receives conductive signals originating at the atrioventricular node (AV node), and simultaneously activates the left and right ventricles by directly stimulating the ventricular myocardium.

initiates electrical impulses to stimulate contractions.

part of the electrical conduction system of the heart that coordinates the heart. electrically connects the atria and the ventricles.

movement and respiration

sensitivity and nutrients

reproduction

excretion and growth

none of the above

system, cell, tissue, organ

cell, organ, tissue, system

cell, organ, system, tissue

cell, tissue, organ, system

cell, organ, tissue, system

the structure of the lungs

the digestive system

the skeletal system

circulates blood around the body transporting essential nutrients and gases to all tissues.

filters and cleans the blood removing waste products in the form of urine.

takes in oxygen and exhales carbon dioxide, allows the process of gaseous exchange.

holds the entire body in place and allows movement by contracting and relaxing.

shows the skeletal system- holds the entire body in place and allows movement by relaxing and contracting.

shows the reproductive system - allows animals to reproduce and pass on its genetic material. prevents the species from going extinct.

shows the endocrine glands - produces, stores and releases hormones which are messages sent around the body to affect a reaction.

shows the digestive system - facilitates in the taking in, breaking down and utilising of nutrients and excretes waste.

heart

blood

blood vessels (veins, capillaries, arteries)

taken from right ventricle via the aorta

taken from left ventricle via the aorta

taken from the left atrium via the vena cava

taken from the right atrium via the aorta

taken from the right atrium via the superior vena cava

carries blood towards the heart

thin , elastic, muscular walls

large lumen

contains valves

does not contain any valves

1 cell thick

connects venule (veins) to arteriole (arteries)

required for diffusion of oxygen

transporting gases and waste products

regulating body temperature, volume and concentration of body fluids.

regulates clotting

defence against infection

transporting hormones and nutrients

allows oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to flow separately.

allows oxygenated blood to mix with deoxygenated blood.

to allow blood to pass one another.

inferior vena cava

tricuspid valve

superior vena cava

pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

aortic valve

superior vena cava

tricuspid valve

pulmonary vein

pulmonary artery

inferior vena cava

tricuspid valve

aortic valve

Bundle Of His

Purkinje Fibres

atrioventricular node

sino atrial node

single circulation

open circulation

closed circulation

respiratory system

digestive system

endocrine system

circulatory system

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide and water (+energy)

oxygen + water = glucose + energy

carbon dioxide + water = glucose and oxygen

none of the above

the creation of a new individuals from previously existing individuals.

the forming of organisms by other organisms dying.

maintain populations

widen gene pools

protect from adverse conditions

maintain evolution

have companionship forever

sexual reproduction

asexual reproduction

unicorns

wizardry

mating

pregnancy

delayed implantation

viviparity

genetic variation

ability to evolve

better adaptation to changing environments

fast reproductive rates

no risk of genetic or mating conflicts

low genetic diversity

time to find partner

less adaptive to the environment

takes more energy

less efficient at getting rid of dangerous mutations.

produces fluid that, together with sperm cells from the testicles and fluids from other glands, makes up semen

carries urine from the bladder outside of the body. in males it also has the function of ejaculating of semen.

carrying and storing sperm cells that are produced in the testes

transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

carrying and storing sperm cells that are produced in the testes

produces fluid that, together with sperm cells from the testicles and fluids from other glands, makes up semen.

carries urine from the bladder outside of the body. in males it also has the function of ejaculating of semen.

transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.

produces fluid that, together with sperm cells from the testicles and fluids from other glands, makes up semen.

carrying and storing sperm cells that are produced in the testes

the tube that carries urine from the bladder outside of the body. in males it also has the function of ejaculating semen.

a portion of the uterine tube responsible for capturing the oocyte expelled from the ovary.

shields the ovary from the peritoneal environment and provides a fluid chamber for oocytes development and ovarian function.

responsible for the transport of gametes and the survival of sperm.

attaches the uterus to the vagina and provides a passage between the vaginal cavity and uterine cavity.

shields the ovary from the peritoneal environment and provides a fluid chamber for oocytes development and ovarian function.

a portion of uterine tube responsible for capturing the oocyte expelled from the ovary.

responsible for the transport of gametes and the survival of sperm.

