WorksheetsA&P Study Guide_Ashtyn F
Total questions: 98
Worksheet time: 49mins
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the structures of the body; Physiology is how they work.
Anatomy is how the body works; Physiology is the study of diseases.
Anatomy is the study of cells; Physiology is the study of organs.
Anatomy is the study of nutrition; Physiology is the study of exercise.
An anatomist studies:
How things work in the body
The structure and composition of the body
Disorders of the mind
X-rays
A physiologist studies:
The structure and composition of the body
How things work in the body
Bone/joint problems
Female reproductive problems
What is negative feedback? Provide an example and identify the receptor, control center, and effector in a body temperature regulation scenario.
Negative feedback occurs when something gets out of range and the body reverses it. Example: Body temperature regulation. Receptor: nerve cells in skin; Control center: temperature regulatory center in brain; Effector: sweat glands.
Negative feedback occurs when something gets out of range and the body amplifies it. Example: Body temperature regulation. Receptor: muscle cells; Control center: heart; Effector: lungs.
Negative feedback occurs when something gets out of range and the body ignores it. Example: Body temperature regulation. Receptor: blood cells; Control center: liver; Effector: kidneys.
Negative feedback occurs when something gets out of range and the body accelerates the change. Example: Body temperature regulation. Receptor: bone cells; Control center: pancreas; Effector: stomach.
What does a negative feedback graph look like?
Keeps going higher and higher
Oscillates around a set point, like body temperature between 97-99°F
Stays flat at neutral
Drops sharply to zero
What is positive feedback? Provide two examples.
Positive feedback is when something happens and it causes more and more to happen until something stops it. Examples: Drug addiction; Labor.
Positive feedback is when something happens and it causes less and less to happen until it stops. Examples: Sweating; Shivering.
Positive feedback is when something happens and it causes no change in the system. Examples: Sleeping; Eating.
Positive feedback is when something happens and it reverses the original action. Examples: Blood sugar regulation; Breathing rate.
Describe anatomical position.
Facing front, arms to the side, palms up, thumbs most lateral.
Facing back, arms raised, palms down, thumbs medial.
Facing front, arms crossed, palms down, thumbs medial.
Facing side, arms to the side, palms up, thumbs medial.
Obstetrician
treat endocrine disorders
treat bone/joint problems
treat old people
treat children
deliver babies
Endocrinologist
treat endocrine disorders
treat bone/joint problems
treat old people
treat children
deliver babies
Pediatrician
treat endocrine disorders
treat bone/joint problems
treat old people
treat children
deliver babies
Gerontologist
treat endocrine disorders
treat bone/joint problems
treat old people
treat children
deliver babies
Orthopedist
treat endocrine disorders
treat bone/joint problems
treat old people
treat children
deliver babies
Identify the planes of the body: A is ____; B is ____; C is ____.
Sagittal; Coronal; Transverse
Coronal; Sagittal; Transverse
Transverse; Sagittal; Coronal
Sagittal; Transverse; Coronal
The levels of organization in the body are cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Organs consist of tissues, tissues are made of cells, and organs go together to make up organ systems.
Cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems; organs consist of tissues; tissues are made of cells; organs make up organ systems.
Cells, organs, tissues, and molecules; organs consist of cells; tissues are made of organs; organs make up tissues.
Atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues; organs consist of cells; tissues are made of molecules; organs make up cells.
Cells, tissues, molecules, and organ systems; organs consist of molecules; tissues are made of organs; organs make up tissues.
The position of a mole on the left side of the chin relative to the left side of the mouth is:
Inferior and lateral
Superior and medial
Directly above
Medial and superior
Elements, atoms, and subatomic particles are related as follows:
Elements are made of atoms, which are composed of subatomic particles.
Atoms are made of elements, which are composed of subatomic particles.
Subatomic particles are made of atoms, which are composed of elements.
Elements are made of subatomic particles, which are composed of atoms.
Electrons have a _____ charge and _____ around the nucleus.
Positive; orbit
Negative; orbit
No; sit in
Positive; sit in
Short Answer: What do protons do? What gives an element its identity on the periodic table?
