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WorksheetsMacromolecules Review AP
Total questions: 115
Worksheet time: 1hrs 2mins
Which list of components characterizes RNA
A PO3 group, deoxyribose, and uracil
A PO3, ribose, and uracil
A PO3, ribose, and thymine
A PO3, deoxyribose, and thymine
Which of the following molecules would contain a polar covalent bond?
Cl2
NaCl
H2O
CH4
Three terms associated with the movement of water from the roots up through the vascular tissue of plants:
adhesion, cohesion, translocation
adhesion, cohesion, transcription
cohesion, adhesion, transpiration
cohesion, adhesion, hybridization
Select the term that is most closely related to the following phrase: "contains one or more double bonds which 'kink' the carbon backbone.
lipids
Peptide bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
Alpha helix
The process by which protein conformation is is lost or broken down is
dehydration synthesis
translocation
denaturation
hydrolysis
An organic compound that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Which of the macromolecules below could be structural parts of the cell, enzymes or involved in cell movement or communication?
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Which macromolecule is the main component of all cell membranes?
DNA
phospholipids
carbohydrates
steroids
If three molecules of a fatty acid that has the formula C16H22O2 are joined to a molecule of glycerol (C3H8O3), then the resulting molecule would have the formula
C48H96O6
C48H98O8
C51H68O6
C51H106O8
C51H104O9
The partial negative charge at one end of a water molecule is attracted to a partial positive charge of another water molecule. What is this type of attraction called?
a polar covalent bond
an ionic bond
a hydration shell
a hydrogen bond
Which of the following is not considered to be an emergent property of water.
cohesion
transpiration
moderation of temperature
insulation of bodies of water by floating ice
a versatile solvent
Major class of biological molecules that are not polymers
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
A secondary structure of proteins:
Amino acid
Alpha Helix
Unsaturated fatty acid
Peptide bonds
A structural carbohydrate found in plants:
Glucose
Fructose
Cellulose
Cholesterol
Which two functional groups are always found in amino acids?
amine and sulfhydryl
carbonyl and carboxyl
carboxyl and amine
alcohol and aldehyde
ketone and amine
Hydrolysis is involved in which of the following?
formation of starch
hydrogen bond formation between nucleic acids
peptide bond formation of proteins
the hydrophilic interactions of lipids
the digestion of maltose to glucose
Which monomer contains a carboxyl group and an amino group?
Amino acid
Nucleotide
Monosaccharide
Fatty acid
The process of joining two molecules, or compounds, together while removing a water.
Condensation reaction
Hydrolysis reaction
Dehydration synthesis
Chemical reaction
Which type of bond is found exclusively in lipids?
Glycosidic linkages
Peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Ester linkages
Which type of bonds connects polypeptides to each other?
Peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Disulfide bridges
Ester bonds
What experimental setup did Miller Urey use to prove his early life hypothesis?
That carbon dioxide gas and water vapor could create phospholipids.
That nitrogen gas and ammonia can lead to the formation of amino acids.
That sulfur dioxide can donate excited electrons to drive photosynthesis.
That methane gas is an electron acceptor required to complete cellular respiration.
A chemical analysis was done to an unknown sample to determine which type of molecule it is. The sample showed traces of nitrogen and phosphorous, as well as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. This sample is most likely
Glucose
Protein
DNA
Polypeptide
The Miller Urey experiment was able to answer which of the following questions?
Did the molecules essential for life exist at the time the Earth was formed?
Did a comet or meteor transport the molecules necessary for life through space to Earth?
Could the molecules essential to life have formed under early Earth conditions?
Were the molecules essential for life originally self-replicating proteins?
When bonding two amino acids, which two groups always join together?
Carboxyl group to a carboxyl group
Carboxyl group to hydroxyl group
Carboxyl group to amino group
Amino group to amino group
A protein was mutated. As a result, its original structure has changed. Such a mutation would most likely result in which of the following?
Altered properties of the molecules due to abnormal interactions with other proteins.
