WorksheetsKin 223 Chapter 12 test
Total questions: 118
Worksheet time: 3570secs
Select all the features you would expect in a nerve fiber that conducted signals slowly, such as those that control gastric secretions and other functions that are not urgent.
Small diameter
Unmyelinated
Large diameter
Myelinated
Select all that are true of nitric oxide.
It is a large, polar molecule.
It is a gas.
It is released by postsynaptic neurons.
It can cause smooth muscles to contract, resulting in vasoconstriction.
Receptors are parts of the nervous system that allow it to
initiate responses to information.
process information.
collect information.
conduct impulses to muscles.
The nervous system controls the activity of muscles and glands. Muscles and glands can generate changes and are therefore called
afferents.
effectors.
stimuli.
visceral.
Nerves and ganglia are structures found in the
central nervous system.
peripheral nervous system.
central and peripheral nervous systems.
Which is not a general function of the nervous system?
Transporting materials throughout the body
Collecting information
Processing and evaluating information
Responding to information
No exceptions; all are general functions of the nervous system.
The afferent division of the nervous system is also known as the _____ division.
motor
cranial
ganglial
efferent
sensory
Which is not a function of the motor division of the nervous system?
Conducts impulses from the CNS
Transmits impulses to muscles and glands
Transmits impulses from the viscera
Voluntary control of skeletal muscle
Involuntary control of the heart
The portion of the nervous system that has voluntary control over skeletal muscles is the _____________ division.
autonomic motor
somatic sensory
somatic motor
visceral sensory
The portion of the nervous system that conducts impulses from the skin, joints, skeletal muscles, and special senses is the ___________ division.
autonomic motor
somatic sensory
somatic motor
visceral sensory
A neuron conducting an impulse from the CNS to the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.
autonomic motor
somatic sensory
somatic motor
visceral sensory
A neuron conducting an impulse from the stomach wall to the CNS would be classified as a(n) __________ neuron.
autonomic motor
somatic sensory
somatic motor
visceral sensory
Which is not characteristic of neurons?
High mitotic rate
High metabolic rate
Require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen
Extreme longevity
No exceptions; all of these are characteristic of neurons.
Conductive activity in a neuron generally causes it to secrete
a specific neurotransmitter that either excites or inhibits its target.
a specific neurotransmitter that always excites its target.
several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, all of which excite the cell's target.
several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, that are broadcast to excite and inhibit multiple targets.
several types of neurotransmitters simultaneously, that all work to prevent another immediate impulse.
Which statement is consistent with the current understanding of neural tissue?
A person born with all of the neurons they will ever have.
Most neurons formed in fetal development last a lifetime, but some brain regions in adults can generate new neurons.
Neurons are constantly dying and being replaced throughout all regions of the brain.
Stem cells in the brain become glia, which can later become neurons if there is a need for them to do so.
Which part of the neuron contains the nucleus?
Dendrite
Axon
Soma
Axon hillock
Synaptic knob
Where are synaptic knobs located?
At the distal ends of an axons
At the ends of dendrites
Within the cell body
Along axon collaterals
At the axon hillock
The cytoplasm within a cell body of a neuron is called the
soma.
perikaryon.
neurokaryon.
chromatophilic substance.
chromatophilic substance.
What structures extend into the axon and dendrite of a neuron to provide tensile strength?
Motor filaments
Nissl bodies
Telodendria
Neurofibrils
Collateral fibers
Fast axonal transport is
passive and only occurs in the anterograde direction.
passive and only occurs in the retrograde direction.
active (requires ATP) and only occurs in the anterograde direction.
active (requires ATP) and only occurs in the retrograde direction.
active (requires ATP) and can occur in either the anterograde or retrograde direction.
Vesicles and glycoproteins required at the synapse are moved down a nerve fiber by _______ axonal transport.
fast
slow
Based on structure, the most common type of neuron is the _______ neuron.
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
pseudo unipolar
Based on function, the vast majority of neurons are
sensory neurons.
motor neurons.
unipolar neurons.
bipolar neurons.
interneurons.
The neurons that are responsible for integrating information by retrieving, processing, storing, and “deciding” how the body responds to stimuli are
sensory neurons.
motor neurons.
accessory neurons.
correlation neurons.
interneurons
Which functional class of neurons lies entirely within the central nervous system?