Protons determine the identity of an element on the periodic table.
Protons give an element its atomic mass.
Protons are responsible for chemical bonding.
Protons determine the color of an element.
Neutrons are ______. What is their role?
subatomic particles with no charge; they stabilize the nucleus
positively charged particles; they attract electrons
negatively charged particles; they form chemical bonds
energy carriers; they provide energy to the cell
An isotope is:
an atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
an atom with a different number of protons and electrons
an atom with the same number of neutrons and electrons
an atom with the same number of protons and electrons
Molecules are made up of two or more atoms bonded together. Which of the following is an example of a molecule, and what is a compound?
Water (H2O) is a molecule and a compound.
Oxygen (O2) is a compound but not a molecule.
Hydrogen (H) is a molecule and a compound.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is not a molecule.
The valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom. What happens if it is not filled?
The atom becomes stable and unreactive.
The atom becomes unstable and tends to react with other atoms.
The atom loses all its electrons.
The atom turns into a noble gas.
An ion is a particle with a net electric charge. How does it form, and what are cations and anions?
An ion forms when an atom gains or loses electrons; a cation is a positively charged ion, and an anion is a negatively charged ion.
An ion forms when an atom splits into two; a cation is a negatively charged ion, and an anion is a positively charged ion.
An ion forms when an atom combines with another atom; a cation is a neutral ion, and an anion is a charged ion.
An ion forms when an atom loses protons; a cation is a negatively charged ion, and an anion is a positively charged ion.
An electrolyte is:
a substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water
a type of metal used in batteries
a gas that helps in breathing
a solid that does not dissolve in water
A polar molecule is one that has an uneven distribution of charge. Which of the following is an example of a polar molecule and describes its shape?
Water (H₂O); bent shape
Carbon dioxide (CO₂); linear shape
Methane (CH₄); tetrahedral shape
Oxygen (O₂); linear shape
Which major element in the body is used to produce energy?
Calcium
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Carbon
Which major element in the body is found in bones?
Oxygen
Calcium
Nitrogen
Potassium
Ionic bonds are due to:
Electrons shared
Charged ions drawn together (like magnets)
Neutrons holding space
Protons orbiting
Covalent bonds involve:
Charged ions drawn together
Electrons shared
No electrons
Only protons
Which bond is stronger?
Ionic
Covalent
Both equal
Neither
What does the atomic number of an element tell?
# of neutrons
# of electrons
# of protons
# of isotopes
What is the normal range of blood pH?
7.35 - 7.45
6.80 - 7.00
7.80 - 8.00
6.00 - 6.50
If blood pH gets too high, what brings it down?
Negative feedback - buffers decrease pH.
Positive feedback - buffers increase pH.
Negative feedback - buffers increase pH.
Positive feedback - buffers decrease pH.
If blood pH gets too low, what brings it up?
Negative feedback - buffers increase pH.
Positive feedback - buffers decrease pH.
Negative feedback - buffers decrease pH.
Positive feedback - buffers increase pH.
Describe the pH scale: Which are alkaline (base)? Acids? Neutral? What substance is neutral? Provide examples of pH values.
Alkaline (base) - above 7; Acids - below 7; Neutral - 7 (water). Further from 7 = stronger. 14 = strongest base (drain cleaner); 0-1 = strongest acid (battery acid). Urine ~6.6; Hand soap ~10; Vomit ~2.
Alkaline (base) - below 7; Acids - above 7; Neutral - 7 (milk). Further from 7 = weaker. 14 = strongest acid (drain cleaner); 0-1 = strongest base (battery acid). Urine ~8; Hand soap ~4; Vomit ~12.
Alkaline (base) - at 7; Acids - above 7; Neutral - below 7 (water). Further from 7 = weaker. 14 = strongest acid (battery acid); 0-1 = strongest base (drain cleaner). Urine ~7; Hand soap ~7; Vomit ~7.
Alkaline (base) - above 7; Acids - below 7; Neutral - 0 (water). Further from 7 = weaker. 14 = strongest base (hand soap); 0-1 = strongest acid (urine). Vomit ~10; Hand soap ~2; Urine ~14.
