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Biology 101 Univeristy Final Exam Prep

Total questions: 125

Worksheet time: 1hrs 3mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Life requires energy because organisms must:

a)

Maintain structure

b)

Create metals

c)

Form crystals

d)

Eliminate DNA

2.

Which process ensures species can continue?

a)

Mutation

b)

Dehydration

c)

Fermentation

d)

Reproduction

3.

Evolution occurs when populations:

a)

Never change

b)

Acquire genetic changes over generations

c)

Move locations daily

d)

Increase in size only

4.

Homeostasis helps organisms:

a)

Grow unlimitedly

b)

Lose water constantly

c)

Maintain stable internal conditions

d)

Change DNA

5.

Which is an example of energy use in organisms?

a)

Rotting

b)

Growing

c)

Sweating

d)

Sleeping

6.

Cell Theory states that all cells come from:

a)

Chemical reactions only

b)

Preexisting cells

c)

Random molecules

d)

Bacteria

7.

A living thing must show:

a)

Weight

b)

Complexity

c)

Smell

d)

Metabolism

8.

Gene Theory states:

a)

Genes code for heritable traits

b)

Genes come from sunlight

c)

All genes mutate

d)

Genes make ecosystems

9.

Which biomolecule stores long-term energy?

a)

Lipids

b)

Carbohydrates

c)

Proteins

d)

Nucleic acids

10.

Proteins are made of:

a)

Fatty acids

b)

Amino acids

c)

Sugars

d)

Nucleotides

11.

Enzymes are a type of:

a)

Vitamin

b)

Carbohydrate

c)

Protein

d)

Lipid

12.

DNA and RNA are:

a)

Lipids

b)

Carbohydrates

c)

Nucleic acids

d)

Proteins

13.

Cellulose is a:

a)

Protein

b)

Carbohydrate

c)

Nucleic acid

d)

Lipid

14.

A phospholipid is important because it:

a)

Forms cytoplasm

b)

Makes ATP

c)

Builds cell membranes

d)

Creates proteins

15.

Which characteristic of life involves responding to the environment?

a)

Energy use

b)

Homeostasis

c)

Growth

d)

Sensitivity

16.

Prokaryotic cells lack:

a)

Ribosomes

b)

DNA

c)

Cytoplasm

d)

Nucleus

17.

Eukaryotic cells include:

a)

Animals

b)

Plants

c)

Fungi

d)

All of the above

18.

Prokaryotic cells lack which membrane-bound structure?

a)

A defined nucleus

b)

Ribosomes with rRNA

c)

Cytoplasm with enzymes

d)

Circular DNA genome

19.

Which groups are composed of eukaryotic organisms?

a)

Animals and bacteria

b)

Plants and animals

c)

Fungi and bacteria

d)

Archaea and bacteria

20.

A ribosome’s primary role in the cell is to:

a)

Detoxify harmful chemicals

b)

Synthesize polypeptides

c)

Store cellular lipids

d)

Generate glucose molecules

21.

The nucleus primarily:

a)

Produces cellular ATP

b)

Contains and protects DNA

c)

Controls lysosomal digestion

d)

Stores excess water

22.

The cell membrane is composed mainly of a:

a)

Cross-linked starch layer

b)

Protein filament chains

c)

Phospholipid bilayer

d)

Condensed DNA sheath

23.

Plant cells characteristically have:

a)

Rigid cell walls

b)

Abundant lysosomes

c)

No mitochondria present

d)

No ribosomes present

24.

Bacterial cells contain which of the following?

a)

Photosynthetic chloroplasts

b)

Energy-producing mitochondria

c)

Membrane-bound nuclei

d)

Protein-making ribosomes

25.

The Golgi apparatus functions mainly to:

a)

Transport cellular DNA

b)

Produce glucose molecules

c)

Modify and package proteins

d)

Digest worn organelles

26.

Mitochondria are present in which organisms?

a)

Fungi exclusively

b)

Animals exclusively

c)

Plants exclusively

d)

All eukaryotic cells

27.

Chloroplasts perform:

a)

Protein folding

b)

Photosynthesis

c)

Macromolecule breakdown

d)

Aerobic respiration

28.

Lysosomes typically contain:

a)

Stored glucose

b)

Nuclear DNA

c)

Membrane lipids

d)

Hydrolytic enzymes

29.

