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WorksheetsFOH Ch 2: Theory, Research and EBP
Total questions: 109
Worksheet time: 55mins
Which issue best describes nurses enabling individuals and communities to improve well-being proactively?
Adaptation to pathophysiologic processes
Role performance within relationships
Promotion of health and wellness
Meanings ascribed to illness concepts
A primary nursing focus that ensures patients receive reliable, effective care processes is called:
Safety and quality of care
Environmental health protection
Health literacy education
Social policy advocacy
Which item reflects coordinating services across providers to meet patient needs?
Decision-making facilitation
Spiritual comfort support
Care coordination activities
Cultural sensitivity training
Nursing attention to physical, emotional, and spiritual states primarily targets:
Health systems financing
Comfort, discomfort, and pain
Policy change processes
Linguistic accessibility
Teaching patients to obtain, understand, and use health information most closely relates to:
Health literacy
Pathophysiologic adaptation
Social relationship changes
Environmental injury prevention
When nurses evaluate how policies influence community outcomes such as access and equity, they address:
Comfort and pain management
Role performance within relationships
Emotions across life experiences
Social policies and their effects on health
Considering access, cost, and quality across delivery organizations pertains to:
Self-care process support
Environmental disease prevention
Decision-making abilities
Healthcare systems relationships
Which statement best describes traditional knowledge in health practice?
Opinions formed through personal clinical experience
Guidance issued by regulatory agencies and boards
Findings derived from controlled experimental research
Beliefs transmitted across generations in communities
A nurse follows dosing guidance from a senior specialist because of the specialist’s perceived expertise. What source of knowledge is being used?
Traditional knowledge
Authoritative knowledge
Anecdotal knowledge
Scientific knowledge
Which statement best describes a limitation of traditional and authoritative knowledge in clinical practice?
Often grounded in subjective data, reducing generalizability
Strictly based on standardized objective measurements and protocols
Primarily derived from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses
Universally applicable across all patient populations and settings
Which statement best characterizes traditional and authoritative knowledge in healthcare practice?
Rarely practical and primarily based on objective data
Practical to implement but often based on subjective data
Always research-validated and universally applicable
Mainly theoretical with limited clinical relevance
What limitation is commonly associated with traditional and authoritative knowledge?
Excessive dependence on randomized controlled trials
Reliance on subjective data reduces generalizability
Overuse of statistical modeling in decisions
Inability to be implemented in clinical settings
In diverse clinical settings, why might traditional and authoritative approaches be less useful?
They depend on context-specific subjective observations
They require advanced laboratory infrastructure
They mandate lengthy informed consent procedures
They prioritize cost over patient outcomes
Which example best illustrates subjective data underpinning traditional knowledge?
Nurse reports “patient seems anxious” during rounds
Serum potassium measured at 3.2 mmol/L
Blood pressure recorded at 138/84 mmHg
Urinalysis showing positive nitrites
A clinician relies on a senior physician’s advice without evidence appraisal. What type of knowledge is used?
Statistical knowledge based on meta-analysis
Intuitive knowledge validated by biomarkers
Empirical knowledge derived from controlled trials
Authoritative knowledge guided by expert opinion
Which statement aligns with the provided rationale?
Subjective data always increases external validity
Authoritative knowledge is never practical in clinics
Only objective measures ensure practical implementation
Practical approaches may be limited by subjective foundations
When designing protocols for multiple hospitals, why might authoritative guidance fall short?
It violates ethical standards for human subjects
It lacks robust objective evidence across contexts
It requires prohibitively expensive equipment
It excludes interprofessional collaboration by design
Which of the following is subjective data in nursing assessment?
Patient states “my pain is worse at night”
Respiratory rate is 22 breaths per minute
Capillary glucose is 108 mg/dL
Temperature measured at 37.9°C
Which question reflects DoK 2 application of the rationale?
List three objective measures in vital signs
Name the two knowledge types mentioned
Evaluate when subjective-based protocols hinder scalability
Define subjective data precisely
Which statement best captures a key influence attributed to Nightingale on nursing knowledge?