Abnormal DNA structure as a result of altered hydrogen bonding.
Altered fatty acid structure resulting in a change in ionic interactions between fatty acid chains.
Altered protein secondary structure due to breaks in the protein's backbone.
Which biomolecule is necessary for creating the cell membrane?
Monosaccharides
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Where would you expect to find hydrophobic amino acids in a protein?
On the outside of the protein where it can interact with an aqueous environment.
On the inside of the protein where it will not interact with an aqueous environment.
On the inside of the protein where it is primarily hydrophilic.
On the outside of the protein where it is primarily hydrophobic.
Which of the following correctly describes the secondary structure of proteins with the correct bonding pattern?
Secondary - hydrogen bonds
Secondary - hydrogen and sulfur bonds
Secondary - peptide bonds
Secondary - disulfide bridges
Hydrolysis is involved in which of the following?
The formation of starch.
The digestion of cellulose to glucose.
Peptide bond formation of proteins.
Hydrogen bond formation between nucleic acids.
Which of the following does not result from hydrogen bonding in water molecules?
Cohesion
Adhesion
Surface Tension
Dissolving fats
Which macromolecule(s) have sulfur?
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Fats
Which protein structure involves the peptide bonds between amino acids?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
A covalent chemical bond is one in which
electrons are removed from one atom and transferred to another atom so that the two atoms become oppositely charged.
protons and neutrons are shared by two atoms so as to satisfy the requirements of both atoms.
outer-shell electrons of two atoms are shared so as to satisfactorily fill the outer electron shells of both atoms.
What gives rise to the cohesiveness of water molecules?
hydrophobic interactions
nonpolar covalent bonds
ionic bonds
hydrogen bonds
Which of the following solutions has the greatest concentration of hydrogen ions [H+]?
gastric juice at pH 2
vinegar at pH 3
tomato juice at pH 4
Pure, freshly-distilled water has a pH of 7. This means that
there are no H+ ions in the water.
the concentration of H+ ions in the water equals the concentration of OH- ions in the water.
the concentration of H+ ions in the water is 7 times the concentration of OH- ions in the water.
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in the Figure?
It is a hydrolysis reaction.
It results in a peptide bond.
It joins two fatty acids together.
cell are called ____________________.
Which macromolecule is shown?
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
This image is of what type of macromolecule?
lipid
carbohydrate
protein
nucleic acid
Which type of macromolecule is used for long term energy storage?
Which of the following is considered fully saturated?
Which of the following is considered MOSTLY NONPOLAR?
How many amino acids are featured here?
1
2
3
4
Meat is considered to contain the highest of which macromolecule?
protein
carbohydrate
nucleic acid
lipid
Lugol's reagent tests for the presence of starches. Which type of macromolecule does it test for?
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
Which monomer is correctly matched with the type of bond that holds them together?
lipid: carbohydrate covalent bonds
nucleotide: ester linkages
monosaccharide: hydrogen and phosphodiester bonds
amino acids: peptide bonds
Which functional group is NOT pictured in the image?
phosphate
hydroxyl
amine
carboxylic acid
Which of the following statements is true?
In order to create a polymer, a water is removed.
In order to create a polymer, a water is added.
In order to create a polymer, hydrolysis must occur.
In order to create a polymer, oxygen must be present.
Phosphorous (P) is an important nutrient for plant growth. Figure 1 shows Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under phosphorus‐sufficient (left) and phosphorus‐starved (right) conditions for six weeks. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the difference in leaf growth?
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required proteins and lipids, limiting growth.
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required proteins and carbohydrates, limiting growth.
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required nucleic acids and lipids, limiting growth.
The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required carbohydrates and nucleic acids, limiting growth.
A polypeptide is polymer of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. The process of dehydration synthesis creates these peptide bonds, as shown in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, an amino acid must have which of the following properties in order to be incorporated into a polypeptide?