Bipolar neurons
Sensory neurons
Interneurons
Unipolar neurons
Motor neurons
A bipolar neuron has
two axons extending from the cell body.
two dendrites extending from the cell body.
one axon and one dendrite extending from the cell body.
a single short process that extends from the cell body and then splits into a peripheral and a central branch.
A mixed nerve is one that contains both
cranial and spinal nerve fibers.
sensory and motor neurons.
unipolar and bipolar neurons.
an endoneurium and an epineurium.
presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.
In a mixed nerve,
some axons transmit sensory information and others transmit motor information.
individual axons transmit both sensory and motor information.
chemical synapses occur along with electrical synapses.
astrocytes are interspersed with ependymal cells.
Most commonly, a synapse is made between a
presynaptic neuron's dendrite and a postsynaptic membrane's cell body.
presynaptic neuron's axon and a postsynaptic neuron's dendrite.
presynaptic neuron's axon hillock and a postsynaptic neuron's cell body.
presynaptic neuron's soma and a postsynaptic neuron's synaptic knob.
When transmission occurs at a synapse, neurotransmitter is released by
the presynaptic neuron's synaptic knob into the synaptic cleft.
the postsynaptic neuron's dendrites into the synaptic cleft.
the presynaptic neuron's dendrites into the synaptic cleft.
the presynaptic neuron's soma into synaptic vesicles.
the postsynaptic neuron's telodendria into the axon hillock.
Electrical synapses involve coupling of neurons by
synaptic clefts.
desmosomes.
gap junctions.
satellite cells.
Which statement accurately compares the transmission speed of the different types of synapses?
Transmission at chemical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but electrical synapses are faster.
Transmission at both chemical and electrical synapses involves a synaptic delay of approximately 1 millisecond.
Transmission at electrical synapses involves a brief synaptic delay, but chemical synapses are faster.
Electrical synapses have a constant delay of 1 millisecond, but chemical synaptic delays vary between 0.1 and 0.3 millisecond.
Glial cells differ from neurons in that they
are larger and capable of meiosis.
are smaller and capable of mitosis.
are found only in the CNS.
are found only in the PNS.
transmit nerve impulses much more slowly.
What is the most abundant glial cell in the CNS?
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons within the CNS is the
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that helps to form the blood-brain barrier is the
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that myelinates and insulates axons in the peripheral nervous system is the
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that defends the body against pathogens is the
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that protects neuron cell bodies located within ganglia is the
Satellite cell.
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Astrocyte
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell with the responsibility of occupying the space left by dead or dying neurons is the
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell that provides structural support and organization to the CNS is the
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
The glial cell with perivascular feet that wrap around capillaries in the CNS is the
Astrocyte
Ependymal cell
Neurolemmocyte
Microglial cell
Oligodendrocyte
What do all glial cells have in common?
They help to transmit the nerve signals.
They transfer blood to the various neurons.
They assist neurons in their respective functions.
They all attack pathogens.
They absorb extra blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
The glossy-white appearance of most axons is due to
the high lipid content of the myelin sheath.
their proximity to light-reflecting cartilage.
their proximity to white bone.
the white color of the perivascular feet.
the covering of ependymal cells.
Which is true regarding the action of a neurolemmocyte?
Each neurolemmocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.
A neurolemmocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier.
Neurolemmocytes function only within the CNS.
Each neurolemmocyte can wrap only a 1 mm portion of a single axon.
A neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens.
Which statement is true regarding the action of an oligodendrocyte?
Each oligodendrocyte can form a myelin sheath around many axons simultaneously.
A oligodendrocyte is responsible for forming part of the blood-brain barrier.
oligodendrocyte function only within the PNS.
Each oligodendrocyte can wrap only a 1 mm portion of a single axon.
A neurolemmocyte attacks pathogens.
The function of myelin is to
block the transmission of a nerve impulse.
provide points of attachment for nerve threads.
produce faster nerve impulse propagation.
produce slow but continuous impulse conduction.
Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along
myelinated axons.
dendrites.
unmyelinated axons.
axons in the PNS.
axons in the CNS.
With damage to nerve fibers, larger distances between the site of damage and the target structure innervated result in _________ chances of successful regeneration.
increased
decreased
Which division of the nervous system shows a greater capacity for regeneration?
CNS
PNS
Following damage to axons nearby, oligodendrocytes
secrete growth factors.
do not secrete any chemicals.
secrete growth-inhibitory molecules.
grow their own fibers to occupy the space.
