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WorksheetsDerm/Msk Exam 2 - Jones PPT
Total questions: 74
Worksheet time: 44mins
What is a cellular event that leads to whole muscle force generation being the summation of the force generated by the individual cells
muscle contraction
muscle relaxation
What are the anatomical types of muscles
skeletal
cardiac
visceral
striated
smooth
What are the histological types of muscles
voluntary
involuntary
visceral
striated
smooth
What are the control types of muscles
voluntary
involuntary
visceral
striated
smooth
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscles
large forceful movements
rapid and slow fatigue
source of heat
pumping action to push blood through the circulation
control movement of fluid through visceral organs and vasculature
What describes cardiac muscles
large forceful movements
rapid and slow fatigue
long and short contraction times
pumping action to push blood through the circulation
control movement of fluid through visceral organs and vasculature
What are characteristics of smooth (visceral) muscle
large forceful movements
rapid and slow fatigue
long and short contraction times
pumping action to push blood through the circulation
control movement of fluid through visceral organs and vasculature
What characteristics makes up the morphology of skeletal muscles
sarcolemma
sarcoplasm
multi-nucleated
sarcomere
What are sarcomeres composed of
actin
myosin
myofibrils
transverse tubules
What are characteristics of the sarcomere
repeating cellular structure within the muscle myofibril
surrounded by mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum
titan anchors myosin to α-actin Z disc
control movement of fluid through visceral organs and vasculature
What happens to the I-band during contraction
decreases in size
increases in size
stays the same
What happens to the A-band during contraction
decreases in size
increases in size
stays the same
What are the thin filaments
actin
myosin
tropomyosin
troponin
What are the thick filaments
actin
myosin
tropomyosin
troponin
What describes actin
double helical filament made of g-actin monomers
lies between actin grooves
3 subunit protein attached to tropomyosin
What describes tropomyosin
double helical filament made of g-actin monomers
lies between actin grooves
3 subunit protein attached to tropomyosin
What describes troponin
double helical filament made of g-actin monomers
lies between actin grooves
3 subunit protein attached to tropomyosin
Where are myosin binding sites
actin
tropomyosin
troponin
What covers myosin binding sites
actin
tropomyosin
troponin
What does the tail of myosin contain
light and heavy (S2) meromyosin
α helical dimer
globular region (S1), 2 light chains
ATP enzymatic activity
actin binding sites
What does the head of myosin contain
light and heavy (S2) meromyosin
α helical dimer
globular region (S1), 2 light chains
ATP enzymatic activity
actin binding sites
What is a neuromuscular junction
where a neuron synapses onto a muscle cell
where a muscle cell synapses onto a neuron
What is directly involved in somatic neural signaling
muscle fibers
α-motor neuron
motor endplate
vertebrae
What is the first step in neuromuscular junction
motor neuron action potential (depolarization)
Ca2+ entry voltage-gated channels
Acetylcholine gets released into the synaptic cleft
Na+ enters muscle cell via nicotinic receptors
Local current b/w depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane
In the neuromuscular action potential, what happens after depolarization
muscle fiber action potential initiated
Ca2+ entry voltage-gated channels
Acetylcholine gets released into the synaptic cleft
Na+ enters muscle cell via nicotinic receptors
Local current b/w depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane
In the neuromuscular action potential, what happens after Ca2+ enters voltage-gated channels
muscle fiber action potential initiated through voltage-gated Na+ channels
Propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane
Acetylcholine gets released into the synaptic cleft
Na+ enters muscle cell via nicotinic receptors
Local current b/w depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane
In the neuromuscular action potential, what happens after Acetyl-CoA gets released into the synaptic cleft
muscle fiber action potential initiated through voltage-gated Na+ channels
Propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane
Acetyl-CoA degradation
Na+ enters muscle cell via nicotinic receptors
Local current b/w depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane
In the neuromuscular action potential, what happens after sodium enters the muscle cells
muscle fiber action potential initiated through voltage-gated Na+ channels
Propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane
Acetyl-CoA degradation
Acetylcholinesterase
Local current b/w depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane
In the neuromuscular action potential, what happens after the local current b/w depolarized end plate and adjacent muscle plasma membrane occurs
muscle fiber action potential initiated through voltage-gated Na+ channels
Propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane
Acetyl-CoA degradation
Acetylcholinesterase
motor neuron action potential (depolarization)
In the neuromuscular action potential, what happens after a muscle fiber action potential is initiated through voltage-gated Na+ channels
Ca2+ entry voltage-gated channels
Propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane
Acetyl-CoA degradation
Acetylcholinesterase
motor neuron action potential (depolarization)
In the neuromuscular action potential, what happens after a propagated action potential in muscle plasma membrane occurs
Ca2+ entry voltage-gated channels
motor neuron action potential (depolarization)
Acetyl-CoA degradation
Acetylcholinesterase
In a neuromuscular action potential, what does the muscle cell use in acetylcholine degradation
acetylcholinesterase
acetyl-CoA
nicotinic receptors
acetic acid
choline
What are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
ionotropic receptors
Na+/K+ channels
Ca2+ entry voltage-gated channels
cholinergic synaptic vesicle
What is the role of Na+/K+ channels
driving force in a muscle at rest favors a greater Na+ entry
driving force in a muscle at rest favors a lower Na+ entry