What is the amount of difference between each step on the pH scale? Calculate the difference between pH 3 and pH 6.
10x per step. 3 steps: 10 x 10 x 10 = 1000 times stronger.
2x per step. 3 steps: 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 times stronger.
5x per step. 3 steps: 5 x 5 x 5 = 125 times stronger.
100x per step. 3 steps: 100 x 100 x 100 = 1,000,000 times stronger.
What are telomeres?
Little ends of chromosomes; Get shorter with each cell division until too short, cell stops dividing.
Proteins that help in DNA replication.
Enzymes that repair DNA damage.
Structures that produce energy for the cell.
How are fetal cell telomeres similar to cancer cells?
Telomeres rebuild after every division, so they divide without stopping.
Both have shorter telomeres than normal cells.
Telomeres are completely absent in both.
Both have telomeres that never change length.
What are stem cells? What does pluripotent mean?
Cells that reproduce without stopping, can make more stem cells or differentiate. Pluripotent: Can become any tissue in human body, found in blastocyst.
Cells that only form blood cells. Pluripotent: Can only become nerve cells.
Cells that cannot divide. Pluripotent: Means they are inactive.
Cells that are fully specialized. Pluripotent: Means they cannot change.
Describe totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells with examples.
Totipotent - first few zygote divisions, become anything in baby/placenta; Pluripotent - any body tissue, in blastocyst; Multipotent - several types but not all, e.g., bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells become any blood cell.
Totipotent - only found in adult tissues; Pluripotent - can become placenta cells; Multipotent - can become any cell in the body.
Totipotent - found in bone marrow; Pluripotent - only make muscle cells; Multipotent - only make nerve cells.
Totipotent - only make blood cells; Pluripotent - found in skin; Multipotent - can become any tissue in the embryo.
Which types of cell transport are passive? What does passive transport mean in terms of concentration gradient?
Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis; From high to low concentration - down gradient, no energy.
Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis; From low to high concentration - up gradient, requires energy.
Simple diffusion, active transport, osmosis; From low to high concentration - up gradient, requires energy.
Facilitated diffusion, endocytosis, exocytosis; From high to low concentration - down gradient, requires energy.
Which passive transport process does oxygen use to get into cells?
Facilitated diffusion
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Endocytosis
Which passive transport process does glucose use to get into cells?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Exocytosis
Which types of cell transport are active? What does active transport mean in terms of concentration gradient?
Endocytosis, exocytosis, sodium-potassium pump; From low to high concentration - up gradient, energy required.
Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion; From high to low concentration - down gradient, no energy required.
Endocytosis, osmosis, diffusion; From low to high concentration - up gradient, no energy required.
Exocytosis, diffusion, sodium-potassium pump; From high to low concentration - down gradient, energy required.
Protein synthesis
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transport and processing of proteins.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Control center of the cell.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribsomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Powerhouse of the cell
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
A cell placed in a hypotonic solution will: (Include blood cells and osmosis/tonicity.)
Swell due to water entering the cell by osmosis.
Shrink due to water leaving the cell by osmosis.
Remain unchanged as there is no net movement of water.
Burst immediately due to rapid water influx.
If a cell with 7% salt is put in a 2% salt solution, what happens? Why?
Water will enter the cell because the solution is less salty than the cell.
Salt will leave the cell because the solution is less salty than the cell.
Water will leave the cell because the solution is more salty than the cell.
Nothing will happen because the salt concentrations are similar.
Describe the cell cycle: What is most of life spent in? What happens in S phase?
Most of life is spent in interphase; DNA is replicated in S phase.
Most of life is spent in mitosis; proteins are synthesized in S phase.
Most of life is spent in cytokinesis; RNA is produced in S phase.
Most of life is spent in prophase; chromosomes are divided in S phase.
Mutations in cell regulating genes can cause which of the following? What is the BRCA gene?
Uncontrolled cell growth; BRCA is a gene associated with breast cancer risk
Improved cell function; BRCA is a gene that prevents cancer
Cell death; BRCA is a gene that repairs skin cells
No effect; BRCA is a gene related to eye color
List the stages of mitosis with a mnemonic and note about prometaphase.
