In the image shown (see screen for larger image), what is A?

In the image shown (see screen for larger image), what is B?

In the image shown (see screen for larger image), what is C?

In the image shown (see screen for larger image), what is D?

In the image shown (see screen for larger image), what is F?

In the image shown (see screen for larger view), what are the arrows pointing to for A and B? There are TWO correct answers.

In the image shown (see screen for larger view), what are the arrows pointing to for C? There are TWO correct answers.

In the image shown (see screen for larger view), could E and F be identified as the SAME thing?

Somatic cells...

Sex cells...

Sex cells have...

Body cells have...

Human somatic cells...

When will a cell have characteristic "X" shaped chromosomes?

During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated?

During which phase of the cell cycle does mitosis occur?

During which phase of the cell cycle does the cell actually divide?

A cell will spend most of its lifetime in which two phases of the cell cycle?

The correct order of the steps of mitosis is:

During this step of mitosis, the chromosomes get pulled away to opposite poles of a cell.

What IS separated during mitosis, anyway?

During this step of mitosis, the chromosomes are condensing into the characteristic X shape we know (and love, right?)

During this step of mitosis, the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell.

During this step of mitosis, new nuclear envelopes form.

True or False? The cell divides into two during the Telophase step of mitosis.

True or False? Just like us, prokaryotes (like bacteria) also undergo mitosis in order to divide.

What does a cell have that allows it to stop and "ask" itself if it is ready to divide?

True or False? If a cell is undergoing apoptosis, it is never a good thing.

What can result if a cell loses control of its cell cycle checkpoints? (The checkpoints no longer function as they should?)

True or False? Sexual reproduction, compared to asexual reproduction, requires TWO cells in order to reproduce.

How many of our pairs of chromosomes are considered "autosomes"?

Our body cells have TWO complete copies of the genome (one entire copy from mom, one entire copy from dad). What can we call these types of cells?

We can think of haploid cells as having "half" the usual number of chromosomes. But, they do NOT have half a genome. Why not?

An egg and sperm come together during fertilization to create a zygote. Which components of this process are diploid vs. haploid?

Unlike mitosis, each completed round of meiosis (including meiosis 1 AND meiosis 2) results in how many cells that are completely UNIQUE?

What gets separated during Meiosis 1 vs. Meiosis 2?

How many rounds of cell division does a cell undergo for mitosis? What about meiosis?

When homologous pairs closely associate in Meiosis, what unique event allows parts of the replicated chromosome from mom to exchange/swap information back and forth with the replicated chromosome from dad?

Independent assortment describes...

True or False? Although we still refer to them as "sister" chromatids, they are no longer identical after Meiosis 1.

True or False? The events of meiosis allow for essentially limitless unique combinations within the resulting egg or sperm cells.

The genes encoded in your DNA, inherited from your parents, can be called your [what]?

How genes encoded in your DNA are SEEN by others, or HOW your genes are expressed, can be called your [what]?

I have a gene that encodes the ability to read people's minds!! It uses the "letter" designations R/r. What are the possible alleles for this gene?

I have a gene that encodes the ability to read people's minds!! It uses the "letter" designations R/r. Reading people's minds is a recessive trait and the gene demonstrates complete dominance. Which genotype(s) will give you the ability to read minds?

I have a gene that encodes the ability to read people's minds!! It uses the "letter" designations R/r. Which genotype(s) is/are considered homozygous?

Complete a Punnett square for the following cross: A mother heterozygous for reading minds (Rr) has a child with a father who is homozygous recessive for reading minds (rr). What is the likelihood that they will have a child who also can read minds?

Complete a Punnett square for the following cross: A mother and father, both heterozygous for reading minds (Rr), have a daughter. What is the likelihood that she will be able to read minds, unlike her parents?

A dad has spiky hair and a mom has spiky hair. They have a son with straight hair. Which trait is dominant and which is recessive?

Do you remember how to cross TWO traits at a time? Here's your reminder to make sure you do. Let's practice on the board really quick (if this is AFTER our review session, make sure you can still get the correct answer now on your OWN!!) Complete the following cross: BBYY x BbYy. How many possibilities, out of 16, will lead to a homozygous dominant B/b gene and a heterozygous Y/y gene?

When a trait is dominant...

For genes showing complete dominance, how many alleles will you have for each gene?

Purple flowers are dominant to white flowers, and flower color demonstrates complete dominance. A purple flower and a white flower are crossed and produce a purple flowering plant. What would be the genotype of the purple flowering plant based on its parent plants? (Flower color uses the alleles P/p.)

A herd of goats are preparing for the winter. They have nice thick coats that are either dark brown, white, or a light brown intermediate. Luckily, the color of the coat doesn't make the goats any less able to get warm. Brown coat goats have the genotype DD, light brown Dd, and white dd. What kind of inheritance pattern does the goat's coat color demonstrate?

If the herd of goats is white, their eyes lack pigment as well. This means that we will not know what eye color genes the goats have because they are hidden by the lack of pigment. What is this an example of?