Standardizing hospital architecture and ventilation systems
Demonstrating efficient and knowledgeable patient care
Advocating for physician-led oversight of all nursing tasks
Prioritizing military triage over civilian health services
What did Nightingale’s work help establish about the nature of nursing practice?
Merging nursing with social work responsibilities
Limiting nursing to bedside technical procedures
Defining nursing practice as separate and distinct
Integrating nursing under general medical practice
During wartime, which societal change most directly affected the nursing workforce?
Nurses transitioning exclusively to research
Women leaving hospitals for factory work
Women entering the workforce due to war
Men replacing nurses in all clinical roles
Which option best differentiates health nursing from illness nursing as emphasized historically?
Health nursing concentrates solely on acute disease management
Illness nursing primarily targets community-wide health promotion
Illness nursing eliminates preventive interventions altogether
Health nursing focuses on promoting wellness across populations
Which statement best represents the shift of nursing to a science?
Preference for intuition over measurable outcomes
Emphasis on unstructured experiential learning
Use of evidence to guide systematic care
Reliance on tradition rather than empirical data
Which statement best defines a theory in nursing practice?
A statistical summary of research findings
An unchangeable rule for patient care
A group of concepts describing a reality pattern
A tested checklist for clinical procedures
What is a concept within nursing theory?
A mandatory policy for documentation
An abstract impression symbolizing reality
A concrete tool used in bedside care
A numeric variable measured in labs
Which description fits a conceptual framework in nursing?
A protocol for medication administration steps
A group of concepts following an understandable pattern
A list of skills required for licensure
A single hypothesis guiding one experiment
Why is nursing theory developed as a distinct body of knowledge?
To replace medical diagnoses entirely
To describe nursing and differentiate it from other disciplines
To standardize hospital billing procedures
To limit autonomy of advanced practice nurses
Which method characterizes deductive reasoning in clinical decision-making?
Start with general ideas, consider specific actions
Begin with specific cases, infer general principles
Collect data without forming any conclusions
Rely on intuition without structured analysis
A nurse observes several patients improving after a new positioning technique and concludes it may benefit most post-op clients. Which reasoning type is used?
Inductive reasoning from specific observations
Abductive reasoning toward best explanations
Deductive reasoning from general rules
Analogical reasoning across unrelated fields
Which statement correctly contrasts deductive and inductive reasoning?
Deduction moves from general to specific; induction from specific to general
Deduction validates hypotheses; induction creates policies for hospitals
Deduction depends on opinions; induction avoids evidence entirely
Deduction is qualitative; induction exclusively quantitative
A nurse examines a general nursing theory and then evaluates specific actions it implies for patient care. Which type of reasoning is being used?
Abductive reasoning inferring best explanation
Inductive reasoning from cases to rules
Deductive reasoning from general to specific
Heuristic reasoning using trial strategies
Which statement best defines deductive reasoning in nursing practice?
Deriving a theory from multiple case observations
Applying a broad theory to predict specific actions
Selecting the most plausible cause from findings
Using rules of thumb to make quick decisions
A nurse starts with a theory about pressure injury prevention and determines exact turning schedules for a patient. This illustrates which approach?
Deductive approach moving from theory to action
Inductive approach building theory from cases
Abductive approach choosing likely hypothesis
Intuitive approach relying on gut feeling
When testing a nursing theory by considering its concrete patient-care steps, the reasoning proceeds in which direction?
From partial data to best explanations
From specific instances to general principles
From general principles to specific applications
From habits to non-evidence-based practices
True or False: Evaluating specific actions after examining the nursing theory itself is deductive reasoning.
Cannot be determined
Sometimes true only
False
True
Adaptation theory primarily explains which process relevant to care planning?
Mapping growth from conception to death
Segmentation of care into subsystems
Classification of health promotion strategies
Adjustment of living matter to environment
Developmental theory in nursing emphasizes what central idea?
Orderly growth across the lifespan
Random change driven by stressors
Immediate symptom relief in illness
Static traits determined at birth
A nurse breaks a complex discharge plan into interrelated components to see how they affect each other. Which theory guides this approach?