Wallerian degeneration involves the breakdown of
the segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the peripheral effector.
the segments of axon and myelin sheath between the site of damage and the cell body.
the neurilemma both central and peripheral to the site of trauma.
macrophages and microglia that have completed the job of CNS cleanup after trauma.
A nerve
contains a single axon.
is found only in the CNS.
carries only sensory information.
carries information only toward the PNS.
is a cable like bundle of parallel axons.
Which choice correctly orders the connective tissue wrappings of a nerve, beginning at the outermost layer?
Perineurium → epineurium → endoneurium
Perineurium → endoneurium → epineurium
Epineurium → perineurium → endoneurium
Epineurium → endoneurium → perineurium
Endoneurium → perineurium → epineurium
The endoneurium is composed of
dense regular connective tissue.
simple squamous epithelium.
dense irregular connective tissue.
areolar connective tissue.
pseudostratified nonkeratinized epithelium.
The epineurium is composed of
dense regular connective tissue.
simple squamous epithelium.
dense irregular connective tissue.
areolar connective tissue.
pseudostratified nonkeratinized epithelium.
The connective tissue wrapping that surrounds bundles (fascicles) of axons is the
epineurium
endoneurium
perineurium
endosteum
periosteum
The type of transport protein that moves a substance down its concentration gradient is a
channel.
pump.
Chemically gated ion channels are mainly found in the ________ segment of a neuron.
initial
receptive
conductive
transmissive
The type of voltage-gated channel that possesses an inactivation gate that temporarily closes after the channel is active is the
voltage-gated potassium channel.
voltage-gated sodium channel.
voltage-gated calcium channel.
voltage-gated chloride channel.
Potassium has a higher concentration
inside the cell versus outside the cell, and sodium is also more concentrated inside versus outside the cell.
inside the cell versus outside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration outside versus inside the cell.
outside the cell versus inside the cell, and sodium is also more concentrated outside versus inside the cell.
outside the cell versus inside the cell, whereas sodium has a higher concentration inside versus outside the cell.
The electrochemical gradient refers to
the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas.
the difference in electrical charge between two areas.
the combination of electrical and chemical gradients between two areas.
the resistance a membrane has to allow any charged chemical to pass through it.
According to Ohm's law, current is
directly related to both voltage and resistance.
directly related to voltage and inversely related to resistance.
inversely related to both voltage and resistance.
indirectly related to voltage and directly related to resistance.
The separation of oppositely charged ionic particles across a resting neuron's membrane results in a potential that is measured as
current
voltage
conductance
resistance
Typically, the resting membrane potential of a neuron is
7 V
700 mV
-7 V
-70 mV
0 mV
To measure the resting potential of a neuron, a physiologist would place
two electrodes inside the neuron.
one microelectrode inside the neuron and another in the interstitial fluid.
one electrode inside the cell and another inside another cell.
one electrode inside the cell and another outside the body.
The most crucial factor determining the resting potential of a neuron is the diffusion of
potassium out of the cell through leak channels.
potassium into the cell through gated channels.
sodium out of the cell through leak channels.
sodium into the cell through gated channels.
If there were no sodium leak channels, the resting membrane potential of a neuron would be
more negative
more positive
the same
0 mV
Maintenance of appropriate ion concentrations (especially after nerve impulses that involved ion diffusion) is primarily the job of
voltage-gated channels.
sodium-potassium pumps.
chemically gated channels.
mechanically gated channels.
A depolarization is when the inside of a neuron becomes _______________ the resting membrane potential.
more negative than
less negative than
closer to
Hyperpolarization of a neuron results from
either the entry of an anion or the exit of a cation.
the entry of any ion.
either the entry of a cation or the exit of an anion.
the entrance of either sodium or potassium.
A graded potential is one that
is all or none (always the same intensity).
travels the length of the nerve fiber (is long-distance).
varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus).
lasts for several seconds after ion channels have opened, closed, and reset.
Action potentials are generated by the opening of ________ gated channels and they occur on the ________.
voltage-, axon
voltage-, dendrite
chemically, axon
chemically, dendrite
When a neurotransmitter opens a chemically gated ion channel that allows sodium to enter the postsynaptic cell, the result is an
EPSP
IPSP
When a neurotransmitter causes the opening of chemically gated potassium channels on the postsynaptic cell, the postsynaptic potential that results is an
EPSP, which is a depolarization.