In plant cells, vacuoles are typically:

a)

Absent from cytoplasm

b)

Small peripheral sacs

c)

Replaced by chloroplasts

d)

Large central structures

30.

The cytoskeleton provides:

a)

Structural support and movement

b)

Genomic DNA storage

c)

Nutrients for metabolism

d)

ATP through fermentation

31.

Pili are found primarily in:

a)

All eukaryotic cells

b)

Prokaryotic bacteria

c)

Vertebrate animals

d)

Multicellular plants

32.

A cell membrane controls:

a)

Mitochondrial ATP yield

b)

Protein creation rates

c)

Selective transport in and out

d)

Chromosome replication timing

33.

DNA replication occurs during:

a)

Cell respiration

b)

Transcription

c)

The S phase

d)

Translation

34.

mRNA is produced during:

a)

Transcription

b)

Replication

c)

Translation

d)

Mutation

35.

Translation occurs in the:

a)

Vacuole

b)

Ribosome

c)

Golgi apparatus

d)

Nucleus

36.

A substitution mutation changes:

a)

ATP formation

b)

A whole chromosome

c)

One base pair

d)

Entire populations

37.

Which mutation is most harmful?

a)

Silent

b)

Nonsense

c)

Substitution

d)

Missense

38.

Natural selection favors organisms that:

a)

Mutate often

b)

Have traits increasing survival

c)

Are strongest

d)

Are largest

39.

Gene flow occurs when:

a)

Populations interbreed

b)

Cells divide

c)

Proteins are made

d)

DNA replicates

40.

Genetic drift is strongest in:

a)

Small populations

b)

Plants only

c)

Ancient species

d)

Large populations

41.

Speciation requires:

a)

Reproductive isolation

b)

Natural disasters

c)

Hybrid survival

d)

Identical traits

42.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium assumes:

a)

Small populations

b)

Constant mutation

c)

No evolution

d)

Changing allele frequencies

43.

A population evolves when:

a)

They stop reproducing

b)

DNA cannot mutate

c)

Individuals migrate

d)

Allele frequencies change

44.

A codon is a sequence of:

a)

2 bases

b)

3 bases

c)

4 bases

d)

1 base

45.

tRNA carries:

a)

Sugars

b)

Amino acids

c)

Lipids

d)

mRNA

46.

Chromosomes are made of:

a)

Protein only

b)

DNA and proteins

c)

Lipids

d)

RNA

47.

A phenotype is:

a)

RNA sequence

b)

Genetic code

c)

Dominant allele

d)

Physical expression

48.

Which process converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose using light energy?

a)

Fermentation in cytosol

b)

Photosynthesis in chloroplasts

c)

Nitrogen fixation by bacteria

d)

Aerobic respiration in mitochondria

49.

Where does cellular respiration primarily occur in eukaryotic cells?

a)

Mitochondrial matrix space

b)

Chloroplast stroma region

c)

Nuclear envelope area

d)

Vacuole inner lumen

50.

In most ecosystems, producers obtain energy directly from which source?

a)

Heat energy from decomposers

b)

Mineral energy from soil

c)

Radiant energy from sunlight

d)

Chemical energy from consumers

51.

Consumers acquire energy by mainly doing what?

a)

Absorbing inorganic molecules

b)

Eating other organisms

c)

Capturing photons from light

d)

Assimilating pure water

52.

What does a food web represent within an ecosystem?

a)

Single feeding pathway

b)

Energy stored in producers

c)

Multiple trophic relationships

d)

One apex predator only

53.

During energy transfer in trophic levels, how is most energy lost to the environment?

a)

As liquid water content

b)

As inherited DNA strands

c)

As metabolic heat energy

d)

As molecular oxygen gas

54.

Which components are included in an ecosystem?

a)

Only carnivorous predators

b)

Both biotic and abiotic

c)

Only abiotic factors

d)

Only biotic organisms

55.

Which factor most directly determines carrying capacity for a population?

a)

Availability of resources

b)

Mutation rate within genes

c)

Number of top predators

d)

Extent of genetic drift

56.

When do populations exhibit exponential growth?

a)

Species becomes extinct

b)

Population size stabilizes

c)

Carrying capacity reached

d)

Resources are unlimited

57.

What curve shape characterizes logistic growth of a population?

a)

W-shaped population curve

b)

L-shaped population curve

c)

S-shaped population curve

d)

J-shaped population curve

58.

