WorksheetsGI
Total questions: 118
Worksheet time: 3570secs
What is the minimum therapeutic dose of a probiotic strain?
It differs per strain, but it is a prudent to prescribe a minimum of 1 billion (10^9) colony forming units (CFU) of each strain
It differs per strain, but it is a prudent to prescribe a minimum of 100 million CFU (10^8) of each strain
10 billion (10^10) CFU
100,000 (10^6) CFU
Which of the following is not a common side effect from prebiotic administration?
Flatulence
Abdominal distension
Sore joints
Abdominal bloating
Abdominal pain
Probiotic characteristics are strain dependent. This means:
Desirable characteristics cannot be extrapolated across the species level
Strains within the same species may have differing therapeutic qualities
One cannot generalize research results conducted on one probiotic strain to another one, even if it is within the same species
All of the above
What differentiates prebiotics from colonic foods?
Only colonic foods are fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids
Prebiotics are only utilized by a limited number of beneficial bacteria in the human GIT
Prebiotics have to be naturally-occurring, whereas colonic foods do not
Nothing differentiates them – they are different terms for the same thing
Only prebiotics are fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids
Which of the following disease states has been associated with gastrointestinal dysbiosis?
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Autism
Depression and Anxiety
All of the above
None of the above
All of the following are prebiotics except one. Choose the exception:
fructooligosaccharides
lactulose
larch arabinogalactans
lactitol
galactooligosaccharides
Synbiotics are a combination of prebiotic and probiotic agents. This combination is supposed to:
enhance the survival of the probiotic bacteria through the upper GIT
improve implantation of the probiotic strain in the colon
have a stimulating effect on the growth and/or activities of both the exogenously provided probiotic strain(s) and the endogenous inhabitants of the bowel
Do all of the above
Do none of the above
What is the general rule of dosing with prebiotic compounds?
Start low and slowly work your way up to the ideal therapeutic dose
Start with the ideal therapeutic dose and if this causes symptoms, slowly reduce the dose until it appears well-tolerated
They work synergistically, so it is best to give a number of them concurrently to maximize effectiveness
None of the above
The probiotic strain Lactobacillus reuteri BioGaia is found in which commercially-available probiotic preparation in the USA?
Bioceuticals UltraBiotic 45
Natren Healthy Trinity
Gerber Soother Colic Drops
Standard Process ProSynbiotic
A probiotic strain that has demonstrated efficacy in the prevention of atopic eczema is
Lactobacillus rhamnosus VRI-003
Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001
Bifidobacterium lactis HN01
Lactobacillus acidophilus LAVRI-A1
Based on the most recent research, probiotics can be used to treat:
Endometriosis
Post-partum obesity
Mastitis
All of the above
Which of the following is not a probiotic myth?
Never take probiotics alongside antibiotics as it is a waste of money
Probiotics are best taken on an empty stomach
Probiotics are best taken with larger, more dense meals to enhance survival through the upper GIT
A good probiotic strain will permanently colonize the human GIT after consumption
Probiotic supplements are superior to probiotic foods as therapeutic tools
A species commonly used in probiotic supplements is
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Bacillus anthracis
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Which of the following is not a mechanism by which probiotics work:
Conversion of excess intestinal gases to water
Competition for space and nutrients with potential pathogens
Production of selectively-acting anti-microbial substances
Via interaction with immune cells along the GIT
Via production of beneficial compounds in the GIT (e.g., polyamines)
Which of the following probiotic products has clinical trial evidence of efficacy for the treatment of infantile colic?
Culturelle Kids Probiotic
Natural Factors Children’s Multi Probiotic
Bio-Kult Infanti
Klaire Labs Ther-Biotic Children’s Chewable
Which prebiotic has been shown to increase microbial β-glucosidase activity in the colon?
Larch arabinogalactans
Galactooligosaccharides
Fructooligosaccharides
Lactulose
Apple pectin
The prebiotics with the current best research profile for improving skin health (levels of wrinkles and hydration) are?
. Lactulose and Arabinogalactans
Lactulose and GOS
GOS and FOS
Lactulose and FOS
Foods rich in fructooligosaccharides include all of the following except one. Choose the exception.