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (Mnemonic: Please Pass Me Another Taco). Prometaphase is the stage where the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to chromosomes.
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (Mnemonic: I Prefer My Apples Tart). Prometaphase is when chromosomes replicate.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis (Mnemonic: People Make Amazing Tacos Constantly). Prometaphase is the final stage of mitosis.
Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (Mnemonic: Please Pass Me Another Taco). Prometaphase is when chromosomes line up at the cell equator.
Describe DNA structure and base pairing.
DNA is a double helix with complementary base pairing: A pairs with T, and C pairs with G.
DNA is a single strand with random base pairing.
DNA is a triple helix with identical base pairing: A pairs with A, C pairs with C.
DNA is a double helix with base pairing: A pairs with C, T pairs with G.
Short Answer: If given a DNA segment like CGTACG, what is the other side?
GCATGC
GCTAGC
CGTACG
GCATCG
Identify the 4 types of tissue in the body and provide an example of each.
Epithelial (skin), Connective (bone), Muscle (cardiac muscle), Nervous (brain)
Epithelial (muscle), Connective (skin), Muscle (bone), Nervous (cartilage)
Epithelial (bone), Connective (brain), Muscle (skin), Nervous (muscle)
Epithelial (cartilage), Connective (muscle), Muscle (skin), Nervous (bone)
Identify the type of tissue and an example location for each cell type: Chondrocyte and Fibrocyte.
Chondrocyte: Cartilage tissue, e.g., trachea; Fibrocyte: Connective tissue, e.g., tendons
Chondrocyte: Muscle tissue, e.g., biceps; Fibrocyte: Nervous tissue, e.g., brain
Chondrocyte: Epithelial tissue, e.g., skin; Fibrocyte: Bone tissue, e.g., femur
Chondrocyte: Blood tissue, e.g., arteries; Fibrocyte: Adipose tissue, e.g., fat
Which tissue type is characterized by striations, branching fibers, and intercalated discs, and is found in the heart?
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Bone tissue
Adipose tissue
Why do outer layers of epidermis die (keratinized cells)? Where is stratified squamous epithelium found?
Epidermis has no blood supply, cells too far from vessels for oxygen/nutrients; In areas of wear and tear.
Epidermis receives excess blood supply, causing cell death; In areas of minimal friction.
Outer layers of epidermis die due to exposure to sunlight; Found only in internal organs.
Keratinized cells die because of infection; Found in glandular tissues.
Where are these membranes found: Visceral peritoneum? Parietal peritoneum? Visceral pleura? Parietal pleura? Pericardium? Synovial membranes?
Visceral peritoneum - covers abdominal organs; Parietal - lines abdominal cavity; Visceral pleura - covers lungs; Parietal - lines thoracic cavity; Pericardium - sack around heart; Synovial - capsules around joints, produce synovial fluid.
Visceral peritoneum - lines thoracic cavity; Parietal - covers lungs; Visceral pleura - covers abdominal organs; Parietal - lines abdominal cavity; Pericardium - covers joints; Synovial - sack around heart.
Visceral peritoneum - covers lungs; Parietal - lines joints; Visceral pleura - covers abdominal organs; Parietal - lines heart; Pericardium - lines abdominal cavity; Synovial - covers thoracic cavity.
Visceral peritoneum - lines heart; Parietal - covers abdominal organs; Visceral pleura - lines abdominal cavity; Parietal - covers joints; Pericardium - covers lungs; Synovial - lines thoracic cavity.
What are the layers of the skin? What is in epidermis, dermis, hypodermis? Identify on diagram: A=, B=, C=____.
A - epidermis, B - dermis, C - hypodermis.
A - dermis, B - epidermis, C - hypodermis.
A - hypodermis, B - dermis, C - epidermis.
A - epidermis, B - hypodermis, C - dermis.
What is the scientific name for sweat glands? Oil glands?
Sweat - sudoriferous; Oil - sebaceous.
Sweat - ceruminous; Oil - apocrine.
