The microscope of choice for a detailed three-dimensional study of the surface of a specimen is the

An image produced by passing visible light through a specimen is obtained using the

Some of the largest spherical cells in the human body (for example, oocytes) have a diameter of approximately

The shape of skeletal muscle cells is described as

Another name for the intracellular fluid is

Which is not considered part of the cytoplasm?

The _______ is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell.

The largest internal cellular structure is known as the ______ and is the cell's control center.

Which is a non-membrane-bound organelle?

The pigment melanin is a(n)

If the nutrient glycogen is found stored inside a cell, it is considered a(n)

Which of the following choices describes three general functions cells must perform?

The lipid that stabilizes the membrane at extreme temperatures and is found in the hydrophobic regions of the bilayer is

The most abundant lipid of the membrane consists of a head and two tails. This type of lipid is

Glycolipids are found on the

Proteins that are embedded within, and extend across, the phospholipid bilayer are called _____ proteins.

Proteins that assist the movement of a substance across the membrane are called _________ proteins.

Movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to one where it is less concentrated is known as

Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is

Which is a passive transport process?

Channel-mediated diffusion is a subtype of

The movement of glucose across a plasma membrane is achieved by

When a small, polar solute binds to a membrane protein that then changes shape and transports the solute across the membrane, the process is known as

Consider a cell with a total internal solute concentration of 0.9%. Placing the cell in which bath solution would result in creation of the greatest osmotic pressure in the cell?

When a cell is placed in a solution with a very low solute concentration, water diffuses into the cell. Such a solution is called a(n) _________ solution.

Cell shrinking, also known as crenation, occurs when a cell is placed into a(n) _________ solution.

The sodium-potassium ATPase functions by performing

Coupled transport that involves the moving of one substance against its concentration gradient by using energy from a second substance moving down its concentration gradient is known as

The release of neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of

The uptake of cholesterol into cells is an example of

When a cell surrounds a large particle with pseudopodia and then engulfs it, the process is called

Pinocytosis is the process in which the cell

When fertilization occurs, the sperm recognizes the egg by

When ligands bind to them, ___________ receptors directly phosphorylate enzymes within the cell.

Which choice describes the activation steps of a G protein-coupled receptor properly (and in correct order)?

The _________ are responsible for synthesizing most of a human body cell's ATP.

Identify the organelle that provides enzymes for autolysis.

Which of the following structures function in holding organelles in place, maintaining cell shape and rigidity, and directing organelle movement?

Which is an active transport process?

Which of the following factors influence cell membrane permeability?

Exocytosis occurs as a result of

In order to process digested nutrients and detoxify chemical agents such as drugs and alcohol, the ______ contains abundant amounts of smooth ER.

Which is not a membrane-bound organelle?

Removal of old organelles is via a process called

Catalase-containing peroxisomes are most abundant in ______ cells.

The folds of the internal membrane of a mitochondrion are called

The organelles responsible for organizing microtubules that are part of the mitotic spindle are called

In humans, the only cell that bears a flagellum is the ________ cell.

Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a cell for absorption and secretion?

Because they produce ribosome subunits, one would expect to find large numbers of nucleoli in cells that synthesize

Which are the smallest components of the cytoskeleton?

These junctions hold adjacent cells together and provide resistance to mechanical stress.

Mucus is moved along the lining of the trachea by extensions from cell membranes known as

The building blocks that form the DNA double helix are called

Which is not one of the bases found in DNA nucleotides?

The function of the nucleolus is to make

The nuclear envelope consists primarily of

Which statement is accurate?

During transcription

Which of the following is considered a required enzyme for the process of transcription?

If the sequence of DNA nucleotides being read is TTACTG, then transcription results in the formation of the sequence

The term "codon" refers to

a three-base sequence of mRNA.

Which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis?

The phase of mitosis that begins as spindle fibers pull sister chromatids apart at the centromere is

The phase of mitosis that begins with the arrival of a group of single-stranded chromosomes at each pole of the cell is

Which does not occur during the G2 phase?

The last part of interphase is called

The replication of a DNA molecule during interphase occurs during the

Cytokinesis usually begins before ________ ends.

Which is not characteristic of a cell undergoing apoptosis?

The term "flagellum" is appropriate for the structure it represents because it means

The potential across a cell membrane has changed drastically, from -90mV to +30mV. In other words,

To maintain a resting membrane potential, the sodium-potassium pump

Which type of protein is used by cells of the immune system to distinguish normal cells from foreign or infected cells?

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.

Osmosis is the diffusion of

The sodium-potassium pump moves

Epithelial tissue tends to be richly innervated and highly regenerative.

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities?

In what tissue would you expect to find very little, if any, extracellular matrix?

Which feature is not characteristic of epithelial tissue?

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue?

Groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function are called

Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)?

What specialized feature of an epithelium consists of a reticular lamina, a lamina densa, and a lamina lucida?

A _____________ epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells attached directly to a basement membrane.

Which type of epithelium is composed of multiple layers, including an apical layer containing tall, slender cells?

The walls of kidney tubules are formed by _____________ epithelium, which functions in resorbing materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water.