4

7

6

5

3

the between cycles of oestrus (if more than one stage of oestrus)

female is receptive to the male

period of inactivity between cycles

beginning of heat, body prepares for mating

period of inactivity between cycles

the female is receptive to the male

beginning of heat, body prepares for mating

under influence of progesterone, uterus, receives egg

period of inactivity between cycles

beginning of heat, body prepares for mating

the female is receptive to the male

to produce ova

prepare the reproductive tract for fertilised ova

behavioural changes to let the male know that she is receptive

stimulates female to stand for the male

to help with sleep

shields the ovary from the peritoneal environment and provides a fluid chamber for oocytes development and ovarian function.

a portion of the uterine tube responsible for capturing the oocyte expelled from the ovary

responsible for the transport of gametes and survival of sperm

attaches the uterus to the vagina and provides a passage between the vaginal cavity and uterine cavity

attaches uterus to the vagina and provides a passage between the vaginal cavity and uterine cavity

a portion of the uterine tube responsible for capturing the oocyte expelled from the ovary

something in the female innit?

shields the ovary from the peritoneal environment and provides a fluid chamber for oocytes development and ovarian function.

skeleton made up of bones inside the body

skeleton on the outside of the body

skeleton made up of fluid filled tubes

jelly

skeleton is on the outside of the body

skeleton is on the inside of the body

skeleton is made up of liquid filled tubes

skeleton is on the inside if the body

skeleton is on the outside of the body

skeleton is made up of liquid filled tubes

no skeleton

dog

Starfish

horse

scorpion

Elephant

scorpion

squid

jellyfish

elephant

sheep

squid

jellyfish

starfish

guinea pig

rabbit

Axial

Appendicular

Axial

Appendicular

First C spine bone, allows nodding movement of the head.

Second C spine bone, allows rotation of the head.

First C spine bone, allows nodding movement of the head.

Second C spine bone, allows rotation of the head.

A framework or scaffold that the body is built upon.

Of soft parts and vital organs.

Joints, ligaments.

Of minerals and lipids.

Production of blood cells in bone marrow.

Storage and release of minerals.

Muscle attachments.

Of soft parts and vital organs.

A framework or scaffold that the body is built upon.

Of soft parts and vital organs.

Joints, ligaments.

Of minerals and lipids.

Of minerals and lipids.

Production of blood cells in bone marrow.

Storage and release of minerals.

Muscle attachments.

A framework or scaffold that the body is built upon.

Production of blood cells in bone marrow.

Of soft parts and vital organs.

Joints, ligaments.

Of minerals and lipids.

Production of blood cells in bone marrow.

Storage and release of minerals.

Muscle attachments.

A framework or scaffold that the body is built upon.

Muscle attachments.

Of soft parts and vital organs.

Storage and release of minerals.

Structure: Cylindrical shape.

Function: Act of levers and aid support, locomotion.

Structure: Cuboid shape-no marrow cavity.

Function: To aid movement and absorption of shock.

Structure: Thin and expanded in 2 dimensions.

Function: Is to protect vital organs like brain, heart, lungs, etc. and provides large areas for muscle attachment.

Structure: All bones that are not long short or flat.

Function: Often for muscle attachment.

Structure: Cylindrical shape.

Function: Act of levers and aid support, locomotion.

Structure: Cuboid shape-no marrow cavity.

Function: To aid movement and absorption of shock.

Structure: Thin and expanded in 2 dimensions.

Function: Is to protect vital organs like brain, heart, lungs, etc. and provides large areas for muscle attachment.

Structure: All bones that are not long short or flat.

Function: Often for muscle attachment.

Structure: Cylindrical shape.

Function: Act of levers and aid support, locomotion.

Structure: Cuboid shape-no marrow cavity.

Function: To aid movement and absorption of shock.

Structure: Thin and expanded in 2 dimensions.

Function: Is to protect vital organs like brain, heart, lungs, etc. and provides large areas for muscle attachment.

Structure: All bones that are not long short or flat.

Function: Often for muscle attachment.

Structure: Cylindrical shape.

Function: Act of levers and aid support, locomotion.

Structure: Cuboid shape-no marrow cavity.

Function: To aid movement and absorption of shock.

Structure: Thin and expanded in 2 dimensions.

Function: Is to protect vital organs like brain, heart, lungs, etc. and provides large areas for muscle attachment.

