction work?
High temperature and a closed container
High temperature
High temperature and high pH
High temperature and low pH
High temperature and a closed container protected from light
In blood sugar level experiment, how much percent of o-toluidine that we used?
10% in absolute ethanol
1% in dH2O
10% in dH2O
10% in acetic acid glacial
1% in CH3COOH
A female patient was suspected to have breast cancer and the hospital want to check the mutation in her BRCA1 gene. Which component of the blood should be isolated to analyze the disease?
Erythrocytes
Plasma
Thrombocytes
Leucocytes
Serum
We used BLAST to …
Find identify in our sequence
Identify and find similarity in our sequence
Find error in our sequence
Identify and find error in our sequence
Find similarity in our sequence
Which of the following statements about blood is true:
Plasma is closest in composition to CSF which is a clear liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord
Blood cells are supposed in a yellowish substance called buffy coat; consisting if proteins, glucose, clotting factors, hormones, and carbon dioxide
Blood consists of two types of cells; RBC, WBC
Plasma containing blood clotting factors, sugar, lipids, vitamin, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins.
Serum is blood without the clotting factors, mainly the fibrinogen
The lid is placed on the electrophoresis chamber and power was turned on with voltage of 100V, and the gel has to run for 1 hour 30 minutes. What would happen if the gel was run for too long?
The tracking dye will intercalate within DNA bond
The DNA will migrate to opposite direction form positive pole to negative pole
It will be too hot and possibly will melt the agarose gel
It can cause smearing or distortion of DNA bond on agarose
The DNA would move too far and leave the botton of the gel
In DNA isolation, what role do cheating/stabilizing agents play, and how they impact the quality of the isolated DNA?
Enhance DNA amplification
Promote DNA denaturation
Facilitate RNA degradation
Inhibit nuclease activity
Increase DNA yield
Cellular DNA is extracted by breaking open the cell wall, destroying the membranes (lysing the cells) and denaturing proteins and RNA. Which of the following agents destroys the membranes and denatures proteins and RNA, respectively?
Phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol solution and proteinase K
Proteinase K and phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol solution
Sodium dodecyl sulfate and proteinase K
Saline sodium citrate buffer and Tris-EDTA buffer
Saline sodium citrate buffer and proteinase K
In order to avoid contamination from protein, what reagent should we use in DNA isolation procedure?
Nuclease-free wter
SSC buffer
Proteinase K
RNase
TE buffer
Chain termination for DNA sequencing …
Uses trideoxynucleotides
Uses piperidine to cleave modified bases
Requires a DNA polymerase
Requires two primers
Uses double-stranded DNA
The method to measure blood glucose concentration that uses reaction in heat and alkaline condition is …
Enzymatic method
Condensation reaction using o-toluidine
Chemical reaction
Alkaline copper reduction method
Glucose oxidase method
Why was polyacrylamide gel used instead of agarose gel in a conventional sequencing?
Polyacrylamide has lower toxicity than agarose
Polyacrylamide can separate DNA molecules that differ in length by just single nucleotide
Polyacrylamide is cheaper than agarose
Agarose is more fragile than polyacrylamide gel
Agarose is more complicated in preparation than polyacrylamide because it requires addition of EtBr
Why did we add o-toluidine inside a fume hood?
O-toluidine itself highly volatile and mutagenic
Because it is not dark enough in the room
The sample and o-toluidine must be kept sterile and clean
Because it is dissolved in a volatile concentrated acid
Because the assistant told us to do
What can a scientist conclude about the bonds of DNA closest to the wells within an agarose gel?
These fragments are neutrally charged
These fragments have the weakest charge
These fragments have the strongest charge
These are the smallest fragments
These are the largest fragments
This is a true statement about gel electrophoresis, except?
2% agarose gel concentration gives a good resolution for large fragments (2-10kb)
DNA is negatively charged and travels towards the positive charge at the far end of the gel
Once run in the gel, DNA strands are visible to the naked eye
Voltage is one of the factors that will affect the rate of migration of DNA in agarose gel
The sorter DNA strands of DNA will move faster through the gel
Which of the following methods cannot be used detect sugar level in blood?
Glucometer test
HbA1c test
Oxidation-reduction reaction using CuSO4
PCR
Condensation reaction using o-toluidine
What is the main process that happens in a sequencing machine?
Colorimetric
Spectrophotometry
Electrophoresis
Chromatographic
PCR
The following molecule(s) can be detected by ELISA, except?
Antigen
Proteins
Antibodies
Hormones
Enzyme
Why did we use different wavelengths for spectrophotometry in ELISA and blood glucose test?
Because we use enzyme in ELISA detection method and use condensation reaction in blood glucose test
Yellow and blue-green color have different spectrum wavelength
Protein and glucose have different spectrums
The antibody and glucose have different spectrum wavelength
Stop solution and o-toluidine have different colors
A student wants to determine size of DNA, what should be prepare?
TAE buffer, water, polyacrylamide gel, ethidium bromide
Water, TAE buffer, agarose gel, ethidium bromide
TBE buffer, water, agarose gel, ethidium buffer
TBE buffer, agarose gel, ethidium buffer
TAE buffer, polyacrylamide gel, ethidium bromide
A student wants to dilute DNA from 30um to 20um. How much DNA and water are needed to reach final volume of 500ul?
0.125ml and 0.375ml
200ml and 300ml
0.2ml and 0.3ml
125ml and 375ml
0.15ml and 0.35ml
When developing a lateral flow assay for the diagnosis of a specific infectious disease, what factors should be considered in selecting the antibodies for the test line?
