The Herpesviridae can be subdivided into three ______ based on the type of cells most often infected and the site of ______. Choose the option that correctly completes both blanks.

A 20-year-old female college student presents with fever, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy, accompanied by lymphocytosis featuring atypical cells. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Women with genital herpes reactivated in the last weeks of pregnancy can most likely avoid passing HSV-2 to their newborns if she undergoes cesarian section.

Which of the following best describes the currently licensed smallpox vaccines?

Which 3 of the following poxviruses can infect humans? Select all that apply.

Smallpox vaccination is not protective in case of a monkeypox infection outbreak.

How did Jenner use cowpox to defend against smallpox?

Smallpox virus is a potential biothreat agent because the human population today has little or no immunity.

Poxviruses are like other DNA viruses in that the entire multiplication cycle takes place in the cytoplasm of infected cells; however, nuclear factors may be involved in transcription and virion assembly.

Herpesviruses are large viruses with a double-stranded DNA genome. Which genome size range is correct?

About 50 different herpesviruses are known to infect various animals.

Based on sequence analysis and serologic assays, the most likely origin of the SARS coronavirus is which of the following?

Which 2 of the following statements reflect the pathogenesis of influenza? Select all that apply.

Coronavirus infections in humans usually cause a common cold syndrome. However, the outbreak of SARS in 2002–03 was characterized by pneumonia and progressive respiratory failure. The control of this disease was achieved primarily due to

The antigenic drifts of influenza A virus cause worldwide epidemics.

Influenza virus A neuraminidase forms a spike structure composed of 6 identical monomers, each with enzyme activity.

The following are common characteristics of coronaviruses, except for one. Which is NOT correct?

What is the primary route of transmission for the majority of human coronaviruses?

There is currently an approved antiviral treatment for COVID-19 coronaviruses, but no vaccine yet.

The type-specific antigen (A, B, or C) of influenza viruses is found on the viral nucleocapsid.

Diagnosis of an influenza virus infection can be made through various methods, including isolating the virus.

Which 2 of the following statements regarding the prevention and treatment of influenza are correct? Select all that apply.

The amount of HIV in the blood (viral load) measured by Western Blot assay is of prognostic value and is crucial for monitoring the effectiveness of drug therapy.

The member of the Lentivirus genus (classified in the Retroviridae family) HIV-1 is characterized by which of the following?

HAART treatment results in long-term suppression of HIV in the body, even during the period when (and if) the drugs are stopped.

A practitioner nurse had an accident with an inserted needlestick with blood from an HIV-positive patient. Six months later, the nurse's serum was positive in 2 repeated EIA tests but negative by Western blot. What suggestion would be more correct about the nurse's condition?

The following statements concerning HIV infection are correct except which two? Select the two incorrect statements.

Vertical transmission may mainly occur through the transplacental route and also during the birth process. The role of postnatal transmission through breast milk can be excluded.

The treatment of HIV infection using HAART usually includes a protease inhibitor. Which feature of such protease inhibitors is correct?

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) develops many years after a mumps infection contracted in childhood.

In hosts with prion diseases, no innate immune response, such as the induction of interferons, has been registered.

Hepatitis A virus is assigned to the genus Hepatovirus in the family Hepadnaviridae; only one serotype is known for HAV.

In the nucleus, the partially double-stranded HBV viral genome is converted to covalently closed circular double-stranded DNA (CCCDNA), which serves as a template for all viral transcripts.

Which antigenic type of hepatitis B virus is present in the envelope?

All of the following persons are recommended to receive hepatitis B vaccine because they have a risk factor for HBV infection except:

The diagnosis of hepatitis A virus infection is primarily based on which of the following?

Which two of the following statements about HBV are false?

The majority of HCV infections lead to chronic infections when infected early in childhood.

Which of the following specimens contain hepatitis B virus in an infected person?

Which of the following viral infections can result in a chronic carrier state?

What is the main clinical picture of hepatitis A?

HCV-associated liver disease is the major cause for liver transplantation.

Sandfly fever virus, which belongs to the Phleboviridae family, causes infection with fever, headache and photophobia.

Following statements are true regarding Yellow Fever (YF) disease except which two:

West Nile virus and Japanese encephalitis virus both cause initially flu-like syndrome followed by hepatitis and hemorrhages.