Structure: All bones that are not long short or flat.

Function: Often for muscle attachment.

Structure: Cylindrical shape.

Function: Act of levers and aid support, locomotion.

Structure: Resemble a small nodule, buried in a tendon.

Function: Modify pressure, diminish friction, and occasionally to alter the direction of a muscle pull.

Structure: Cuboid shape-no marrow cavity.

Function: To aid movement and absorption of shock.

Structure: Thin and expanded in 2 dimensions.

Function: Is to protect vital organs like brain, heart, lungs, etc. and provides large areas for muscle attachment.

Bone marrow of long bones.

Bone marrow of short bones.

Bone marrow of flat bones.

Bone marrow of irregular bones.

They have reduced and shortened bones, so that they're light enough to take to the air.

Their long leg bones pivot on pulley-like joints that restrict movement to the fore and aft, the limbs are levered to muscle masses in such a way as to provide the most efficient use of energy.

Their arms stick out to the side of their body.

Their hands come with an extra thumb and can dig tunnels up to 18 feet per hour.

Their arms stick out to the side of their body.

They have reduced and shortened bones, so that they're light enough to take to the air.

Their hands come with an extra thumb and can dig tunnels up to 18 feet per hour.

Their long leg bones pivot on pulley-like joints that restrict movement to the fore and aft, the limbs are levered to muscle masses in such a way as to provide the most efficient use of energy.

Their long leg bones pivot on pulley-like joints that restrict movement to the fore and aft, the limbs are levered to muscle masses in such a way as to provide the most efficient use of energy.

Compacted vertebrae to stiffen neck when diving and swimming fast.

A small, aerodynamic body frame allows rapid acceleration, lightweight skeleton, and long leg and foot bones.

Their hands come with an extra thumb and can dig tunnels up to 18 feet per hour.

Shortened humerus to stiffen into paddle, extra phalanges, but only four sets (fingers) to form flipper to steer.

Long hind limbs and a strengthened pelvic girdle enable their agility and speed (up to 80 km [50 miles] per hour).

Their long leg bones pivot on pulley-like joints that restrict movement to the fore and aft, the limbs are levered to muscle masses in such a way as to provide the most efficient use of energy.

The spine is highly flexible an adaptation for an animal that makes sudden, long, and rapid strides.

Compacted vertebrae to stiffen neck when diving and swimming fast.

Shortened humerus to stiffen into paddle, extra phalanges, but only four sets (fingers) to form flipper to steer.

A small, aerodynamic body frame allows rapid acceleration, lightweight skeleton, and long leg and foot bones.

Long hind limbs and a strengthened pelvic girdle enable their agility and speed (up to 80 km [50 miles] per hour).

The spine is highly flexible an adaptation for an animal that makes sudden, long, and rapid strides.

Long hind limbs and a strengthened pelvic girdle enable their agility and speed (up to 80 km [50 miles] per hour).

Their hands come with an extra thumb and can dig tunnels up to 18 feet per hour.

A small, aerodynamic body frame allows rapid acceleration, lightweight skeleton, and long leg and foot bones.

Natorial locomotion- Swimming

Fossorial locomotion- Burrowing

Fossorial locomotion- Swimming

Natorial locomotion- Burrowing

Saltatorial locomotion- Hopping

Volant locomotion- Flying

Saltatorial locomotion- Flying

Volant locomotion- Hopping

Cursorial locomotion- Running

Scansorial locomotion- Climbing

Scansorial locomotion- Running

Cursorial locomotion- Climbing

Animals that use ... locomotion have forelimbs that are longer than their body. Gibbons will swing from tree to tree underneath branches using a movement known as brachiation.

Animals that use ... locomotion have extended limb bones to increase their stride length. Carnivores need their limbs to both run and grip, herbivores use their limbs purely for locomotion.

Animals that use ... locomotion all possess wings. However, depending on their environment these wings are structures and shaped differently. The wings of an eagle are broad in order to soar, whilst those of the sparrow hawk are short and tapered to enable it to fly quickly though woodland.

Cetaceans (whales, dolphins) need to breathe air from the surface of the water. In order to do this more efficiently they have moved their nostrils from the front of their face to the top of their heads to form the blowhole. This then allows them to surface but not emerge there whole heads.

Animals that use... have long hind limbs for propulsion and short forelimbs for shock absorption and balance. This enables them to maximise the length of their 'hop'.