EPSP, which is a hyperpolarization
IPSP, which is a depolarization.
IPSP, which is a hyperpolarization.
A graph of an EPSP would plot time against a voltage trace that would resemble
a hill where the high point approaches the threshold value.
a hill where the high point is the farthest away from the threshold value.
a valley where the low point approaches the threshold value.
a valley where the low point is the farthest away from the threshold value.
In neurophysiology, the term "summation" refers to the addition of
action potentials at the node of Ranvier.
postsynaptic potentials at the initial segment.
excitatory neurotransmitter molecules at a receptor.
resting membrane potentials in a particular area of the brain.
presynaptic hyper polarizations.
When multiple presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitter at various locations onto the postsynaptic neuron at the same time, this results in
suprathreshold hyperpolarization.
temporal summation.
spatial summation.
several action potentials.
The conductive segment of a neuron is its _______, a region that contains many _______ gated channels.
axon; voltage
axon; chemically
dendrite; voltage
dendrite; chemically
When voltage-gated K+ channels open on the conductive segment of a neuron,
potassium exits, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.
potassium exits, depolarizing the cell to an even more negative value.
potassium enters, depolarizing the cell to a positive value.
potassium enters, repolarizing the cell to a negative value.
potassium enters, repolarizing the cell to a positive value.
The hyperpolarization that occurs at the end of an action potential is due to the prolonged
open state of voltage-gated sodium channels.
closure of chemically gated sodium channels.
open state of voltage-gated potassium channels.
closure of voltage-gated potassium channels.
open state of chemically gated sodium channels.
Which occurs first?
Absolute refractory period
Relative refractory period
As a neuron's refractory period ends, its sodium channels are changing from
their resting state to their inactivated state.
their inactivated state to their resting state.
their resting state to their activated state.
their activated state to their resting state.
When a nerve impulse reaches the transmissive segment of a neuron,
calcium is pumped into the neuron and neurotransmitter diffuses out through channels.
calcium is released from the neuron along with neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles.
calcium diffuses into the neuron and neurotransmitter is released by exocytosis.
calcium and neurotransmitter diffuse into the synaptic knob.
calcium is immediately pumped out of the neuron and vesicles of neurotransmitter undergo phagocytosis.
Arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob results in
opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.
opening of voltage-gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium out of the synaptic knob to the interstitial fluid.
closure of voltage-gated calcium channels in the synaptic knob membrane.
opening of chemically gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium into the synaptic knob.
opening of chemically gated calcium channels and diffusion of calcium out of the synaptic knob to the interstitial fluid.
In order to trigger the release of neurotransmitter from a neuron terminal, calcium ions
exit the synaptic knob through diffusion.
bind to proteins on the surface of synaptic vesicles.
penetrate the synaptic vesicles and bind to molecules of neurotransmitter.
bind to ion channels on the neuron membrane and cause them to open for the transmitter.
A nerve impulse travels fastest along ________ axons of ______ diameter.
myelinated, small
unmyelinated, small
myelinated, large
unmyelinated, large
In a myelinated axon, the greatest concentration of voltage-gated ion channels is in the
myelinated regions.
neurofibril nodes.
Saltatory conduction occurs in
myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only at neurofibril nodes.
myelinated axons, where action potentials occur only under the myelin sheath.
myelinated axons, where action potentials occur continuously down the entire axon.
unmyelinated axons, where action potentials occur continuously down the entire axon.
the axon terminal, where full-size action potentials occur at the hillock.
The slowest category of nerve fibers are the
A fibers, and they conduct impulses at 10 meters per second.
C fibers, and they conduct impulses at 1 meter per second.
D fibers, and they conduct impulses at 0.1 meter per second.
C fibers, and they conduct impulses at 100 meters per second.
D fibers, and they conduct impulses at 0.01 meter per second.
Somatic motor neuron axons fall into the category of
A fibers
B fibers
C fibers
D fibers
Catecholamines are a subtype of __________ neurotransmitter.
acetylcholine
neuropeptide
monoamine
amino acid
soluble gas
The monoamine that has functions related to sleep, appetite, cognition, and mood is
dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine
acetylcholine
epinephrine
The primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain is
glutamate
valine
GABA
serotonin
serine
One of the ways in which neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft is
endocytosis by the postsynaptic cell.
reuptake by the presynaptic cell.
phagocytosis by a macrophage.
dendritic lassos.