Dengue hemorrhagic fever occurs as a secondary infection in the presence of preexisting antibodies from a primary infection by a different viral serotype.

Transmission of Marburg virus between humans does not occur.

Dengue virus is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is also the vector of yellow fever virus.

Arboviral diseases occur primarily in the tropics and have been found in northern temperate zones such as Alaska and Siberia.

West Nile virus disease may be transmitted from an infected bird to a person by a mosquito. This is an example of (select two answers):

Which statement about Hantaviruses is not correct?

The group name Arboviruses highlights the fact that these viruses are transmitted by arthropods, primarily by mosquitoes, ticks and human lice.

Togaviruses are characterized by the following properties except:

In arbovirus infections, only the female individuals serve as the vector of the virus because they require a blood meal in order for progeny to be produced.

Tumor viruses may have the following characteristics:

Which statement regarding viral carcinogenesis is not correct?

No association of adenoviruses with human neoplasms has been found.

Following DNA-containing viruses have proved potential in development of human malignancies except which two:

Genital warts can be routinely treated by application of the following except:

Human cancer viruses include the following viruses or virus groups except:

HIV is also considered a cancer agent because virus-associated immune suppression supports cancer development.

Tumor viruses establish persistent infections in hosts, with up to several months latent between initial infection and tumor appearance.

A 35-year-old woman is diagnosed with cervical cancer. This cancer is common worldwide and has a sexually transmitted viral etiology. The causative agent of human cervical cancer is

No association of adenoviruses with human neoplasms has been found

Which statement regarding HTLV-1 virus is not correct?

Retroviruses that contain oncogenes are slower transforming viruses, while the viruses with oncogenes that are highly oncogenic.

Which of the following is not characteristic of paramyxoviruses?

Which statement about parainfluenza viruses is not correct?

Serious bronchiolitis or pneumonia related to respiratory syncytial virus occurs most often in children under 2 years of age.

For rabies, there can be a long incubation period (months to years) from time of exposure to appearance of symptoms

Domestic animals are the source of most human rabies in the United States

For which of the following paramyxoviruses is an effective vaccine available?

Which of the following statements is more likely to be true of measles (rubeola) than German measles (rubella)?

Which of the following paramyxoviruses has an HN surface glycoprotein lacking hemagglutinin activity?

Which of the following statements about the congenital rubella syndrome is correct?

The measles virus gains access to the human body via the respiratory tract, where it multiplies locally. No systemic spread occurs

A runner reports an "unprovoked bite" from a neighborhood dog. The dog was captured by local animal control authorities, and it appears healthy. What is the appropriate action?

A 30-year-old man who is HIV-antibody positive with a CD4 count of 100 has a diagnosis of disseminated histoplasmosis. Which one of the following is the best choice of drug to treat his disseminated histoplasmosis?

Arthrospores of Coccidioides are very light and are easily carried by the wind

Subcutaneous mycosis is caused by endogenous fungi that are part of the normal human microbiota.

Most fungi grow well in acidic culture conditions and tolerate low moisture conditions

Which of the following fungi is most likely to be found within reticuloendothelial cells?

Molds are routinely speciated by a battery of physiologic tests, such as the ability to assimilate various sugars

All the statements regarding the dermatophytes are correct except which 2

What term refers to fungal infections deep within the body?

Regarding Blastomyces dermatitidis, which one of the following is most accurate?

Which statement regarding fungi is correct?

Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

Cryptosporidium parvum is one of the major causes of epidemic diarrhea, with domestic animals as reservoirs. It manifests as short-term mild diarrhea in AIDS patients.

Balantidium coli is primarily a zoonotic intestinal parasite that infects farmers through contact with horses, cows, and pigs. It causes diseases similar to amebiasis, including the formation of extra-intestinal abscesses.

Which of the following parasites is transmitted by sandflies?

In malaria, the form of plasmodia that is transmitted from mosquito to human is

Laboratory microbiological diagnosis of a patient with a suspected liver abscess due to Entamoeba histolytica primarily should include

Which statement regarding T. solium is not correct?

Regarding Toxoplasma gondii, which one of the following is most accurate?

Ascaris lumbricoides is the longest and largest roundworm.