The ability to remain stable in the presence of water molecules
An R-group
R-group that is compatible with the R-group
R-group of the last amino acid incorporated
A central carbon atom that reacts with a nitrogen atom to form the peptide bond
The ability to form a covalent bond with both its NH
2
NH2 group and its COOH
COOH group
Which of the following describes a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins?
Only some amino acids have an R-group
R-group
Only some amino acids have a carboxyl group (COOH)
(COOH).
Some amino acids are hydrophobic.
Some amino acids contain the element phosphorus.
Which of the following statements is correct about the molecule shown in Figure 1 ?
It is RNA
RNA because of the relative direction of the two strands.
It is RNA
RNA because of the number of different nucleotides found in the molecule.
It is DNA
DNA because of the nature of the hydrogen bonds between guanine and cytosine.
It is DNA
DNA because of the nucleotides present.
Which of the following best describes a structural similarity between the two molecules shown in Figure 1 that is relevant to their function?
Both molecules are composed of the same four nucleotides, which allows each molecule to be produced from the same pool of available nucleotides.
Both molecules are composed of the same type of five-carbon sugar, which allows each molecule to act as a building block for the production of polysaccharides.
Both molecules contain nucleotides that form base pairs with other nucleotides, which allows each molecule to act as a template in the synthesis of other nucleic acid molecules.
Both molecules contain nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups, which allows each molecule to be used as a monomer in the synthesis of proteins and lipids.
Figure 1 represents a segment of DNA
DNA. Radiation can damage the nucleotides in a DNA
DNA molecule. To repair some types of damage, a single nucleotide can be removed from a DNA
DNA molecule and replaced with an undamaged nucleotide. Which of the four labeled bonds in Figure 1 could be broken to remove and replace the cytosine nucleotide without affecting the biological information coded in the DNA
DNA molecule?
Bond X only
Bond W only
Bonds Y and Z at the same time
Bonds W and Z at the same time
As shown in the diagram, when environmental temperatures drop below freezing, a layer of ice typically forms on the surface of bodies of freshwater such as lakes and rivers.
Which of the following best describes how the structure of ice benefits the organisms that live in the water below?
The water molecules in ice are closer together than those in liquid water, so the ice prevents the passage of air to the water, maintaining a constant gas mixture in the water.
The water molecules in ice are closer together than those in liquid water, so the ice forms a barrier that protects the organisms in the water from the freezing air temperatures.
The water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, maintaining the warmer, denser water at the lake bottom.
The water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, preventing the escape of gases from the liquid water.
Which of the following questions would a researcher most likely ask if they wanted to know whether a hydrolysis reaction or a dehydration synthesis reaction is occurring?
Which polymer is involved in the reaction?
Is an enzyme involved in the reaction?
Are the monomers identical to one another?
Is water a reactant or product of the reaction?
Which of the following best describes the role that water plays in the reaction depicted?
In the reverse of this reaction, water is used to promote hydrolysis.
Water is a product of this dehydration synthesis reaction.
When water is added, the two monomers form a covalent bond that holds the dimer together.
As a reactant, water cleaves the covalent bond that holds the dimer together.
The human body is capable of digesting the complex polymer starch into simpler subunits. This digestive process requires the presence of water and the enzyme amylase in order to break down starch into maltose.
Which of the following statements best describes the digestion of starch into maltose?
This is a hydrolysis reaction that requires water to break down a complex polymer into simpler subunits.
This is a dehydration synthesis reaction that requires water to form a complex polymer from simpler subunits.
This is a hydrolysis reaction that forms water by breaking down a complex polymer into simpler subunits.
This is a dehydration synthesis reaction that produces water when forming a complex polymer from simpler subunits.
In the reaction, two glucose monomers combine to form the dimer maltose.
Which of the following best explains the process of this reaction?
Water is added to the reaction to promote the formation of a covalent bond between the glucose monomers.
A covalent bond forms through dehydration synthesis, which results in the formation of maltose and water.
An ionic bond forms through dehydration synthesis, which combines the two glucose monomers and forms the maltose dimer.
To form a covalent bond, the monomers underwent a hydrolysis reaction.