General systems perspective on care
Adaptation perspective to stress
Developmental perspective on tasks
Holistic perspective of spirituality
Planning anticipatory guidance for adolescence, adulthood, and older age uses which theoretical tradition?
Holistic care framework
Adaptation response framework
Systems integration framework
Developmental trajectory framework
Individualized care aims to achieve what outcome?
Standardizing care to minimize variation
Reducing documentation without assessment
Applying identical plans for all cases
Tailoring interventions to specific patient needs
Which pair of aims most directly promotes public health outcomes?
Acute treatment and disease staging
Developmental tracking and stress adaptation
Holistic care and systems analysis
Promotion of health and illness prevention
Common concepts across nursing theories typically include which set?
Cells, organs, genetics, pathogens
Person, environment, health, nursing
Provider, policy, funding, technology
Law, ethics, culture, economics
A care plan explicitly considers patient preferences, living conditions, community resources, and functional goals. Which core concepts are being integrated?
Person, environment, health, nursing
Data, algorithms, outcomes, metrics
Policy, finance, technology, equity
Disease, diagnosis, prognosis, cure
During assessment, a nurse evaluates how neighborhood safety affects a patient's activity level. Which concept is most central?
Health defined only by labs
Nursing as purely task-oriented
The person independent of context
The environment influencing health
Which statement best reflects the central concept emphasized in nursing theory as shown in the diagram of a nurse engaging with a patient?
The nurse’s tasks drive care decisions
Disease pathology defines nursing priorities
The environment is the primary nursing focus
The person (patient) is the core of care
A nurse plans a shift using patient-centered care. Which action aligns with prioritizing the person as the core of care depicted in the diagram?
Decide interventions solely from lab results
Follow standardized protocols without discussion
Schedule tasks strictly by unit routines
Invite the patient to set care goals
Which of the following is the central theme in theoretical frameworks of nursing?
The health care environment
The person providing the care
The nursing care plan
The person receiving the care
What is the central theme across nursing theoretical frameworks?
Interprofessional collaboration models
Advanced medical technology
Institutional policy standards
The person receiving care
Different nursing theories vary mainly in how they define which components?
Pharmacology, surgery, and diagnostics
Research methods, statistics, and sampling
Billing, scheduling, staffing, and payroll
Person, environment, health, and nursing
Why do distinct nursing theories have unique focuses?
They define person, environment, health, and nursing differently
They use identical definitions across all frameworks
They avoid considering the care recipient
They rely solely on hospital protocols
In nursing frameworks, who is at the center of care activities?
The person receiving care
The healthcare institution
The insurance provider
The technology vendor
Which statement best defines scientific inquiry in health research?
Depends unstructured observations and intuition
Applies anecdotes to predict future outcomes
Relies expert opinion without collected data
Uses observable, verifiable data to describe events
Which is a general goal of research across disciplines?
Replace all clinical judgment decisions
Develop explanations articulated in theories
Increase reimbursement from insurers
Reduce time spent on documentation
Another general goal of research is to find solutions to which target?
Personal career development goals
Historical controversies in art
Clearly defined problems in practice
Routine scheduling of staff shifts
In nursing research, which primary aim focuses on patients in the clinical setting?
Reduce nurse continuing education hours
Expand pharmaceutical market share
Enhance hospital architectural design
Improve care of people receiving services
Studying people and the nursing process commonly includes which domain?
Education as a focus of inquiry
Culinary arts for staff meals
Meteorology for unit planning
Astrophysics for night-shift needs
Which topic fits under studying the nursing process in research?
Real estate valuation methods
Policy development in health systems
Sports management for recreation
Agricultural crop rotation cycles
Which additional area is often examined when researching people and nursing processes?
Tourism management principles
Automotive engine design
Fashion trends in uniforms
Ethics in professional decision-making
Nursing research seeks to develop greater autonomy and strength primarily for which entity?