What are some characteristics of muscle action potential
end plate potentials are local (graded) potentials with quantal release
local potentials sum to threshold level depolarization
action potential ion channel permeability changes similar to neural action potential
slightly longer duration than neuronal action potential
After a muscle action potential occurs, the action potential then propagates into the T-tubule structure to signal
Ca2+ to release
Na+ to release
K+ to release
Acetyl-CoA to realease
How does the action potential generate a contraction in excitation-contraction coupling
action potential propagates into T-tubule membrane
DHP (voltage sensor) and the ryanodine receptor is triggered
Ca2+ releases on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
DHP (voltage sensor) and the ryanodine receptor is shut down
Na+ releases on the sarcoplasmic reticulum
What does a skeletal muscle action potential lead to in the sarcoplasm
increased Ca2+
decreased Ca2+
increased Na+
decreased Na+
In the contractile mechanism, what regulates contractions in skeletal muscles
neurons
Ca2+
tropomyosin
In the contractile mechanism, what is cross-bridge cycling
shortening of the sarcomere
lengthening of the sarcomere
What is the first step in cross-bridge cycling
hydrolysis of ATP
binding myosin head to actin (ADP and Pi attached)
ADP and Pi released causes myosin head to "ratchet"
new ATP binds to myosin head and causes detachment from the actin
What occurs in cross-bridge cycling after the hydrolysis of ATP
new ATP binds to myosin head and causes detachment from the actin
binding myosin head to actin (ADP and Pi attached)
ADP and Pi released causes myosin head to "ratchet"
What occurs in cross-bridge cycling after the myosin head is bound to actin (ADP and Pi attached)
new ATP binds to myosin head and causes detachment from the actin
ADP and Pi released causes myosin head to "ratchet"
hydrolysis of ATP
What occurs in cross-bridge cycling after the ADP and Pi released causes myosin head to "ratchet"
new ATP binds to myosin head and causes detachment from the actin
binding myosin head to actin (ADP and Pi attached)
hydrolysis of ATP
What happens when the skeletal muscle relaxes
Ca2+ levels drop through Ca2+ ATPase putting calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
no more action potential
ACh is removed by AChE
active sites are covered by tropomyosin due to Ca2+ being removed
ACh releases signals to cause a relaxation action potential
What role does ATP have when it comes to muscle energy
energize the head
allow for head detachment
mediate muscle relaxation
Where do muscle cells get ATP from
creatine phosphate
oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis
lactic acid
blood
What is A
Single Twitch
Unfused Tetanus
Fused Tetanus
What is B
Single Twitch
Unfused Tetanus
Fused Tetanus
What is C
Single Twitch
Unfused Tetanus
Fused Tetanus
What are isotonic muscle contractions
no change in tension
no change in length
muscle changes length
tension increases
What are isometric muscle contractions
no change in tension
no change in length
muscle changes length
tension increases
In an isotonic concentric contraction, the muscle
shortens
tension remains constant
lengthens
In an isotonic eccentric contraction, the muscle
shortens
tension remains constant
lengthens
What does the length-tension relationship of sarcomere (changing sarcomere length alters force generated) determine
isometric contractions
isotonic contractions
What types of tension occurs in isometric contraction
passive
active
slow
fast
Which tension is generated by muscle stretch
passive tension
resting length
active tension
total tension
Which tension is the maximum contractile force
passive tension
resting length
active tension
total tension
Which tension is the force generated by contractile force
passive tension
resting length
active tension
total tension
Which tension is the sum of passive and active tension
passive tension
resting length
active tension
total tension
What is A
Resting Length
Total Tension
Active Tension
Passive Tension
What is B
Resting Length
Total Tension
Active Tension
Passive Tension
What is C
Resting Length
Total Tension
Active Tension
Passive Tension
What is D
Resting Length
Total Tension
Active Tension
Passive Tension
In muscle loading, what is preload
load placed on a muscle before it contracts
load to muscle encounters after it starts to shorten
In muscle loading, what is afterload
load placed on a muscle before it contracts
load to muscle encounters after it starts to shorten
In muscle mechanics, what is velocity describing
increasing the load on a muscle slows contraction
there is a shift from isotonic contraction to isometric contraction as load increases in weight
increasing the load on a muscle speeds up contraction
there is a shift from isometric contraction to isotonic contraction as load increases in weight
In this muscle velocity graph, what is A
initial isometric phase absent; fastest isotonic shortening
initial isometric phase is small; fast isotonic shortening
initial isometric phase is large; slow isotonic shortening
completely isometric; no shortening
In this muscle velocity graph, what is B
initial isometric phase absent; fastest isotonic shortening
initial isometric phase is small; fast isotonic shortening
initial isometric phase is large; slow isotonic shortening
completely isometric; no shortening
In this muscle velocity graph, what is C
initial isometric phase absent; fastest isotonic shortening
initial isometric phase is small; fast isotonic shortening
initial isometric phase is large; slow isotonic shortening
completely isometric; no shortening
In this muscle velocity graph, what is D
initial isometric phase absent; fastest isotonic shortening
initial isometric phase is small; fast isotonic shortening
initial isometric phase is large; slow isotonic shortening
completely isometric; no shortening
What is a whole muscle made out of
many fibers
motor units
slow-oxidative fiber
fast-oxidative-glycolytic fiber
fast-glycolytic fiber
What types of fibers do most muscles contain
all types
slow-oxidative fiber
fast-oxidative-glycolytic fiber
fast-glycolytic fiber
Why do most muscles contain all types of muscle fibers
muscles carry out different functions at different times
muscles only use one type of fiber, the others are not used