Which of the following is not lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

Microscopic folds that extend from the apical surface of certain epithelia to increase the surface area for absorption and secretion are called

If you gently rub your thumb and forefinger together, each finger is contacting

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium is found lining

The type of epithelium that lines the urinary bladder and may include some binucleated cells is called ____________ epithelium.

What type of epithelium would be most suited for high levels of diffusion and filtration?

The lining of the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) is comprised of what epithelium?

Which type of epithelial tissue would be the least protective?

Epithelial tissues have an attached (basal) border and a free (apical) border. This arrangement is known as

In nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue, the cells in the superficial layers are dead.

Exocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood.

If you were to rub your finger over the surface of your face, you would notice that the skin is oily. What makes up the oil?

You would most likely find goblet cells in what type of tissue?

If a person were unable to form saliva, what type of gland could be missing or malfunctioning?

When mucin mixes with water, it becomes

Which of the following is not secreted by glands?

Endocrine glands

The type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell disintegrates, liberating any accumulated products, is the __________ gland.

Endocrine glands secrete

An exocrine gland has two parts:

Which primary tissue type would be represented by blood, body fat, ligaments and tendons, dermis of the skin, and the cartilage of some joints?

Which of the primary tissue types is most widely distributed throughout the body?

All connective tissues have three features in common. They are

In connective tissue, the extracellular matrix consists of

All connective tissue is formed from which embryonic germ layer?

Which is the first type of connective tissue to form in the embryo and the source of all other adult connective tissues?

Mesenchyme is found only in the umbilical cord.

Which cell type, found in connective tissue proper and close to blood vessels, secretes heparin and histamine?

Which cell type, found in connective tissue proper, is formed from monocytes and serves to phagocytize damaged cells or pathogens?

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysaccharides.

Which type of connective tissue protein fiber forms a meshlike framework that provides structural support within many organs (within the spleen, for example)?

Fibronectin is an example of a(n)

Connective tissue proper is divided into two broad categories: loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue. This classification is based upon the

Many connective tissues play a role in immune protection.

Which type of connective tissue is found in the papillary layer of the dermis and contains all of the cell types of connective tissue proper?

Which type of connective tissue predominates in the deep portion of the dermis, where it lends strength to the skin?

The most common type of cartilage, named for its glassy appearance, is

Which feature is found in both cartilage and bone?

The internal feature of bone that makes it simultaneously strong and lightweight is the

What unit of bone consists of a central canal (containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels) surrounded by concentric rings of calcified matrix?

Some bone interiors contain hemopoietic tissue, which functions in

Plasma is

There are four types of body membranes. Select the exception.

The type of membrane that prevents desiccation, provides lubrication, and traps bacteria and foreign particles is

*The largest of the body membranes, commonly called the skin, is the _______ membrane.

*The heart is confined within a double-walled serous membrane sac. The part of the membrane that is in contact with the heart is the _____ layer.

*Synovial membranes are composed of areolar connective tissue covered with _________ epithelial cells.

*The type of membrane that lines many of the body's joints is a _________ membrane.

*The type of muscle that has elongated, multinucleated cells and is under voluntary control is __________ muscle.

Cardiac muscle is also known as visceral muscle.

What type of muscle contains intercalated discs?

The type of muscle that is found in blood vessel walls is __________ muscle.

Dendrites

Axons

Glial cells transmit impulses.

The nucleus of a neuron is found in its

Some neurons are longer than 1 meter.

The general name given to the phenomenon that occurs when a mature epithelium changes to a different form is

All muscle tissue develops from mesoderm.

Which list is in correct developmental order?

The epithelial linings of the respiratory and digestive systems develop from the

When hyperplasia proceeds out of control, a tumor may develop. This condition is termed

Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue.

Shrinkage of tissue by a decrease in either cell number or cell size is termed

With age, connective tissues

With age, epithelial tissues

With age, bones

The two types of cells that make up the nervous system are

Where in the body would you find a glial cell?

The primary role of epithelial tissue in the stomach is

An organ is made up of only one tissue type; for example, the heart is made of cardiac muscle.

Suppose that you had a congenital condition that prevented your body from forming holocrine glands. If that were the case, which statement would be most accurate?

Mucous connective tissue is found only in

Which connective tissue cells produce antibodies?

What is the most abundant protein in the body, forming about 25% of all body protein?

What feature of your ear accounts for its ability to regain its shape after it has been deformed or compressed?

Where in the body would you expect to find a perichondrium?

Suppose that you were involved in an automobile accident and suffered a back injury. When examined by your physician you are told that you have a slipped disc in the lower back. What type of tissue is involved?

A skeletal muscle fiber is

*If you were examining a microscope slide containing a type of muscle tissue and observed a branching network of striated cells, each with one or two central nuclei, you could conclude that you were looking at _____ muscle.

Which type of muscle contains fusiform cells that function to propel materials through hollow organs?

The nucleus and other organelles of a neuron are primarily housed in which part of the cell?

A tissue transplant from an animal to a human is a(n)

A tissue transplant from one person to another (one who is not genetically identical) is a(n)

Suppose you cut your finger only slightly in what is known as a "paper cut." You observe that the cut hurts but it doesn't bleed. How would you interpret your observation?