Sweat - mammary; Oil - eccrine.
Sweat - sebaceous; Oil - sudoriferous.
Examples of glands: Which most involved in body temperature homeostasis?
Merocrine most involved.
Sebaceous most involved.
Apocrine most involved.
Endocrine most involved.
What gives skin its color? Where are melanocytes found?
Type and amount of melanin; In stratum basale - basal layer.
Type and amount of keratin; In stratum corneum - outer layer.
Type and amount of collagen; In dermis layer.
Type and amount of elastin; In hypodermis layer.
Describe the 3 major categories of burns: Which is worse? Which is a sunburn? Which has blister? Which involves underlying tissue and may need grafts?
1st degree - sunburn, no blister, redness, superficial (epidermis); 2nd - blister, partial thickness (epidermis + part dermis), most painful (nerves exposed); 3rd - worst, full thickness (all epidermis/dermis + underlying), grafts needed, less painful (nerves burned).
1st degree - worst, full thickness (all layers), grafts needed; 2nd - sunburn, no blister, superficial; 3rd - blister, partial thickness, most painful.
1st degree - blister, partial thickness, most painful; 2nd - worst, full thickness, grafts needed; 3rd - sunburn, no blister, superficial.
1st degree - worst, grafts needed, less painful; 2nd - blister, superficial, sunburn; 3rd - redness, no blister, most painful.
Analyze burn survival using Baux score: How calculated? Bobby: 17 years old, 18% burn, no inhalation - score? Shavonne: 30 years old, inhalation, score 67 - % burned?
Baux score = Age + % burned (+17 if inhalation). Bobby: 17 + 18 = 35; Shavonne: 67 - 30 - 17 = 20%.
Baux score = Age x % burned (+17 if inhalation). Bobby: 17 x 18 = 306; Shavonne: 67 / 30 - 17 = 0.23%.
Baux score = Age + % burned (-17 if inhalation). Bobby: 17 + 18 - 17 = 18; Shavonne: 67 - 30 + 17 = 54%.
Baux score = Age - % burned (+17 if inhalation). Bobby: 17 - 18 = -1; Shavonne: 67 + 30 - 17 = 80%.
Identify types of skin cancer: Basal cell? Melanoma? Squamous cell? Which least/most dangerous? Mnemonic for melanoma?
Basal cell - least dangerous; Melanoma - most dangerous, use ABCDE (asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving); Squamous cell - medium.
Basal cell - most dangerous; Melanoma - least dangerous, use UVRAY (ulcer, vascularity, redness, asymmetry, yellow); Squamous cell - not dangerous.
Basal cell - medium; Melanoma - least dangerous, use SKIN (shape, keratin, inflammation, nodules); Squamous cell - most dangerous.
Basal cell - not dangerous; Melanoma - medium, use MOLES (multiple, oval, large, evolving, spots); Squamous cell - least dangerous.
Identify major bones: Cranium, mandible, clavicle, scapula, patella, carpals, tarsals, metacarpals, metatarsals, phalanges, ulna, radius, humerus, femur, tibia, fibula, sternum, sacrum.
List as per guide; e.g., cranium - skull top, etc.
List as per guide; e.g., cranium - lower leg, etc.
List as per guide; e.g., cranium - hand bones, etc.
List as per guide; e.g., cranium - foot bones, etc.
Which bone forms the tip of your elbow?
Radius
Ulna
Humerus
Fibula
Which bone forms the lateral bone of your ankle?
Tibia
Fibula
Femur
Patella
Which bone forms the medial bone of the ankle?
Fibula
Tibia
Ulna
Radius
Where are your phalanges?
Fingers and toes.
In your chest.
In your ears.
In your back.
Which bones are in axial skeleton? Appendicular?
Axial - skull, spine, ribs; Appendicular - arms, legs, shoulders, hips.
Axial - arms, legs, shoulders; Appendicular - skull, spine, ribs, hips.
Axial - hips, arms, legs; Appendicular - skull, ribs, spine, shoulders.
Axial - shoulders, hips, arms; Appendicular - spine, ribs, skull, legs.
