The solar system formed ______ years ago.

____________ is the process found in stars where heavier elements are formed by squeezing smaller nuclei together.

Planets formed from a nebular cloud of _________________.

____________ drives plate tectonics.

Heat inside the Earth is from ______________ decay.

__________ is the passage of energy by direct contact.

_________ is the transfer of energy through fluids in which heat rises and cool material sinks.

______________ planets are less than 2AU from the sun. AKA rocky planets.

______________ planets are greater than 3AUs from the sun. AKA Gas planets composed of ice and ammonia.

Earth's layers include:

Earth's layers are formed by _________________, a process of settling density.

_____________________ data has helped scientist in learning about Earth's layers.

Earth's ____________________ is evidence for its spinning, liquid, metal core.

3 types of ____________ match the three layers of Earth.

Check the terrestrial planets in our solar system:

Check all of the Jovian planets in our solar system:

______ layers are very similar to Earth's but it is no longer geologically active because is it smaller and has cooled much faster.

Positive charge & atomic number

Negative charge, same number as protons.

How many neutrons does Oxygen-18 have?

Atomic Number of Oxygen: 8

Atomic Mass of Oxygen: 16

Radioactive decay happens when a ___________ is unstable and breaks apart releasing energy in the form of radiation.

First atmosphere:

Second atmosphere:

Third atmosphere:

Increased photosynthesis indicated increased ________ life.

Oxygen levels decreased as life forms utilizing oxygen ____________.

Early fresh water oceans became salty as water carried salty ___________ to the deltas and then the oceans.

Control Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Independent Variable:

Fossils provide clues about all of the following except:

Warm water coral fossils have been found in Alaska. This evidence suggest __________________.

____________ fossils are clues to the relative age and absolute ages of rocks.

Index fossils are almost always found in which type of rock?

Which came first, giant insects or sea scorpions?

Index Fossils

Trace Fossils

An unconformity (disturbance in the horizontal deposition of a layer) or __________________ is responsible for the sudden absence of a fossil which had been present through many rock layers.

Radioactive dating can be used to determine ________________ (the numeric age of an event established an absolute-dating process such as radiometric dating) as radioactive substances decay at a predictable rate.

Which period did giant insects appear?

The period of the oldest Trilobite:

The approximate age of the primitive fishes

Which mass extinction is nicknamed "The Great Dying." 95% of life on Earth became extinct.

Which is the shortest era?

Which mass extinction resulted in the end of the dinosaurs?

Using Figure E, understand this diagram is showing undisturbed _________________ layers indicating more recent forms of life may have evolved from earlier forms of life

During which period did pollination most likely begin?

During what period did birds and small mammals appear?

During what period did reptiles first appear?

In order to determine an area's ancient environmental conditions and climates, scientist would best observe what?

Earth scientists studied fossils of a certain type of plant. They noted slight differences in the plant throughout geologic time. What inference is best made from this evidence?

Which is an example of a trace fossil?

Which rock type is the youngest?

Which geologic even occurred first (oldest)?

What do the little "whiskers" on the intrusion mean?

What type of unconformity occurs between layers B and C?

What is the best explanation for the irregular surface between layers B and C?

What law explains that layer 1 is the oldest and layer 6 is the youngest?

Which layer(s) were uplifted?

Why are the layers no longer horizontal?

Does this show a dome or a basin?

What happened to the missing rock (shown by dashed lines)?

Is this an Anticline or a Syncline?

What type of rock will not contain fossils?

How do you know there is a fault shown?

The theory stating geological processes that took place in the past are generally similar to those that occur now.

A principle holding that in a vertical sequence of undeformed sedimentary rocks, the relative ages of the rocks can be determined by their position in sequence-oldest at the bottom followed by successively younger layers.

Which type of Unconformity does the image represent?

An unconformity in which stratified sedimentary rocks overlie an erosion surface cut into igneous or metamorphic rocks.

A geologic feature in which molten rock has been injected into pre-existing rock.

Layers of sediment are originally deposited horizontally under the action of gravity.

The disconformity (the erosion surface) is parallel to the layering of both rock layers.

Near which city would you expect to find dinosaur fossils?

Near which city would you expect to find trilobite fossils?

Using the geologic map shown, which rock was the last to form?

The layered sediments slope away from the center of the arch because __________.

B represents which type of rock?

A represents which type of rock?

C represents which type of rock?

Identify the correct feature: B

Identify the correct feature: C

Which type of mountain is illustrated in Picture B?

Which type of mountain is illustrated in Picture A?

Which type of mountain is illustrated in Picture D?

Which type of mountain is illustrated in Picture C?

Which type of boundary does this picture represent?

Which type of boundary does this picture represent?

Which type of boundary does this picture represent?

Which type of FORCE does this picture represent?

Which type of FORCE does this picture represent?

Which type of FORCE does this picture represent?

Which type of STRESS does this picture represent?

Which type of STRESS does this picture represent?

Which type of STRESS does this picture represent?

Which FEATURE/LANDFORM would this boundary create?

Which FEATURE/LANDFORM would this boundary create?

Which FEATURE/LANDFORM would this boundary create?

Why are there mountains forming at Location A?

Where on the map would you most likely find an ocean ridge?

Where on the map would you most likely find MAFIC minerals?

Where on the map would you most likely find FELSIC minerals?

Which type of rock would you find at this plate boundary?

Which type of rock would you find at this plate boundary?

Minerals whose chemical composition are temperature sensitive

Young mountains are ____________ and older mountains are ___________.

Elastic energy is energy stored in rocks in the form of

Earthquakes happen because rocks__________ along fault lines and there is a sudden release of energy.

Earthquakes occur in the Earth's ____________.

Earthquakes are associated with _________ or plate boundaries.

They are the FIRST waves of an earthquake to be detected. They move in a back and forth motion parallel to the waves and can move through solids, liquids and gas.

seismic waves that travel along the surface of a medium and arrives after the P and S waves.

C in this picture is a _______ wave.

B in this picture is a _______ wave.

_________Waves - Side-to-side - not vertical. Ground twists

__________ Waves - Rolling motion

Which wave type is MOST destructive?

A ______________is a gigantic succession of ocean waves formed after a volcanic eruption, submarine earthquake or landslide—not a tidal wave.

________________-a measurement system that bases earthquake strength on ground motion

increases by 10 for every increase in level.

a measurement system that expresses earthquake intensity in Roman numerals and describes the EFFECTS OF THE EARTHQUAKE.

Measures the strength of an earthquake; related to energy released; measurements on seismograph

Which is furthest?

Which is closest?

Point at the depth where the rocks ruptured to produce earthquakes; place where quake waves originate

Location on the surface directly above the focus

Which statement explains why Station X does not receive S waves?

What type of waves might we expect at station Y?

This diagram implies that seismic waves produced by earthquakes:

Identify the magma dome.

Identify the conduit or pipe.

Identify the conduit or pipe.

Identify the side vent.

The partial melting of the mantle and crust will produce

A large depression formed by the collapse of a volcanic cone is called a:

Areas of volcanism away from plate boundaries are called:

What are the most common gasses trapped in magma

The belt of volcanoes that encircles the Pacific Ocean is called