In order to develop antibiotics, scientists need to understand how bacteria grow and reproduce. One factor that is essential for bacterial growth and reproduction is protein synthesis. By understanding how bacteria synthesize proteins, scientists can then attempt to develop antibiotics that block bacterial protein synthesis during an infection.
Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation on how to develop an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria?
How can the formation of covalent bonds between amino acids be blocked?
How can the formation of hydrogen bonds between amino acids be blocked?
How can the phosphate end of the growing polypeptide chain be blocked?
How can the hydroxyl end of the growing polypeptide chain be blocked?
In the cell membrane, carbohydrate chains can be covalently linked to membrane proteins to form glycoproteins. They can also be covalently linked to membrane phospholipids to form glycolipids. These two cell membrane structures are shown in the image.
During an investigation, researchers discover a new toxin that enters a cell after binding to a carbohydrate on the cell membrane.
Which of the following best describes how the toxin attaches to the cell membrane?
The toxin attaches to specific fatty acids on the cell membrane.
The toxin attaches to specific monosaccharides on the cell membrane.
The toxin attaches to specific phospholipids on the cell membrane.
The toxin attaches to specific amino acids on the cell membrane.
The image below depicts how the bacterial protein barnase undergoes modifications that involve changing its conformation, or shape. In order to function in the cell, barnase has to be folded from a nonfunctional conformation into a functional conformation.
Based on the information above, which of the following best describes the functional conformation of barnase?
The functional conformation of barnase has a secondary structure because it consists of a single alpha-helix.
The functional conformation of barnase has a primary structure because it consists of a linear chain of amino acids.
The functional conformation of barnase has a tertiary structure because it consists of a polypeptide chain folded into a three-dimensional shape.
The functional conformation of barnase has a quaternary structure because it consists of interactions between multiple polypeptide units.
Which of the following statements accurately describes a similarity between the nucleotides of DNA and RNA?
The nucleotides of DNA and RNA contain the same nitrogenous bases.
The nucleotides of DNA and RNA contain a five-carbon sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
The nucleotides of DNA and RNA are connected through hydrogen bonds to form the sugar-phosphate backbone.
The nucleotides of DNA and RNA contain the same five-carbon sugar.
Cowpox is classified as a DNA virus because its genome, or genetic material, consists of double-stranded DNA.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the information above?
Cowpox contains a five-carbon sugar called ribose in its nucleic acid structure.
Cowpox has a single-stranded nucleic acid structure.
Uracil nucleotides are not found in the cowpox genome.
Thymine nucleotides are not found in the cowpox genome.
A team of virologists has isolated a nucleic acid sample from a newly discovered virus. In order to classify the virus, they need to figure out whether the viral nucleic acid is DNA or RNA.
Which of the the following characteristics of the nucleic acid sample would best help classify the viral nucleic acid as DNA or RNA?
The nucleotides of the virus contain phosphate groups.
The nucleotides of the virus contain nitrogenous bases.
The nucleotides of the virus contain covalent bonds.
The nucleotides of the virus contain deoxyribose.
The following excerpt describes a potential origin of the first living cells on earth.
"We have proposed that a simple primitive cell, or protocell, would consist of two key components: a protocell membrane that defines a spatially localized compartment, and an informational polymer that allows for the replication and inheritance of functional information."
Based on this excerpt, which of the following questions would best direct an investigation on whether the "informational polymer" is DNA or RNA?
Which functional group is located on the 3’ end of the informational polymer?
Which types of bonds connect individual nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of the informational polymer?
Which functional group is located on the 5’ end of the informational polymer?
Which nitrogenous bases are present in the structure of the informational polymer?
Most species of shark are strict carnivores. However, bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) have been observed consuming seagrass within their natural habitat. Like other plants, seagrasses contain cellulose within their cell walls.
Based on the information above, which of the following best supports the claim that bonnethead sharks are capable of hydrolyzing cellulose during digestion?
Cellulose is consumed as a linear polysaccharide and remains as a linear polysaccharide during digestion.