If instead the herd of goats had brown fur (DD), white fur (dd), or fur that contains splotches of both brown AND white (Dd), what kind of inheritance would this demonstrate?

If instead the herd of goats had brown fur (DD), white fur (dd), or fur that contains splotches of both brown AND white (Dd), what kind of inheritance would this demonstrate?

Traits whose expression is determined by MORE than one gene are very common. What do we call this kind of trait?

A is showing the [1] for a gene while B is showing the [2] for a gene.

What sex genotype do males and females have?

The sex determining region of the Y gene is also called what?

True or False? In each of a female's somatic cells, an entire X chromosome gets inactivated and only the genes on one of her X chromosomes are expressed.

When someone has an abnormal number of chromosomes, it is called:

When someone has an abnormal number of genomes, it is called:

True or False? We actually have a small number of genes encoded ELSEWHERE in our cells OTHER THAN the nucleus.

Which scientist(s) helped determine the STRUCTURE of DNA?

Which scientist(s) helped determine that DNA is the genetic material that gets passed down, NOT protein as previously thought?

Which scientist(s) helped determine that the number of guanines in DNA are about EQUAL to the number of cytosines, and the number of adenines are about EQUAL to the number of thymines?

When DNA gets replicated, what kind of replication is performed?

Where does DNA replication begin?

When DNA starts replicating itself with DNA polymerase, which direction does replication proceed at a replication bubble?

At a replication fork, which enzymes are involved in the replication process? (Select ALL answers that apply.)

At a replication fork, which enzymes are responsible for unzipping the DNA strands from one another and keeping the DNA from getting too super coiled?

At a replication fork, which enzymes are responsible for gluing together any gaps that are present in the DNA?

At a replication fork, which enzymes are responsible for KEEPING the two strands unzipped once they have been separated?

At a replication fork, which enzymes are responsible for actually building the complimentary DNA strands?

In DNA replication, the type of primers that get added are (1) and the type of polymerase used is (2).

Why must primers be laid down before DNA polymerase can begin copying the DNA?

Okazaki fragments are named after the scientist who discovered them. Which strand in DNA replication creates Okazaki fragments?

At a replication fork, THIS enzyme proofreads the DNA as it is being built.

Which direction does DNA polymerase BUILD DNA?

Which of the following is the correct order for the central dogma of biology?

The process of RNA --> protein is called:

The process of DNA --> DNA is called:

The process of DNA --> RNA is called:

A DNA strand shows 3' GGCTAAT 5'
What would the resulting RNA sequence be?

The monomer for DNA and RNA are:

The monomer for proteins are:

How many nucleotides are present in a single codon?

You have the mRNA sequence 5' AAG AUG GCG AAG UGA AAA 3'

What is the appropriate amino acid sequence?

When we say a gene is turned on or "expressed" what are we saying?

Which steps of the central dogma occur within the NUCLEUS of a cell?

Select ALL that apply.

In transcription, what polymerase is used to build an RNA transcript?

Which direction does RNA polymerase BUILD RNA?

In this part of the central dogma, a 5' cap is added, a polyA tail is added, and splicing occurs.

Which part of a pre-mRNA transcript is considered the non-coding region?

Which part of a pre-mRNA transcript is cut out and removed during splicing?

Which end of a protein is the C-terminus?

The RNA that carries the message interested in being expressed from the DNA is:

The RNA that helps form the peptide bonds during translation is:

The RNA that brings in the appropriate amino acids for the growing polypeptide chain during translation is:

Which type of RNA is MOST IMPORTANT for translation?

Which ribosomal subunit binds to the DNA first when translation is being initiated?

The ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA molecules. Which order do tRNAs travel through these binding sites?

The start codon for translation is...

Which type of RNA contains an anticodon for translation purposes?

New peptide bonds are formed in the [what] site of the ribosome?

Based on the image provided, which direction will translation be going?

True or False? When a gene is expressed, the process only produces 1 mRNA transcript and 1 polypeptide chain.

When does a translated polypeptide chain begin to fold into a functional protein?

Free ribosomes will translate... (select all that apply)

Ribosomes bound to the rough ER will translate... (select all that apply)

How does the ribosome know where the correct "reading frame" is on the mRNA transcript?

True or False? A mutation in the DNA will always lead to an impairment for the individual.

Point mutations include... (Select all that apply.)

What type of mutation occurred if the following change occurred?

Met - Ala - Lys - Trp - Trp - Pro

Met - Ala - Lys - Trp - Gly - Pro

What type of mutation occurred if the following change occurred?

Met - Ala - Lys - Trp - Trp - Pro

Met - Ala - Lys - Trp - Trp - Pro

What type of mutation occurred if the following change occurred?

Met - Ala - Lys - Trp - Trp - Pro

Met - Ala - Lys

These types of mutations can be incredibly damaging because when they occur they can change ALL amino acids that get translated after that mutation during gene expression. (Select all that apply.)

At what levels can gene expression be regulated? Select ALL that apply.

What type of regulatory molecule could bind to the DNA in order to block gene expression?

What type of regulatory molecule could bind to a repressor in order to make it fall off the DNA and no longer allow it to block gene expression?