Onions
Garlic
Yacon tubers
Black beans
A prebiotic must have all the following characteristics except one. The exception is:
ingestion of the substance alters the colonic microflora ecosystem towards a healthier composition
the substance must be neither catabolised nor absorbed in the stomach or small intestine
ingestion results in changes that improve the health of the host
the substance must be naturally occurring
the substance must be a selective substrate only utilised by a limited number of beneficial bacteria
All of the following are desirable probiotic characteristics except one; choose the exception:
Human origin
Documented clinical safety
Adherence to the intestinal mucosa
Ability to colonize the human gastrointestinal tract (albeit only temporarily)
Antagonism against lactobacilli and bifidobacteria
Which of the following disease states has been associated with gastrointestinal dysbiosis?
. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Autism
Depression and Anxiety
All of the above
None of he above
Bifidobacterium longum BB536 can be found in which supplement?
Pure Encapsulations Probiotic IMM
Culturelle
Natural Factors Acidophilus & Bifidus
Yakult drink
The potential for an antimicrobial agent to influence the gut microflora is related to its:
Pharmacokinetics
Spectrum of activity
Length of administration
All of the above
None of the above
A pathobiont is defined as:
. A unit of biological organization composed to a host and its microbiota
. A relationship benefitting both parties
A healthy balanced ecosystem
A commensal microorganism that is able to promote pathology only when specific genetic or environmental conditions are altered in the host
Which if the following bacterial genera are capable of producing butyrate? Choose the most correct answer.
Escherichia, Bacteroides, Peptococcus
Anaerotruncus, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia
Atopobium, Faecalibacterium, Enterococcus
Anaerostipes, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus
Which of the following conditions is not associated with intestinal dysbiosis?
Atopic eczema
Obesity
Rheumatoid arthritis
Functional dyspepsia
Irritable bowel syndrome
Which of the following probiotic strains increase your endogenous populations of bifidobacteria when consumed:
Lactobacillus casei Shirota
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
All of the above
None of the above
The three main short chain fatty acids produced in the colon are:
Isovalerate, acetate and butyrate
Propionate, butyrate and acetate
Lactate, propionate and isovalerate
Hydrochloric, acetate, and butyrate
Acetate, butyrate and lactate
Hydrogen sulfide gas is produced by which colonic bacterial species:
Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.
Desulfovibrio spp. and Desulfomaculum spp.
Desulfovibrio spp. and Bacteroides spp.
Bifidobacterium spp. and Desulfomaculum spp.
Which of the following is not a physiological activity of short chain fatty acids:
Trophic effects on the small intestine
Improved colonic epithelial barrier function
Improved laxation
Improved mineral absorption
Improved serum vitamin B12 levels
Which short chain fatty acid directly suppresses the growth of the main methane-producing bacterial species in the gastrointestinal tract (Methanobrevibacter smithii)?
Butyrate
Acetate
Propionate
Lactate
A high milk-fat diet encouraged the growth of what microorganism?
Bilophila wadsworthia
Bacteroides fragilis
Bifidobacterium lactis
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Clostridiodes difficile
Two probiotic strains with evidence of efficacy in the treatment of intestinal dysbiosis are:
Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Lactobacillus casei Shirota
Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La5
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019
Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis HN019
Causes of dysbiosis include:
Antibiotics
Stress
Birth via Caesarean section
All of the above
Which of the following is not a byproduct of intestinal putrefaction?
hydrogen peroxide
Indoles
Phenols
Short chain fatty acids
Ammonia
The disappearing microbiota hypothesis states
That alterations in human macroecology have progressively affected the composition of our indigenous microbiota, which in turn has affected human physiology and, ultimately, increased the risk of allergic and metabolic diseases
That the increased rates of modern allergic and metabolic diseases has arisen due to changes in our genetics
That the increased rates of modern allergic and metabolic diseases has arisen due to global warming.