Animals that use ... locomotion have extended limb bones to increase their stride length. Carnivores need their limbs to both run and grip, herbivores use their limbs purely for locomotion.

Animals that use ... have wide flat hands that can be used as spades to shovel dirt. They have large toes and claws on their forelimbs and use short, powerful limb bones with large muscles to move soil.

Animals that use ... locomotion have forelimbs that are longer than their body. Gibbons will swing from tree to tree underneath branches using a movement known as brachiation.

Animals that use ... locomotion all possess wings. However, depending on their environment these wings are structures and shaped differently. The wings of an eagle are broad in order to soar, whilst those of the sparrow hawk are short and tapered to enable it to fly quickly though woodland.

Animals that use ... locomotion have extended limb bones to increase their stride length. Carnivores need their limbs to both run and grip, herbivores use their limbs purely for locomotion.

Animals that use ... have wide flat hands that can be used as spades to shovel dirt. They have large toes and claws on their forelimbs and use short, powerful limb bones with large muscles to move soil.

Animals that use ... locomotion have forelimbs that are longer than their body. Gibbons will swing from tree to tree underneath branches using a movement known as brachiation.

Animals that use ... locomotion have forelimbs that are longer than their body. Gibbons will swing from tree to tree underneath branches using a movement known as brachiation.

Cetaceans (whales, dolphins) need to breathe air from the surface of the water. In order to do this more efficiently they have moved their nostrils from the front of their face to the top of their heads to form the blowhole. This then allows them to surface but not emerge there whole heads.

Animals that use ... locomotion all possess wings. However, depending on their environment these wings are structures and shaped differently. The wings of an eagle are broad in order to soar, whilst those of the sparrow hawk are short and tapered to enable it to fly quickly though woodland.

Animals that use ... locomotion have extended limb bones to increase their stride length. Carnivores need their limbs to both run and grip, herbivores use their limbs purely for locomotion.

Animals that use ... locomotion have extended limb bones to increase their stride length. Carnivores need their limbs to both run and grip, herbivores use their limbs purely for locomotion.

Animals that use ... have wide flat hands that can be used as spades to shovel dirt. They have large toes and claws on their forelimbs and use short, powerful limb bones with large muscles to move soil.

Animals that use... have long hind limbs for propulsion and short forelimbs for shock absorption and balance. This enables them to maximise the length of their 'hop'.

Animals that use ... locomotion have forelimbs that are longer than their body. Gibbons will swing from tree to tree underneath branches using a movement known as brachiation.

Animals that use ... locomotion all possess wings. However, depending on their environment these wings are structures and shaped differently. The wings of an eagle are broad in order to soar, whilst those of the sparrow hawk are short and tapered to enable it to fly quickly though woodland.

Animals that use ... locomotion have extended limb bones to increase their stride length. Carnivores need their limbs to both run and grip, herbivores use their limbs purely for locomotion.

Animals that use ... locomotion have forelimbs that are longer than their body. Gibbons will swing from tree to tree underneath branches using a movement known as brachiation.

Animals that use ... have wide flat hands that can be used as spades to shovel dirt. They have large toes and claws on their forelimbs and use short, powerful limb bones with large muscles to move soil.

Thin walls, contain valves, large lumen, blood at low pressure.

Smallest vessels, form bed or network.

Thick wall, small lumen, carries blood away from heart.

Thin walls, contain valves, large lumen, blood at low pressure.

Smallest vessels, form bed or network.

Thick wall, small lumen, carries blood away from heart.

Thin walls, contain valves, large lumen, blood at low pressure.

Smallest vessels, form bed or network.

Thick wall, small lumen, carries blood away from heart.

Trachea travels down the throat alongside the oesophagus and branches into 2 bronchi which then enter the lung itself. Within the lung tissue these branch into numerous bronchioles which have alveoli at the end of them. These filter through the lung tissue itself to create multiple air pockets that can expand and deflate as the dog breathes.

Oxygen rich air is taken to the lungs, travels to the alveoli where the oxygen moves across into the surrounding blood capillaries by diffusion. As the oxygen moves into the blood, carbon dioxide moves the other way by diffusion from the blood into the alveoli. This carbon dioxide rich air is taken out of the body.