Cellulose is consumed as a linear polysaccharide and is broken down into glucose monosaccharides during digestion.
Cellulose is consumed as glucose monosaccharides and is converted into a linear polysaccharide and during digestion.
Cellulose is consumed as a linear polysaccharide and is converted into branched glucose monosaccharides during digestion.
In the image above, a thymine nucleotide and cytosine nucleotide are connected together as a dinucleotide. A single guanine nucleotide is also shown.
Which of the following best predicts how the free guanine nucleotide will attach to the dinucleotide?
Through hydrolysis, the guanine nucleotide will form a covalent bond at the the 3’ hydroxyl (–OH) of the cytosine nucleotide.
Through dehydration synthesis, the guanine nucleotide will form a covalent bond at the 3’ hydroxyl (–OH) of the thymine nucleotide.
Through hydrolysis, the guanine nucleotide will form a covalent bond at the the 3’ hydroxyl (–OH) of the thymine nucleotide.
Through dehydration synthesis, the guanine nucleotide will form a covalent bond at the 3’ hydroxyl (–OH) of the cytosine nucleotide.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is classified as an RNA virus because its genome, or genetic material, consists of a single strand of RNA.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the information above?
Deoxyribose is a five-carbon sugar within the nucleic acid structure of HIV.
The nucleotides of HIV form an antiparallel nucleic acid structure.
Uracil nucleotides are present in the HIV genome.
The structure of HIV forms a double-stranded nucleic acid.
In order to develop antibiotics, scientists need to understand how bacteria grow and reproduce. One factor that is essential for bacterial growth and reproduction is protein synthesis. By understanding how bacteria synthesize proteins, scientists can then attempt to develop antibiotics that block bacterial protein synthesis during an infection.
Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation on how to develop an antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria?
How can the amino (–NH2) terminus of a growing polypeptide chain be blocked?
How can the 3’ end of the growing polypeptide chain be blocked?
How can the carboxyl (–COOH) terminus of a growing polypeptide chain be blocked?
How can the 5’ end of the growing polypeptide chain be blocked?
In order to develop antibiotics, scientists need to understand how bacteria grow, divide, and spread during an infection. An essential part of bacterial growth is RNA synthesis because RNA must be synthesized before proteins can be assembled. If RNA synthesis is blocked, bacteria will not be able to survive and reproduce.
Which of the following questions will best direct an investigation on how an antibiotic that inhibits RNA synthesis in bacteria can be developed?
Which chemical compounds add a hydroxyl (–OH) group to the growing RNA strand?
Which proteins are used to undergo cell division through binary fission?
Which chemical compounds block the 5’ end of the growing RNA strand?
Which chemical compounds block the 3’ end of a growing RNA strand?
Lactose is a dimer sugar composed of two monomeric subunits (galactose and glucose). In an investigation, researchers placed intestinal cells in a nutrient medium containing lactose. The researchers determined that the lactose had broken down to galactose and glucose in the manner depicted in the reaction below.
The cells were then modified and re-exposed to the lactose medium. The researchers were no longer able to detect the presence of galactose and glucose.
Which of the following conclusions best explains an outcome of this modification?
The cells were able to perform dehydration synthesis reactions in order to break down lactose into its monomeric subunits.
The cells were unable to hydrolyze the lactose dimer into its monomeric subunits.
The cells were unable to hydrolyze lactose, resulting in the formation of a covalent bond between galactose and glucose.
The cells were able to undergo a reverse reaction and build lactose.
In the reaction depicted above, two amino acids have combined to form a dipeptide.
Which of the following best describes the role of water in the reaction?
Water is a product that forms as a result of the hydrolysis of the dipeptide.
Water is a product that forms as a result of a dehydration synthesis reaction between the two amino acid monomers.
Waters forms as result of a combination between the amino group (–NH2) of one amino acid and the carboxyl group (-COOH) of the other amino acid.
Water is a reactant that is added in order to drive the dehydration synthesis reaction between the amino acid monomers.