All of the above
None of aove
Putrefaction is the process by which:
Resistant starch is fermented
Protein is fermented
Non-starch polysaccharides are fermented
Oligosaccharides are fermented
The main cause of gastrooesophageal reflux is
a. Lower esophageal sphincter incompetence
b. Cigarette smoking
c. Low gastric acid output
d. High gastric acid output
Melatonin helps in GERD by:
a. Inhibiting gastric acid output
b. Inhibiting nitric oxide biosynthesis; thereby reducing the rate of transient relaxations in the LES
c. Strengthening the LES
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
In human clinical trials, which agent(s) appears to be the most effective in eradicating H. pylori when used without antibiotics?
a. Mastic gum (Pistacia lentiscus var Chia)
b. Rhubarb root (Rheum emodi)
c. Black seed (Nigella sativa)
d. Vitamin C
e. Vitamin E and C
All of the following agents can be used to improve the efficacy of antibiotics in eradicating H. pylori except:
a. Zinc carnosine
b. Lactose
c. Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12
d. Vitamin C and vitamin E
e. Vitamin C
According to human clinical trials, which agent appears to have the greatest effect in speeding the healing of peptic ulcers?
a. Zinc carnosine
b. Cabbage juice
c. Melatonin
d. Mastic gum
Causes of peptic ulcer disease include all of the following except one. Choose the exception:
a. Helicobacter pylori
A predominantly wholefoods, plant-based diet
c. Use of oral corticosteroids
d. Use of NSAIDs
e. Use of aspirin
All of the following foods or drinks inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori except:
a. Alfalfa sprouts
b. Green tea
c. Grapes
d. Bilberries
To facilitate contact between Helicobacter pylori and anti-microbial agents (natural or pharmaceutical), which agent(s) should be co-administered?
a. N-acetyl cysteine
b. Lactobacillus reuteri MM53
c. Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12
d. Zinc carnosine
e. B and C
Which dietary agent causes impaired esophageal motility, increased gastric acid secretion, transient lower esophageal relaxations and slows gastric emptying?
a. Chocolate
b. Coffee
c. Alcohol
d. Fatty foods
Other contributing factors in GERD include:
a. Delayed gastric emptying
b. Impaired esophageal acid clearance
c. Decreased salivation
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Slow gastric emptying contributes to GERD by:
a. increasing the amount of time for Helicobacter pylori to eat the food. Which results in increased gas production; causing belching and reflux
b. increasing the length of time refluxate is available in the stomach
c. increasing gastric distension, which has been found to increase the rate of transient LES relaxations
d. A and B
e. B and C
Which probiotic strain has demonstrated the greatest efficacy in eradicating H. pylori?
a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii Biocodex
b. Lactobacillus reuteri MM53
c. Lactobacillus acidophilus NAS
d. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
e. Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12
Which of the following agents improves functioning of the LES?
a. D-limonene
b. Melatonin
c. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
d. Lactobacillus reuteri MM53
e. All of the above
Key risk factors for GERD development include all the following except one. Choose the exception.
a. Smoking
b. Physical inactivity
c. Pregnancy
d. High BMI
Which of the following nutrients has been shown to be capable of reversing Barrett’s esophagus in humans?
a. Vitamin C
b. Beta-carotene
c. Vitamin E
d. Lycopene
Wheat allergy can be differentiated from celiac disease and gluten sensitivity by:
a. The presence of a positive IgE test result
b. The presence of a positive AGA IgA test result
c. The presence of a positive tTg IgG test result
d. The presence of a positive tTg IgA test result
Which of the following signs and symptoms occur in celiac disease?
a. Diarrhea
b. Constipation
c. Vomiting
d. All of the above
Fructose malabsorption is more common in which gastrointestinal conditions?
a. GERD and Peptic Ulcer disease
b. Functional dyspepsia and Crohn’s disease
c. IBS and GERD
d. Gastritis and IBS
e. Crohn’s disease and diverticular disease
Which of the following substances interferes with fructose absorption?
a. Sorbitol
b. Galactose
c. Dextrose
d. Glucose
Which of the following is a reason for the rising prevalence of celiac disease?
a. Increased frequency of C-section births
b. Increase in the gluten content of currently grown wheat varieties
c. Shortened duration of breastfeeding
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Ideally, an adequate dose of gluten needs to be consumed for how long prior to celiac disease testing to ensure the accuracy of the result?
a. 6 weeks
b. 5 weeks
c. 4 weeks
d. 3 weeks
e. 2 weeks
Which of these fruits should be acceptable for a patient with fructose malabsorption to consume?