Hookworm disease is expressed as anemia with iron deficiency (malabsorption syndrome).

Each of the following parasites is transmitted by insects EXCEPT:

Giardia and Trichomonas are unusual eukaryotes because they

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) develops many years after a measles infection contracted yearly in childhood.

HIV uses the CD4 receptor expressed on macrophages and T lymphocytes. Coreceptors include the chemokine receptors CXCR4 (for macrophage-tropic strains of HIV-1) and CCR5 (for lymphocyte-tropic strains of the virus).

Which of the following factors can be involved in the development of slow virus diseases and most clearly has immunosuppression in its pathogenesis?

Regarding the structure and replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which two of the following is most accurate?

The initial symptom of HIV infection is

Which 2 of the following statements reflect the pathogenesis of influenza? Select two.

The following are common characteristics of coronaviruses, except for one. Which is NOT correct?

There is currently an approved antiviral treatment for Covid-19 coronaviruses, but no vaccine yet.

The type-specific antigen (A B, or C) of influenza is found on the viral nucleocapsid.

Influenza virus A neuraminidase forms a spike structure composed of 6 identical monomers, each with enzyme activity.

What is the primary route of transmission for the majority of human coronaviruses?

The antigenic drifts of influenza A virus cause worldwide epidemics.

Which 2 of the following statements regarding the prevention and treatment of influenza are correct? Select two.

Diagnosis of flu can be easily done since clinical symptoms reliably distinguish influenza from other respiratory illnesses.

"Solar corona" of Coronaviruses are formed by 8-nm-long club- or petal-shaped projections that are widely spaced on the outer surface of the envelope.

An epidemic of severe acute respiratory virus infections occurred among the elderly residents of a nursing home. Influenza viruses A -B and/or COVID19 coronaviruses are suspected. The treatment and prevention of these diseases before the results of virology lab investigations are obtained can be accomplished by use of which 2 of the options below? Select two.

For COVID-19 infection, it usually takes 5–6 days from infection for symptoms to show; however, it can last up to 30 days.

The neuraminidase of influenza viruses facilitates the release of virus particles from infected cells.

The origin of the SARS coronavirus most likely is a mutation(s) of a human coronavirus that resulted in increased virulence.

Which of the following statements concerning antigenic drift in influenza viruses is correct?

The incidence of coronavirus infections varies markedly from year to year, although it is estimated that coronaviruses cause, on average, 50% of all infections.

The type-specific antigen (A, B, or C) of influenza viruses is found on which viral constituent?

Each of the following statements concerning the prevention and treatment of influenza is correct except.

Risk factors for severe MERS coronavirus infection include which of the following?

Influenza C causes mild, sporadic respiratory disease but sometimes can reach epidemic spread levels.

A woman with insulin-dependent diabetes occasionally broke the dorsal side of her right hand. After a month of treatment with penicillin the ulcer had not healed, and the doctor decided to culture a swab of the wound at 35°C on blood agar. In parallel a smear was made for Gram staining where large (10 μm) cells were shown. Brownish, waxy colonies grew on the blood agar. Slide cultures incubated at 25°C showed septate hyphae and single conidia. The most likely cause of the infection is

Which statement regarding fungal growth and morphology is correct?

Fungi are characterized by which 3 out of the properties listed below? Select three.

Around 50 species are responsible for more than 90% of the fungal infections in humans and other animals.

White piedra is often acquired by penetrating wounds sustained while gardening.

Histoplasmosis occurs primarily in the tropical areas of Central and South America.

Fungal cells that reproduce by budding are observed in the infected tissues of patients with which condition?

A pregnant woman in her third trimester of pregnancy, lives in the Central Valley of California. She complains of severe low back pain of several weeks in duration. An X-ray reveals a lesion in the fourth lumbar vertebra. Material from a needle biopsy of the lesion is examined by a pathologist who concluded that the patient has coccidioidomycosis. Of the following, which one did the pathologist see in the biopsy?

The patient, a young woman, applied to a physician complaining on a vaginal discharge. Which one of the following statements is LEAST accurate or appropriate?

What type of infection is caused by Malassezia furfur?

Chitin, a main component of fungal cell wall, is a polymer of N-acetylglucosamine.

Following statements regarding Retroviruses are true except.