How many bones in adult human? Do kids have more or less? Why?
206; Kids have more - fuse as child ages.
205; Kids have less - lose bones as they grow.
210; Kids have same number - no change with age.
201; Kids have more - lose bones as they grow.
What is a diaphysis? Epiphysis? Where are growth plates?
Diaphysis - shaft of long bone; Epiphysis - ends; Growth plates - between at metaphysis, near ends.
Diaphysis - end of long bone; Epiphysis - shaft; Growth plates - in the middle of the shaft.
Diaphysis - outer layer; Epiphysis - inner core; Growth plates - at the joint surfaces.
Diaphysis - cartilage; Epiphysis - bone marrow; Growth plates - at the center of the bone.
Which type of bone formation makes long bones? Flat bones?
Endochondral - long; Intramembranous - flat
Intramembranous - long; Endochondral - flat
Both endochondral
Both intramembranous
Differentiate male & female pelvis: Which has wider pubic arch?
Female - wider pubic arch
Male - wider pubic arch
Both have equal pubic arch width
Neither has a pubic arch
Recognize atlas, axis, types of vertebrae: Atlas? Axis (dens function)? Cervical? Thoracic? Lumbar?
Atlas - C1, ring, no body; Axis - C2, dens projection, allows head turn side to side; Cervical - transverse foramen (two holes); Thoracic - rib attachments, like giraffe; Lumbar - heavy body, like moose.
Atlas - C2, has body; Axis - C1, no dens; Cervical - no transverse foramen; Thoracic - no rib attachments; Lumbar - thin body.
Atlas - C1, has body; Axis - C2, no dens; Cervical - one hole; Thoracic - no rib attachments; Lumbar - thin body.
Atlas - C2, ring, no body; Axis - C1, dens projection, allows head turn up and down; Cervical - transverse foramen (one hole); Thoracic - rib attachments, like lion; Lumbar - light body, like deer.
Process of bone healing: What first?
Hematoma (blood capsule) forms around break.
Osteoblasts immediately rebuild bone tissue.
Cartilage forms before any bleeding occurs.
Bone remodeling starts before any other process.
Describe bone homeostasis: Cells that break down? Build up? Effect of exercise and vitamin D?
Osteoclasts - break down, release calcium to blood; Osteoblasts - build up, store calcium in bone. Exercise/Vit D promote building.
Osteoblasts - break down, release calcium to blood; Osteoclasts - build up, store calcium in bone. Exercise/Vit D promote breakdown.
Osteocytes - break down, release calcium to blood; Chondrocytes - build up, store calcium in bone. Exercise/Vit D have no effect.
Osteoclasts - build up, store calcium in bone; Osteoblasts - break down, release calcium to blood. Exercise/Vit D promote breakdown.
Bone terminology: Process? Articulation? Foramen? Head? Sinus? Facet? Crest? Tuberosity? Fovea?
Process - bump for tendon/ligament attach; Articulation - joint; Foramen - hole; Head - rounded end; Sinus - cavity in flat bone; Facet - flat area articulates with another; Crest - ridge; Tuberosity - larger process; Fovea - indentation.
Process - flat area articulates with another; Articulation - cavity in flat bone; Foramen - bump for tendon/ligament attach; Head - hole; Sinus - joint; Facet - rounded end; Crest - indentation; Tuberosity - ridge; Fovea - larger process.
Process - joint; Articulation - bump for tendon/ligament attach; Foramen - cavity in flat bone; Head - flat area articulates with another; Sinus - hole; Facet - ridge; Crest - rounded end; Tuberosity - indentation; Fovea - larger process.
Process - cavity in flat bone; Articulation - hole; Foramen - joint; Head - bump for tendon/ligament attach; Sinus - flat area articulates with another; Facet - indentation; Crest - larger process; Tuberosity - ridge; Fovea - rounded end.
Identify common bone/joint disorders: Osteoporosis? Osteogenesis imperfecta? Scoliosis? Rickets? Osteomalacia? Osteoarthritis? Lordosis?