The nursing profession as a whole
Regional insurance consortiums
Individual medical device companies
Hospital janitorial departments
Providing evidence-based nursing practice most directly depends on which activity?
Generating and applying robust research
Replacing all clinical documentation
Increasing brand loyalty campaigns
Eliminating patient preferences entirely
Which goal of the National Institute of Nursing Research targets symptom burden from illness?
Manage and eliminate distressing symptoms
Promote elective cosmetic procedures
Standardize nonclinical administrative tasks
Focus solely on laboratory chemistry
Which NINR goal emphasizes building foundations for clinical practice?
Develop the scientific basis for care
Expand entertainment services onsite
Limit access to palliative resources
Privatize all community health centers
Which statement best distinguishes quantitative from qualitative research in health sciences?
Quantitative uses numerical measures and statistical tests
Qualitative prioritizes controlled trials and randomization
Qualitative relies on standardized instruments and large samples
Quantitative explores meanings through participant narratives
Which purpose aligns with qualitative research in nursing?
Gaining insight by discovering meanings
Testing cause–effect relationships
Calculating measurement reliability coefficients
Generating precise prevalence estimates
Which belief underpins qualitative inquiry?
Sampling must be probability-based for validity
Variables are manipulated to test hypotheses
Reality is based on perceptions that vary over time
Reality is fixed and measurable across individuals
Basic research in nursing is primarily designed to do what?
Implement evidence-based protocols
Evaluate patient satisfaction scores
Directly improve clinical practice
Generate and refine theory
Applied research is best described as research that
Directly influences or improves clinical practice
Avoids patient-oriented outcomes
Is rarely useful in practice settings
Focuses solely on theory generation
Which variable represents the outcome measured in an experiment?
Independent variable
Dependent variable
Instrument variable
Extraneous variable
What is a hypothesis in quantitative research?
A standardized tool for data collection
A testable statement predicting relationships
A dataset cleaned for analysis
A random sample of study participants
Which item is an example of an instrument in quantitative research?
A validated blood pressure monitor
An untested theoretical framework
A predicted correlation coefficient
A convenience sample roster
A study examining the association between stress and blood glucose without intervention is
Experimental
Correlational
Quasi-experimental
Descriptive
Which design includes an intervention but lacks random assignment?
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Quasi-experimental
Which design features random assignment and controlled manipulation of variables?
Experimental
Descriptive
Correlational
Case series
Which step should come first when planning a quantitative study?
Reporting clinical implications
Formulating a clear hypothesis
Performing statistical analysis
Implementing the intervention
A nurse researcher wants immediate practice change. Which research type is most appropriate?
Basic research
Applied research
Ethnographic research
Meta-theoretical research
Which step in quantitative research comes first when structuring a study?
Analyze statistical outputs
Collect and code data
State the research problem
Select research design
At what point in quantitative research are hypotheses and variables most appropriately established?
Simultaneous with sampling decisions
After analyzing collected data
Immediately after reviewing literature
Just before communicating findings
Which action logically follows selecting a research design in quantitative studies?
Formulate hypotheses again
Select population and sample
Define the study purpose
Communicate conclusions early
Which step is primarily concerned with turning observations into numbers suitable for analysis?
Formulate variables
Review related literature
Collect data
Select research design
Which pair of steps occurs at the end of a quantitative project?
Collect data; analyze data
Formulate hypotheses; define purpose
Review literature; select sample
Analyze data; communicate findings
Which qualitative method is best aligned with exploring lived experience of patients with chronic pain?
Ethnographic fieldwork
Phenomenological inquiry
Historical document review
Grounded theory approach
A researcher aims to build a theory from iterative coding of interviews about nurse handoffs. Which method fits?
Phenomenology approach
Grounded theory method
Ethnography design
Historical technique
Studying cultural practices of a surgical team over months of observation most closely exemplifies which method?
Historical review
Phenomenology study
Ethnography approach
Grounded theory work
Analyzing archival records to understand development of public health nursing best matches which qualitative method?
Phenomenology interview
Ethnographic immersion
Grounded theory analysis
Historical research
Which sequence best represents the overall flow of a quantitative study?