Antibody cost and availability
Antibody cost, availability, and stability during storage
Stability on the antibodies during storage
Stability of the antibodies during storage and their cross-activity with other pathogens
Cross-reactivity with other pathogens
Dideoxynucleotide triphosphate molecule is locking oxygen in C atom position …
2 and 3
3 and 5
2 and 5
1 and 5
3 and 4
Imagine a scenario where a lateral flow assay for a respiratory pathogen yields conflicting result with PCR testing. What factors might contribute to such discrepancies?
Differences in target analytes
Antibody cross-reactivity
Target analytes and cross-reactivity
In order to measure the glucose level in blood, following component of the blood can be used, except …
Buffy coat
Plasma
Venous blood
Serum
Whole blood
A researcher is performing PCR to amplify a sample of DNA; unfortunately, he forgot to add the DNA primers prior to starting the experiment. Which of the following results will he most likely observe?
The reaction will work, but his target region will not be amplified
The reaction will work, but the product will contain many undesired mutations
The reaction will work, but at a significantly slower rate
The reaction will be fine because it is just primers that he forgot to add
The reaction will be completely unsuccessful
As a medical student, explain the ethical considerations surrounding the use of rapid diagnostic tests in the diagnosis and management of infectious diseases.
Informed consent
All answers are correct
None of the answers are correct
Reporting result to public health authorities
Patient confidentiality
If you dilute 10 µL DNA with 40 µL TE buffer and the absorbance at 260 nm is about 0.7, therefore, the concentration of your DNA (mg/mL) is …
0.175
1.75
0.28
0.14
1.4
What is the principle of condensation reaction using o-toluidine in measuring blood glucose level?
o-Toluidine is reacted with glucose under high temperature to generate a blue-green color that can be detected by a colorimetric method
The reaction between gluconic acid and ferricyanide forms ferrocyanide, which generates a current directly proportional to the glucose level
Cupric ion and glucose in alkaline and high-temperature conditions generate cuprous ion, which can be detected by a colorimetric method
The reaction between the aldehyde group of o-toluidine and the amine group of glucose generates red color that can be detected by a colorimetric method
Hot glacial acetic acid generates blue color after incubation with glucose
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert in 1976–1977. This method is called a chemical degradation. One of the chemicals used is piperidine. What is the function of this chemical?
to cut hydrogen bond
to cut chemical bond
to cut phosphodiester bond
to cut ribose bond
to cut glycosidic bond
Which of the following is immobilized on the microtiter well in sandwich ELISA?
Secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme
Capture antibody
Detection antibody
Antigen
Sample
To assign function to genes and proteins by the study of the similarities between the compared sequences. How is the purity of the DNA sample with a dilution of 1:100 and absorbance value A260 = 0.08, A230 = 0.02 for 1 cm path length measurement ( ε dsDNA = 20 L/g cm)?
Contaminated with organic compound
Pure from RNA but not other compound
Contaminated with protein
Contaminated with RNA
Pure without any contamination
You are performing a DNA test on a human blood sample. You want to isolate the DNA from the blood sample that you are evaluating. What technique should you use?
PCR
Southern blotting
DNA sequencing
Gel electrophoresis
Phenol–chloroform extraction
If a patient DNA is isolated and found to have polymorphic regions, what does this information indicate?
High DNA purity
Homogeneity in DNA structure
Presence of genetic mutations
Lack of repetitive sequences
Clonal origin of the DNA
Which number represents the antigen–antibody complex with detection antibody in the pictured ELISA test (capture antibody bound to well, antigen bound above it, secondary detection antibody conjugate bound to antigen, and substrate shown at the top)?
1
2
3
4
5
Jennie and Cello amplified a certain segment of extracted DNA using PCR, and the result was subjected to agarose gel electrophoresis for analysis. You are shown the image of the gel loaded with the following samples: (A) negative control, (B) size ladder, (C) extracted DNA, and (D) PCR product. However, they forgot to take notes while loading the gel with the samples and were not sure which lane for each loaded samples. Please label each lane of the gel, respectively.
A-B-C-D
B-C-D-A
C-D-B-A
B-D-C-A
D-C-A-B
___ is used in our ELISA experiment to measure AFP concentration.
D
B
A
A, B, and C
What is the interpretation of this rapid test result?
Invalid result
Suspected to have past infect
The patient has been vaccinated
false positive result
Suspect to have recent infection
The following image is the resulting sequencing gel using ____ method. What is the sequence of the original DNA?
Sanger (5'- AGTCAGGCAT-3')
Maxam and Gilbert (5'- TACGGACTGA-3')
Sanger (5'- TACGGACTGA-3')
Maxam and Gilbert (5'- AGTCAGGCCAT-3')
Sanger (3'- AGTCAGGCAT-5)
Where should the primers bind to enable this reaction to occur? Template DNA is shown with sense and antisense strands labeled 5' to 3'.
Each primer binds to the 5’ end of its complementary strand
Each primer binds to the 3’ end of its complementary strand
Both primers will be bind randomly
Primers only bind at sense strand
Primers only bind at anti-sense strand
As shown in the picture, you want to make a solution with 1:100 dilution and 1 mL of total volume. How much volume (uL) should we add from stock solution and the diluent?
10 uL stock + 990 uL diluent
0.01 ul stock + 999.99 ul diluent
1uL stock + 999 uL diluent
0.1uL stock + 999.9uL diluent
100uL stock + 900uL diluent
After adding PCI (Phenol, Chloroform, Isoamyl alcohol) solution and performing the centrifugation, there will be 3 layers formed. What are the components in A, B, and C layer respectively?
Lipid, DNA phospholipid bilayer
Phospholipid bilayer, DNA, lipid
RNA, DNA, lipid
DNA, phospholipid bilayer, lipid
RNA, phospholipid bilayer, DNA