The main way acetylcholine is cleared from a synapse is by
degradation by an enzyme.
uptake by the postsynaptic cell.
reuptake by the presynaptic cell.
being engulfed by a supporting glial cell.
When a neuromodulator slows the reuptake of a neurotransmitter or causes expression of an increased number of receptors on postsynaptic neurons, the effect is called
facilitation.
temporal summation.
spatial summation.
presynaptic potentiation.
recruitment.
Choose the answer that correctly lists, in chronological order, the events involved in synaptic transmission.
a: A nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob.
b: Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft.
c: A nerve impulse begins in the postsynaptic cell.
d: Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the postsynaptic cell.
e: A voltage change occurs in the postsynaptic cell.
a, c, b, d, e
a, b, e, d, c
c, b, d, e, a
a, b, d, e, c
c, a, b, d, e
There are two types of synapses, based on mode of communication. What are they?
Mechanical and chemical
Magnetic and physical
Physical and chemical
Chemical and electrical
Mechanical and electrical
Of the two types of synapses, based on mode of communication, which is less common but allows faster signal transmission?
Chemical synapse
Mechanical synapse
Physical synapse
Magnetic synapse
Electrical synapse
Billions of CNS interneurons are grouped in complex patterns called neuronal
networks
complexes
pools
meshes
webs
Which is not a type of neuronal pool?
Converging
Triangular-pre-discharge
Diverging
Parallel-after-discharge
Reverberating
The type of neuronal circuit in which several nerve impulses come together at a single postsynaptic neuron is a _____________ circuit.
converging
diverging
reverberating
parallel-after-discharge
None of the choices is correct.
The type of neuronal circuit that uses feedback to produce a repeated, cyclical stimulation of the circuit is a _____________ circuit.
converging
diverging
reverberating
parallel-after-discharge
None of the choices is correct.
The type of neuronal circuit in which several neurons process the same information at one time is a _____________ circuit.
converging
diverging
reverberating
parallel-after-discharge
None of the choices is correct
The type of neuronal circuit that spreads information from one presynaptic neuron to several postsynaptic neurons is a _____________ circuit.
converging
diverging
reverberating
parallel-after-discharge
None of the choices is correct
What type of circuit would you use to solve a higher-order mathematical problem?
Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge
None of the choices is correct.
What type of circuit is used to maintain body posture while walking?
Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge
None of the choices is correct.
You walk into a restaurant and amidst the sights, sounds, and smells of food preparation, you notice that you have begun to salivate. This is evidence that a particular neuronal circuit has been activated. Which one?
Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge
None of the choices is correct.
The type of neuronal circuit that ensures that we continue to breathe while asleep is a _____________ circuit.
Converging
Diverging
Reverberating
Parallel-after-discharge
None of the choices is correct.
Neural stem cells in the CNS
have no known function.
can only form glial cells.
can form new neurons throughout the CNS.
can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus.
can migrate to the PNS as needed.
A scientist observes a particular nerve fiber that is among the fastest at conducting action potentials in the body. Which of the following best describes its likely structure?
Large diameter and myelinated
Large diameter and unmyelinated
Small diameter and myelinated
Small diameter and unmyelinated
Which of the following is false regarding acetylcholine?
It is rarely used in the body.
It is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction.
It is stored and released by the presynaptic cell.
It is synthesized from acetic acid and choline.
Which of the following describes how a presynaptic neuron would communicate a strong signal to a postsynaptic neuron?
Increasing the frequency of its action potentials
Increasing the magnitude (voltage change) of each action potential
Changing the direction the action potentials are traveling down its conductive segment
Changing the destination of the action potentials
Some viruses can infect the distal portion of a neuron and utilize transport processes within the neuron to move to the cell body. What type of transport helps the virus in this situation?
Retrograde transport
Anterograde transport
Slow axonal transport
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following contains neuron cell bodies clustered together?
A ganglion
A nerve
A synapse
A neurofibril node
The ___________ nervous system contains ___________, which consist of axons bundled together, as well as ____________, which are clusters of neuron cell bodies.
peripheral; nerves; ganglia
central; nerves; ganglia
peripheral; ganglia; nerves
central; ganglia; nerves