a. Apricots, persimmons, grapes
b. Apples, cherries and pears
c. Plums, bananas and pears
d. Bananas, blueberries and fresh figs
e. Watermelon, mango and lychees
Which of these vegetables should be acceptable for a patient with fructose malabsorption to consume?
a. Alfalfa sprouts and green beans
b. Potatoes and celery
c. Beetroot (beets) and zucchini
d. A and B
e. A and C
Fructose malabsorption causes depression as a result of:
a. Fermentation of fructose creates toxins that when absorbed reduce the production of melatonin
b. Fermentation of fructose creates short chain fatty acids that when absorbed decrease the livers capacity to detoxify endotoxins and ammonia
c. Decreased tryptophan and folic acid absorption
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Indicators of “hidden” celiac disease include:
a. Iron deficiency anemia
b. Delayed puberty
c. Raised liver enzymes (AST and/or ALT)
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
Which of the following substances does not improve absorption of fructose?
a. Glucose
b. L-alanine
c. L-glutamine
d. Erythritol
e. L-phenylalanine
Nutritional deficiencies of all of the following nutrients except one are common in celiac disease. Choose the one nutrient that is not commonly impacted in celiac disease.
a. Calcium
b. Ascorbic acid
c. Magnesium
d. selenium
e. Zinc
Treatment of celiac disease differs from that of gluten sensitivity in that:
a. It requires a strict gluten-free diet
b. Additional small intestinal healing measures may be required
c. It doesn’t require a strict gluten-free diet
d. Nutritional supplementation with a high-potency multivitamin/mineral preparation is needed
Synbiotics are a combination of prebiotic and probiotic agents. This combination is supposed to:
a. enhance the survival of the probiotic bacteria through the upper GIT
b. improve implantation of the probiotic strain in the colon
c. have a stimulating effect on the growth and/or activities of both the exogenously provided probiotic strain(s) and the endogenous inhabitants of the bowel
d. Do all of the above
e. Do none of the above
Which prebiotic has been shown to increase microbial β-glucosidase activity in the colon?
a. Lactulose
b. Fructooligosaccharides
c. Apple pectin
d. Larch arabinogalactans
e. Galactooligosaccharides
Lactase persistence is more common in:
a. People of African descent
b. People of Asian descent
c. People of northern European descent
d. People of Mexican descent
A lectin in which foodstuff can help treat giardiasis:
a. Chick peas
b. Oat bran
c. Mung beans
d. Wheat germ
Lactase nonpersistence is:
a. A condition in which too much cow’s milk is drunk
A condition in which malabsorbed lactose produces symptoms
A condition in which a sizable fraction of a dosage of lactose is not absorbed in the small bowel and thus is delivered to the colon
d. A condition in which the brush border lactase activity is only a small fraction of the infantile level
Causes of secondary lactose intolerance include:
a. Chemotherapy
b. Viral gastroenteritis
c. Celiac disease
d. All of the above
Which of the following probiotic strains is the most appropriate to utilize in the treatment of giardiasis?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae var boulardii Biocodex
b. Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12
c. Lactobacillus plantarum La5
d. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917
e. Lactobacillus reuteri MM53
When taken on an empty stomach, the maximum dose of lactose that is generally well-tolerated in patients with lactose intolerance is:
a. 12g
b. 14g
c. 18g
d. 24g
e. 36g
Overall dietary recommendations to treat giardiasis include which of the following:
a. Eat a wholefoods, high-fiber diet
b. Avoid simple sugars (e.g., lactose and sucrose)
c. Decrease fat intake
d. All of the above
e. None of the above
A condition commonly associated with lactose intolerance is:
a. Celiac disease
b. Diverticulitis
c. Irritable bowel syndrome
d. A and B
e. A and C
Lactose is a sugar found in all mammalian milks
True
False
Giardia infects what section of the gut?
a. All of the above
b. Stomach
c. Large intestine
d. Small intestine
Probiotics can play a role in the management of SIBO by:
a. selectively modifying the small intestinal ecosystem
b. stimulating the migrating motor complex
c. helping to heal the leaky gut
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Which of the following conditions is not commonly associated with SIBO?
a. rheumatoid arthritis
b. acne vulgaris
c. Parkinson's disease
d. fibromyalgia
e. NAFLD
The medicinal herb with activity against the widest range of SIBO-related microorganisms is:
a. pomegranate rind
b. green tea
c. peppermint essential oil
d. dried garlic extract
e. none of the above
Based on the following breath test result, what is the most likely diagnosis? Choose the best answer.
a. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth - methane and colonic methane overproduction
b. Fructose intolerance
c. Lactose intolerance
d. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth - hydrogen
The microorganisms involved in SIBO can:
a. ferment carbohydrates only
b. ferment carbohydrates and putrefy proteins
c. cause deficiency of vitamin B12
d. a and c
e. b and c
Based on current best evidence, which breath test is considered the most accurate for the diagnosis of SIBO:
a. glucose breath test
b. fructose breath test
c. lactose breath test
d. lactulose breath test
Gut healing agents that could be utilized in SIBO include:
a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Biocodex
b. glutamine
c. lactulose
d. partially hydrolysed guar gum
e. all of the above
Risk factors for SIBO include all of the following except:
a. moderate alcohol consumption
b. use of opiates
c. proton pump inhibitor use
d. radiotherapy-induced enteritis
Normal GI protective mechanisms against SIBO include:
a. gastrointestinal secretory IgA secretion
b. gastric acid
c. normal intestinal motility
d. all of the above
In patients with SIBO, prebiotics are:
a. potentially useful therapeutic tools
b. contraindicated
According to human research, the herbal medicines with the most supportive evidence in the treatment of Crohn's disease are:
a. Aloe vera, slippery elm, and marshmallow root
b. wormwood, boswellia, and turmeric
c. turmeric, chamomile, and peppermint
d. bilberries, turmeric, and barberry
Supplementation of what vitamin that appears to be most efficacious in the treatment of Crohn's disease?
a. Vitamin D
b. Vitamin A
c. Vitamin B12
d. Vitamin B9
The most important aspect of dealing with a child with viral gastroenteritis is:
a. giving the right probiotic strain
b. preventing dehydration
c. shortening the duration of the vomiting
d. shortening the duration of the diarrhea
Which of the following agents can be used to treat viral gastroenteritis?
a. carob powder
b. cinnamon bark tea
c. blackberry or raspberry leaf tea
d. all of the above
e. none of the above
Etiological factors involved in the development of Crohn's disease include all of the following except one. Choose the exception.
a. living at higher latitudes
b. formula feeding in infancy and early childhood
c. living in a rural environment
d. recent antibiotic usage
Dietary risk factors for Crohn's disease development include:
a. a high refined sugar intake
b. decreased consumption of vegetables and fruit
c. consumption of a low fiber diet
d. increased consumption of animal protein and a high total protein intake
e. all of the above
Conditions associated with Crohn's disease include all of the following except one. Choose the exception.
a. Clostridium difficile infection
b. peptic ulcer disease
c. SIBO
d. fructose intolerance
e. lactose intolerance
Dietary suggestions that may improve gastrointestinal signs and symptoms of Crohn's disease patients in remission or prevent relapse include:
a. eating a predominantly plant-based diet rich in antioxidants
b. low lactose or lactose free diet
c. low fructose diet
d. all of the above
e. reducing intake of animal protein and processed foods
The probiotic strains of choice in the treatment of Crohn's disease are:
a. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1
b. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Biocodex and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12
c. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Biocodex and Echerichia coli Nissle 1917
d. Lactobacillus johnsonii LA1 and Lactobacillus reuteri MM53
e. none of the above
The most appropriate probiotic strain for the treatment of viral gastroenteritis is:
a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii Biocodex
b. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG
c. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR1
d. Lactobacillus reuteri MM53
e. none of the above
The prebiotic of choice in IBS is:
galactooligosaccharides
fructooligosaccharides
lactulose
lactitol
all of these
Risk factors for the development of IBS include all of the following except:
stressful life events
familial disposition
antibiotic use
tinea versicolour
acute GIT infection
Other dietary considerations in IBS include:
FODMAPs
gluten
IgG allergens
all of the above
none of the above
What Western herbal medicine appears to have the greatest evidence in support for its use in the treatment of IBS?