Osteoporosis - weak bones/aging, osteoclasts active but osteoblasts not; Osteogenesis imperfecta - genetic, missing collagen, fragile bones; Scoliosis - S-curve back, one shoulder higher bending; Rickets - soft bones childhood, lack Vit D/calcium; Osteomalacia - soft bones adulthood; Osteoarthritis - joint inflammation, wear/tear, cartilage down; Lordosis - sway back, exaggerated lumbar curve, normal late pregnancy.
Osteoporosis - excess calcium, strong bones; Osteogenesis imperfecta - excess collagen, strong bones; Scoliosis - straight back, no curve; Rickets - hard bones, excess Vit D; Osteomalacia - hard bones adulthood; Osteoarthritis - joint strengthening, cartilage up; Lordosis - flat back, reduced lumbar curve.
Osteoporosis - only affects children; Osteogenesis imperfecta - only affects joints; Scoliosis - only affects arms; Rickets - only affects adults; Osteomalacia - only affects children; Osteoarthritis - only affects muscles; Lordosis - only affects neck.
Osteoporosis - caused by viral infection; Osteogenesis imperfecta - caused by bacteria; Scoliosis - caused by poor diet; Rickets - caused by excess sunlight; Osteomalacia - caused by dehydration; Osteoarthritis - caused by lack of exercise; Lordosis - caused by cold weather.
Organization of muscle tissue from largest to smallest.
Muscle - fascicle - muscle fiber (cell/myocyte) - myofibril - myofilaments (actin & myosin).
Muscle - myofibril - fascicle - muscle fiber (cell/myocyte) - myofilaments (actin & myosin).
Muscle - muscle fiber (cell/myocyte) - fascicle - myofibril - myofilaments (actin & myosin).
Muscle - fascicle - myofibril - muscle fiber (cell/myocyte) - myofilaments (actin & myosin).
Describe sliding filament theory of muscle contraction (steps 1-7).
1) Acetylcholine released by nerve, stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca++; 2) Ca++ binds troponin, tropomyosin moves, reveals actin sites; 3) Myosin binds actin (crossbridge); 4) Myosin pulls actin, slides to middle (power stroke, ATP/ADP); 5) ATP detaches myosin (no ATP = rigor mortis); 6) Muscle relaxes; 7) Ca++ pumped back, troponin/tropomyosin block actin.
1) Calcium released by nerve, stimulates myosin to release acetylcholine; 2) Troponin binds ATP, actin moves, reveals myosin sites; 3) Actin binds myosin (crossbridge); 4) Actin pulls myosin, slides to middle (power stroke, ADP/ATP); 5) ADP detaches actin (no ADP = rigor mortis); 6) Muscle contracts; 7) ATP pumped back, troponin/tropomyosin block myosin.
1) Acetylcholine released by muscle, stimulates actin to release Ca++; 2) Ca++ binds myosin, tropomyosin moves, reveals myosin sites; 3) Myosin binds tropomyosin (crossbridge); 4) Myosin pushes tropomyosin, slides to middle (power stroke, ATP/ADP); 5) ATP detaches tropomyosin (no ATP = rigor mortis); 6) Muscle contracts; 7) Ca++ pumped back, actin/troponin block myosin.
1) Acetylcholine released by nerve, stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Na+; 2) Na+ binds troponin, tropomyosin moves, reveals actin sites; 3) Myosin binds actin (crossbridge); 4) Myosin pulls actin, slides to middle (power stroke, ATP/ADP); 5) ATP detaches myosin (no ATP = rigor mortis); 6) Muscle relaxes; 7) Na+ pumped back, troponin/tropomyosin block actin.
If no calcium released, can muscle contract? Why?
No - troponin/tropomyosin block myosin from actin.
Yes - myosin can bind actin without calcium.
Yes - ATP alone is enough for contraction.
No - calcium is not involved in muscle contraction.
Difference between slow and fast twitch muscle fibers: Oxygen use? Endurance? Examples?
Slow - many mitochondria, aerobic (oxygen), endurance, CO2 byproduct, long-distance runners, dark meat (chicken legs/thighs); Fast - fewer mitochondria, anaerobic, lactic acid, short bursts, sprinters, white meat (chicken breast).