Oxygen rich air is taken to the lungs, travels to the alveoli where the oxygen moves across into the surrounding blood capillaries by diffusion. As the oxygen moves into the blood, carbon dioxide moves the other way by diffusion from the blood into the alveoli. This carbon dioxide rich air is taken out of the body.

Trachea travels down the throat alongside the oesophagus and branches into 2 bronchi which then enter the lung itself. Within the lung tissue these branch into numerous bronchioles which have alveoli at the end of them. These filter through the lung tissue itself to create multiple air pockets that can expand and deflate as the dog breathes.

Cervical

Thoracic

Lumbar

Sacrum

Caudal (coccygeal)

The first one the atlas has a large surface area for muscle attachment and allows the head and to nod. The second bone, the axis, allows the head to rotate.

The first one the atlas, allows the head to rotate. The second bone the axis, has a large surface area for muscle attachment and allows the head to nod.

Extra phalanges, flippers form to help steer.

Bones are spongy so can be prone to damage.

Their teeth never stop growing.

Light.

Light.

Long hind limbs to allow speed and agility.

Their teeth never stop growing.

Bones are spongy so can be prone to damage.

Flexible wrists so bat can roost safely away from predators.

Elongated finger bone to aid with steering.

Long phalanges to enable flight.

Short bones, very sensitive and easily broken.

To produce and secrete seminal fluid to create semen and transport sperm.

Stores and matures sperm.

Makes testosterone, produces sperm.

Transport sperm to the urethra.

To produce and secrete seminal fluid to create semen and transport sperm.

Stores and matures sperm.

Makes testosterone, produces sperm.

Transport sperm to the urethra.

To produce and secrete seminal fluid to create semen and transport sperm.

Stores and matures sperm.

Makes testosterone, produces sperm.

Transport sperm to the urethra.

To produce and secrete seminal fluid to create semen and transport sperm.

Stores and matures sperm.

Makes testosterone, produces sperm.

Transport sperm to the urethra.

Contracts slowly to aid movement of the foetus or egg down the system.

Elastic to accommodate the growing foetus.

Starts with the relaxation of the pelvic girdle, the cervix dilates and relaxes, mild contractions start.

The allantois breaks (water breaking) to lubricate the birth canal.

Foetus will rotate into a normal forward position (head first/diving) or backwards (back feet first and tail first).

Strong contractions then result in the foetus being expelled followed by expulsion of the placenta.

Development of primary sexual characteristics.

Sperm production.

Egg production and release.

Development of secondary female characteristics.

Sperm production.

Development of primary sexual characteristics.

Egg production and release.

Development of secondary female characteristics.

Axial

Appendicular

Axial

Appendicular

Auditory (hearing)

Mechanoreceptors (movement)

Eardrum detects vibrations in the air.

Visual (see)

Visual (see)

Photoreceptors (light)

The retina detects light.

Gustatory (taste)

Gustatory (taste)

Chemoreceptors (chemicals)

Cilia detect chemicals dissolved in saliva.

Olfactory (smell)

Olfactory (smell)

Mechanoreceptors (pressure), thermoreceptors (temperature), nociceptors (pain)

Cilia detect chemicals in the air.

Tactile (touch)

Tactile (touch)

Chemoreceptors (chemicals)

Nerve endings detect sensations and changes in the environment.

Auditory (hear)

transmits images from the eye to the brain

controls the shape of the lens

provides blood supply to the eye

maintains the shape of the eye

protects eyes from the elements

used to control shape of the lens

innermost layer of the eye, contains photoreceptor cells

the first part of the eye to be hit by light rays.

provides blood supply to the eye

a white fibrous layer that maintains the shape of the eye

used to control shape of the lens

transmits images from the eye to the brain

a circular muscle that holds eye and controls movement

sensitive to bright light - used for colour vision

helps to control shape of the lens

protects the eye from the elements

innermost layer of the eye, contains photoreceptor cells

used for colour vision

used to control shape of the lens

used to control light entering the eye

provides blood supply to the eye

4

6

2

3

anterior chamber

posterior chamber

left chamber

ciliary chamber

between the cornea and iris

contains clear watery fluid

aqueous humour

secreted by ciliary body

between lens and retina

contains aqueous and vitreous humour

vitreous humour is jelly like and used for support and nutrients

eyelids

eyelashes

eyebrows

lacrimal apparatus