Select sample → choose design → analyze findings
Communicate conclusions → collect data → select design
Review literature → communicate findings → state problem
Define purpose → review literature → formulate hypotheses
Which ethical consideration ensures a study asks a meaningful question and can improve health outcomes?
Value through social and clinical benefit
Scientific validity of study methods
Respect for enrolled human subjects
Independent review by external board
Which action best demonstrates fair subject selection in clinical research?
Recruiting only easily accessible patients
Prioritizing volunteers who donate funds
Sampling based on scientific relevance
Excluding high‑risk groups categorically
A trial proposes invasive procedures with minimal expected benefit. Which ethical criterion is most at risk?
Informed consent documentation
Value for communities and patients
Favorable risk–benefit assessment
Independent external review process
Which element of informed consent is essential to uphold autonomy?
Use of randomization procedures
Disclosure of risks and alternatives
External monitoring committees
Preference for low‑cost therapies
Which practice exemplifies respect for enrolled subjects during and after the study?
Limiting access to trial results
Ensuring privacy and right to withdraw
Stopping data monitoring early
Restricting post‑trial care options
Which statement best reflects the basis of phenomenology in qualitative research?
Understanding lived experience and meaning-making
Measuring variables through controlled experiments
Generating theory from coded data patterns
Predicting outcomes using statistical modeling
Which statement best reflects the basis of grounded theory as described?
Aggregates numerical trends across large samples
Measures causal effects using controlled experiments
Discovers how people describe their own reality
Explains universal laws detached from context
What was the correctness of Question #4 according to the provided answer?
A. True
B. False
C. Cannot be determined
D. Partially true
Grounded theory primarily aims to do which of the following?
Test predefined hypotheses deductively
Discover reality descriptions from participants
Model physiological mechanisms quantitatively
Validate measurement instruments psychometrically
What element connects people’s beliefs to their behaviors in grounded theory?
Social scene interactions and context
Biochemical pathways involvement
Longitudinal time series patterns
Genomic variation differences
Which statement best defines evidence-based practice in clinical decision-making?
Using tradition as the primary care guide
Problem-solving using best available evidence
Following physician orders without critique
Relying solely on personal clinical intuition
Evidence-based practice blends which two aspects to achieve optimal patient outcomes?
Science and art of nursing
Technology and documentation
Policy and reimbursement
Administration and staffing
What does the use of evidence-based practice mandate regarding research?
Replication without critical appraisal
Discarding studies with negative results
Analysis and systematic review of findings
Selective reading of headlines only
Which option describes how EBP may be applied in patient care?
Specific interventions or established guidelines
Unstructured trial-and-error approaches
Randomly chosen treatments for variety
Individual nurse preferences alone
In the PICOT format, what does the letter P represent?
Patient, population, or problem
Procedure and protocol
Provider and prescriber
Pathology and prognosis
In the PICOT format, what does I stand for?
Intervention of interest
Intensity of therapy
Insurance information
Internal validity
Within PICOT, the letter C refers to which element?
Comparison of interest
Control group only
Complication risk
Care setting
What does T indicate in the PICOT framework?
Time
Treatment
Threshold
Trend
Which initial step is essential when reading and critiquing a research article?
Skim the abstract only
Confirm journal impact factor
Review the elements of the article
Check author social profiles
When critiquing evidence, what should be determined using a scale?
Popularity of the topic
Number of references cited
Level and quality of the evidence
Length of the manuscript
After appraisal, what decision must be made regarding a study?
Whether the title is engaging
If it has colorful figures
Whether it matches personal beliefs
Applicability to your practice
A nurse plans to reduce post-operative infections using EBP. Which action aligns with EBP principles?
Adopt the newest product blindly
Avoid reading recent trials
Use favorite dressing method
Integrate guideline recommendations
Formulate a PICOT question for pressure ulcer prevention. Which option correctly identifies the C component?
Use of pressure-relieving mattresses
Ulcer incidence over eight weeks
Adults at risk in long-term care
Standard repositioning schedule