What best defines an organism’s ecological niche?

a)

External physical appearance

b)

Only dietary preferences

c)

Total role and habitat use

d)

Predator relationships only

59.

Why are keystone species important in ecosystems?

a)

They are always rare species

b)

They exert large ecosystem effects

c)

They are always apex predators

d)

They never change over time

60.

Decomposers primarily break down which materials to recycle nutrients?

a)

Sunlight and photons

b)

Dead organic matter

c)

Refined metallic elements

d)

Solid rocks and minerals

61.

What do trophic levels categorize in an ecosystem?

a)

Genetic diversity metrics

b)

Evolutionary ancestry lines

c)

Positions in energy flow

d)

Geographic habitat ranges

62.

If a producer captures 10,000 kJ of energy, about how much might be available to a secondary consumer, assuming ~10% efficiency per transfer?

a)

About 1,000 kilojoules

b)

About 100 kilojoules

c)

About 10 kilojoules

d)

About 0.1 kilojoules

63.

Members of Domain Archaea live in:

a)

Normal environments

b)

Oceans only

c)

Photosynthetic tissues

d)

Extreme environments

64.

Plants are:

a)

Carnivores

b)

Heterotrophic

c)

Autotrophic

d)

Parasitic

65.

Animals lack:

a)

Organelles

b)

DNA

c)

Cell walls

d)

Nuclei

66.

Fungi obtain nutrients by:

a)

Photosynthesis

b)

Absorption

c)

Evaporation

d)

Hunting

67.

Protists are:

a)

Always multicellular

b)

Always prokaryotic

c)

Diverse eukaryotes

d)

Plants

68.

Which domain includes humans?

a)

Eukarya

b)

Archaea

c)

Virus

d)

Bacteria

69.

Roots are used mainly for:

a)

Photosynthesis

b)

Storing DNA

c)

Water and nutrient absorption

d)

Reproduction

70.

Leaves perform most:

a)

Respiration

b)

Photosynthesis

c)

Digestion

d)

Movement

71.

Animals maintain structure using:

a)

Cell walls

b)

Cellulose

c)

Chitin

d)

Bones or hydrostatic skeletons

72.

The animal kingdom is characterized by:

a)

Absorption

b)

Chemosynthesis

c)

Ingestion

d)

Autotrophy

73.

The circulatory system transports:

a)

Urine

b)

Blood, nutrients, oxygen

c)

Sugars only

d)

Electrical signals

74.

The respiratory system is responsible for:

a)

Hormone release

b)

Filtration

c)

Gas exchange

d)

Digestion

75.

Thermoregulation helps maintain:

a)

Gas pressure

b)

DNA replication

c)

Nutrient levels

d)

Body temperature

76.

The digestive system includes:

a)

Lungs

b)

Heart

c)

Stomach and intestines

d)

Kidneys

77.

The integumentary system protects the body using:

a)

Blood vessels

b)

Bones

c)

Kidney tissue

d)

Skin

78.

Essential amino acids must be obtained from:

a)

Sunlight

b)

Water

c)

Air

d)

The diet

79.

Vitamins are required in:

a)

Equal to lipids

b)

Small amounts

c)

None of the above

d)

Large amounts

80.

A negative feedback loop:

a)

Amplifies changes

b)

Reverses deviations from normal

c)

Has no effect

d)

Stops homeostasis

81.

Sweating is an example of:

a)

Thermoregulation

b)

Osmosis

c)

Positive feedback

d)

Nutrient breakdown

82.

The urinary system removes:

a)

Solid waste

b)

Nitrogenous waste

c)

CO2

d)

DNA

83.

The skeletal system provides:

a)

Energy

b)

Support and protection

c)

Carbon fixation

d)

Digestion

84.

The endocrine system uses:

a)

Electrical impulses

b)

Blood cells

c)

Hormones

d)

Sweat

85.

The nervous system controls:

a)

Gas exchange

b)

Movement and communication

c)

Digestion

d)

Water absorption

86.

Carbohydrates are stored as:

a)

DNA

b)

Glycogen

c)

Protein

d)

Starch

87.

DNA is double-stranded while RNA is:

a)

Quadruple-stranded

b)

Triple-stranded

c)

Circular always

d)

Single-stranded

88.

Which organelle is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a)

Golgi

b)

Mitochondria

c)

Ribosomes

d)

Chloroplasts

89.