*Number 1 indicates a simple _____ gland.

Number 2 indicates a compound _____ gland.

In this image showing connective tissue components, what structure does number 1 indicate?

In this image showing connective tissue components, what structure does number 2 indicate?

Another name for the skin is the _________ membrane.

Which is not a function of the integument?

What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin?

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis?

From deep to superficial, the order of the strata of the epidermis is

Keratinocytes are

Tactile (Merkel) cells are sensitive to

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ______ response.

Which are applicable to the stratum corneum?

The process of keratinization begins in the stratum granulosum.

Thick skin contains

Normally, skin color results from a combination of

Generally, people have ________ number of melanocytes ______________.

The function of melanin in the skin is to

Within the body, carotene is converted to

Which skin markings usually disappear during childhood?

Freckles are the result of

Among the components of the dermis are

a: sweat glands

b: hair follicles

c: collagen fibers

d: sensory nerve endings

e: arrector pili muscles

Blood capillaries that supply nourishment for the epidermis are located in the

The reticular layer of the dermis consists primarily of

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

The deeper sublayer of the dermis is the ________ layer, and it is the _______ of the two.

To speed healing from surgery, incisions should be placed ________ to lines of cleavage.

Lines of cleavage are a result of

Areas where adult males tend to accumulate subcutaneous fat include the

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis.

Which is the actively growing part of the nail?

Which of these comprise the nail plate?

a: Free edge

b: Nail folds

c: Eponchyium

d: Nail root

e: Nail body

Another name for the cuticle is the

Fingernails are helpful in protecting the distal tips of fingers and in grasping small objects.

Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males?

Fine hair called _________, which is unpigmented or lightly pigmented, is the primary human hair and is found on the upper and lower limbs.

The part of the hair that extends beyond the skin surface is called the

While most of the cells in a hair are dead, the living epithelial cells are found in

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing "goose bumps" is the

The epithelial tissue root sheath is the _________ layer of the concentric layers making up the hair follicle wall; it derives from the ________.

Where on the human body is the hair thick enough to retain heat?

Which of these are functions of hair?

a: Sensory reception

b: Heat retention

c: Pheromone dispersal

d: Protection

e: Visual identification

The growth rate for a scalp hair is about _______ per day for 1.5 to 7 years, and then the hair becomes dormant.

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions is the ________ sweat gland.

Apocrine sweat glands secrete sweat by having the apical portion of epithelial cells pinch off.

Sebum is a secretion that

Cerumen is a secretion that

What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer?

Transpiration is another name for sweating.

One of the main dangers of burns is

Skin is an entirely waterproof barrier, preventing all gain or loss of fluid from the skin except sweat.

Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate.

When exposed to ultraviolet light, keratinocytes convert a steroid precursor into ________, a molecule that is crucial for regulation of calcium levels.

One of the components of sweat is the nitrogenous waste urea.

Drugs that are administered by skin patches tend to be _______ soluble molecules that are absorbed ________.

Cancer cells in the epidermis are attacked by

Immune cells of the epidermis tend to be found in the stratum:

In order to retain heat, what occurs in the skin on a cold day?

Sensory receptors in the dermis detect touch, temperature, and light.

Fingernails and toenails start to form in the ______ week of development.

Severe injuries and burns to the skin result in scars that are

The two types of leukocytes that clean up debris underneath the blood clot of a wound are

Granulation tissue is

The epidermis derives from

Early in the development of skin, ectoderm becomes

Fingernails reach the tips of the fingers before toenails are fully formed.

Sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the

Compared to a young adult, an older individual has ________ skin.

Compared to the young, elderly individuals have _______ epidermal dendritic skin cells.

Skin cancer is the _______ type of cancer, and due to sun exposure it occurs most frequently on the __________.

The skin consists of different tissue types that perform specific activities and therefore is to be considered an organ.

When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region.

The epidermal dendritic cells are able to play an important immune response role by their phagocytic activity.

Melanocyte cytoplasmic processes transfer pigment granules into stratum basale keratinocytes; these pigment granules shield the nuclear DNA from UV radiation.

The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals.

The thin epidermis, lacking the stratum lucidum, contains only four strata and covers most of the body.

The reason for the reddish tint seen in lightly pigmented skin is the molecule formed by the combination of oxygen and melanin.

Carotene, a pigment that contributes to skin color, is acquired in the body by eating various yellow-orange vegetables.

Deep cuts that occur perpendicular to cleavage lines tend to gape.

The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is one of the two parts of the integument.

Nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands are all derived from the epidermis.

Most of the nail body appears pink because of the blood in the underlying capillaries.

Sebum has bactericidal properties.

The ability of the components of the integumentary system to respond to stress or trauma is independent of nervous or endocrine system control.

During aging of the integumentary system, sweat production increases as a result of improved sweat gland activity.

During the fetal period, sebum from the sebaceous glands mixes with the cells of the sloughed off periderm to form the vernix caseosa.

Although sweat and sebaceous glands develop from the stratum basale of the epidermis, they eventually burrow and remain in the underlying dermis.