Slow - few mitochondria, anaerobic, short bursts, lactic acid, sprinters, white meat (chicken breast); Fast - many mitochondria, aerobic (oxygen), endurance, CO2 byproduct, long-distance runners, dark meat (chicken legs/thighs).
Slow - many mitochondria, anaerobic, endurance, lactic acid, long-distance runners, white meat (chicken breast); Fast - fewer mitochondria, aerobic (oxygen), short bursts, CO2 byproduct, sprinters, dark meat (chicken legs/thighs).
Slow - few mitochondria, aerobic (oxygen), short bursts, CO2 byproduct, sprinters, white meat (chicken breast); Fast - many mitochondria, anaerobic, endurance, lactic acid, long-distance runners, dark meat (chicken legs/thighs).
What are tendons? Ligaments?
Tendons - connect muscle to bone, from fascia; Ligaments - connect bone to bone.
Tendons - connect bone to bone; Ligaments - connect muscle to bone.
Tendons - connect muscle to muscle; Ligaments - connect bone to muscle.
Tendons - connect bone to muscle; Ligaments - connect muscle to bone.
What is muscle atrophy?
Muscles shrink, myofibrils shrink from lack of use, e.g., cast.
Muscles grow larger due to excessive exercise.
Muscles become stronger from regular stretching.
Muscles change color due to lack of oxygen.
What is muscle hypertrophy?
Myofibrils bigger, e.g., weight lifting.
Decrease in muscle size due to inactivity.
Loss of muscle tone from aging.
Muscle fatigue after exercise.
What is rigor mortis? Cause?
Stiffness after death, No ATP produced, actin/myosin locked.
Rapid muscle contraction after death, Excess ATP produced.
Softening of muscles after death, Increased oxygen supply.
Muscle relaxation after death, Decreased calcium levels.
Identify major muscles: Serratus anterior, pectoralis major, deltoid, external oblique, sternocleidomastoid, rectus abdominis, trapezius, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, gluteus maximus, latissimus dorsi.
[List as per guide; e.g., biceps brachii - upper arm front, etc.]
[List as per guide; e.g., tibialis anterior - lower leg front, etc.]
[List as per guide; e.g., flexor carpi ulnaris - forearm, etc.]
[List as per guide; e.g., sartorius - thigh, etc.]
Identify muscle location by name: Where is extensor carpi ulnaris? What does it do?
Forearm by ulna; Extends wrist (carpals).
Upper arm; Flexes elbow.
Thigh; Extends knee.
Calf; Flexes ankle.
Flexion
foot up
bend
straighten
excessive extension
foot down
Extension
foot up
foot down
bend
straighten
excessive extension
Hyperextension
bend
excessive extension
foot up
foot down
straighten
Dorsiflexion
bend
foot down
foot up
excessive extension
straighten
Plantar flexion
foot down
bend
straighten
foot up
excessive extension
What is prime mover (agonist) & antagonist? Examples: Flex arm at elbow? Extend arm at elbow? Flex leg at knee?
Prime mover - contracts, causes motion; Antagonist - relaxes. Flex arm: Biceps brachii (prime), triceps (antagonist); Extend arm: Triceps (prime), biceps (antagonist); Flex leg: Hamstrings (prime), quadriceps (antagonist).
Prime mover - relaxes, causes motion; Antagonist - contracts. Flex arm: Triceps (prime), biceps (antagonist); Extend arm: Biceps (prime), triceps (antagonist); Flex leg: Quadriceps (prime), hamstrings (antagonist).
Prime mover - contracts, prevents motion; Antagonist - contracts, causes motion. Flex arm: Deltoid (prime), biceps (antagonist); Extend arm: Biceps (prime), triceps (antagonist); Flex leg: Quadriceps (prime), hamstrings (antagonist).
Prime mover - relaxes, prevents motion; Antagonist - contracts, causes motion. Flex arm: Triceps (prime), deltoid (antagonist); Extend arm: Biceps (prime), deltoid (antagonist); Flex leg: Gastrocnemius (prime), quadriceps (antagonist).