Turmeric
Peppermint essential oil
Fennel essential oil
Asafoetida
Choose the single answer that best answers the question. Agents that have demonstrated a capability to decrease one of the key underlying factors in IBS, visceral hypersensitivity, include:
Iberogast herbal formula
Melatonin
Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938
Both Iberogast and Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938
Both Iberogast and Melatonin
The main tools used to normalize bowel habits in C-IBS are:
fiber
exercise
fluid
all of the above
none of the above
Treatment aims in IBS include:
optimizing the GIT microflora
. minimize IBS symptoms
diminish visceral hypersensitivity
all of the above
none of the above
The three GIT symptoms that have the greatest negative impact upon the quality of life of IBS sufferers are:
distension, diarrhea and flatulence
bloating, abdominal pain and straining at stool
frequent belching, bloating and straining at stool
bloating, diarrhea and frequent belching
none of the above
Etiological factors involved in IBS include:
dysbiosis
altered GIT motility
low-grade inflammation
enhanced visceral perception
all of the above
What is the best rationale to base your prescribing of a particular probiotic supplement on?
Claims made in a manufacturers' brochure
Your clinical experience
Your colleagues' clinical experience
Choose the supplement with the highest CFU
Clinical trial level evidence of efficacy
Based on clinical trial data, the probiotic strains of choice in bacterial vaginosis are...
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1 and Lactobacillus reuteri RC-14
Lactobacillus acidophilus LA5
Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM
Lactobaciullus rhamnosus GG
Which of the following is not a significant source of dietary sulfate?
Baked potato
Organic dried fruit
Red wine
Frozen shrimp
White bread
Which of the following is not a health benefit of the colonic microflora?
Xenobiotic metabolism
Colonization resistance
Modulation of the immune system
Enhanced laxation
Vit C production
Which gut bacteria produce lactate?
bacteroides
e coli
klebsiella
lactobacillus
Streptococcus
What is the prebiotic of choice to prevent Traveler's diarrhea?
GOS
FOS
Lactulose
Inulin
An alarm sign to be aware of when treating someone diagnosed with GERD is:
Black tarry stools
Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)
Vomiting
Diarrhea
The best probiotic strains to use in the treatment of IBS are:
Bifidobacterium lactis CUL-34,
Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL-20
Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL-60 and CUL-21
Bifidobacterium infantis 35624
all of the above
Carminative herbs (gas reducing) include all of the following except:
dragon bloos
peppermint
caraway
dilseed
fennel seeds
1. Enhance immunity - reduce infections, diarrhea, fever in toddlers
2. Enhance Ca+ absorption - enhance calbindin-D9k (Ca transporter) and lower pH
3. Improve phytoestrogen bioavailability - genistein
4. Improved medicinal herb efficacy - Important post-antibiotic therapy
5. Improve serum lipids
6. Health damaged intestines/mucosa
7. Treat and prevent atopic eczema - improve dysbiosis
8. Promote satiety and lower BW
9. Dysbiosis - Enhances bifidobacteria and decreases pathogens (clostridia, E. coli)
* Dosage: 10 g/day but start 3 g/day
FOS
GOS
Lactulose
Colonic Foods
- Semi-synthetic disaccharide (fructose + galactose) made from heating lactose
- Uses:
1. Dysbiosis - Enhances Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria, treats SIBO and salmonella
2. Candida (GIT and vaginal) from AB
3. Constipation
4. Colon cancer
5. Damaged intestinal or colonic mucosa
6. Alcoholic liver disease
7. Lowered immunity
8. Endotoxemia - give before surgery to reduce sepsis/LPS
9. Prevents UTIs
10. Atopic eczema
11. Ulcerative colitis
* Dosage: 10 g 2x/day, more for constipation and liver disease. Syrup - 5 ml = 3.5 g so 3 tsp/day, start 1 tsp
FOS
GOS
Lactulose
Colonic Foods
- Non-digestible CHO produced from lactose using B-galactosiades
- Uses:
1. Dysbiosis - Enhance lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, reduce Desulfovibrio
2. Constipation
3. Atopic diseases
4. Increased resistance to infections
5. IBS - 3.5 g/day (reduce symptoms, anxiety)
6. Improved Ca+ absorption
7. Metabolic syndrome - Lower CRP, insulin, TC, TG
8. Prevent GIT infections
9. Traveller's diarrhea
* Less likely to cause bloating, gas, pain
** Dosing: 2.5 - 15 g/day
FOS
GOS
Lactulose
Colonic Foods