Primary succession begins with:

a)

No soil

b)

Large predators

c)

Plants already established

d)

Soil present

90.

A biome is defined by its:

a)

Ocean depth

b)

Longitude

c)

Climate and dominant vegetation

d)

Animal types only

91.

The light-dependent reactions produce:

a)

ATP and NADPH

b)

Pyruvate

c)

Sugar

d)

CO₂

92.

The Calvin cycle occurs in the:

a)

Thylakoid

b)

Matrix

c)

Stroma

d)

Nucleus

93.

ATP stands for:

a)

Adenine tri-protein

b)

Adenosine triphosphate

c)

Adenine triple phosphate

d)

Adenosine tri-sugar

94.

Anaerobic respiration occurs when:

a)

Oxygen is present

b)

Oxygen is absent

c)

Only plants grow

d)

ATP is unused

95.

Gene expression includes:

a)

Meiosis

b)

Mitosis

c)

Transcription and translation

d)

Replication only

96.

The first law of thermodynamics states energy:

a)

Moves randomly

b)

Disappears

c)

Cannot be created or destroyed

d)

Is created

97.

The sensory neurons carry signals:

a)

To the endocrine system

b)

To muscles

c)

To the brain and spinal cord

d)

To stomach

98.

Meiosis produces:

a)

Identical cells

b)

Somatic cells

c)

Gametes

d)

Muscle tissue

99.

Crossing over increases:

a)

Food chain length

b)

Protein digestion

c)

Genetic diversity

d)

Population size

100.

A biome with low rainfall and hot days is a:

a)

Grassland

b)

Taiga

c)

Desert

d)

Tundra

101.

The greenhouse effect is caused by gases like:

a)

Helium

b)

CO₂ and methane

c)

Nitrogen only

d)

Neon

102.

Which type of cell lacks membrane-bound organelles?

a)

Plant cell

b)

Fungal cell

c)

Animal cell

d)

Prokaryotic cell

103.

Which characteristic is unique to eukaryotic cells?

a)

DNA

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Nucleus

d)

Cytoplasm

104.

Bacterial DNA is found in the:

a)

Nucleoid region

b)

Nucleus

c)

Golgi body

d)

Mitochondria

105.

Prokaryotes reproduce by:

a)

Binary fission

b)

Meiosis

c)

Budding

d)

Mitosis

106.

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes contain:

a)

Golgi bodies

b)

Ribosomes

c)

Chloroplasts

d)

ER

107.

Which cells sometimes contain plasmids?

a)

Bacteria

b)

Animal

c)

Plant

108.

Which organelle is the primary site of protein synthesis in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

a)

Golgi cisternae stacks

b)

Mitochondrial cristae membranes

c)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

d)

Free cytosolic ribosomes

109.

What distinguishes rough ER from smooth ER at the structural level?

a)

Circular DNA attached externally

b)

Thylakoids embedded in stroma

c)

Bound ribosomes on its surface

d)

Tubulin filaments lining lumen

110.

Which function is primarily associated with the smooth ER in hepatocytes?

a)

Detoxification of lipid‑soluble drugs

b)

Transcription of rRNA genes

c)

Oxidative phosphorylation reactions

d)

Glycoprotein cis‑modification

111.

A secreted enzyme follows which correct trafficking sequence?

a)

Cytosol to chloroplast to ER

b)

Nucleus to lysosome to ER

c)

Mitochondria to peroxisome to Golgi

d)

Rough ER to Golgi to vesicles

112.

Which organelle generates most ATP in aerobic eukaryotic cells?

a)

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

b)

Cytoskeleton microtubule network

c)

Mitochondria with inner membrane

d)

Golgi trans face compartments

113.

In plants, photosynthetic light reactions occur specifically where?

a)

Golgi medial cisternae stacks

b)

Cristae membranes in mitochondria

c)

Thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts

d)

Ribosome small subunit sites

114.

Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes active at low pH to recycle macromolecules?

a)

Lysosome acidic lumen

b)

Chloroplast stroma space

c)

Peroxisome crystalline core

d)

Rough ER cisternae

115.

Which statement best describes the cytoskeleton in eukaryotes?

a)

Membranous sacs for secretion

b)

Static lattice for storage

c)

Rigid matrix for DNA repair

d)

Dynamic filaments for structure

116.

Which cell type typically contains a large central vacuole that maintains turgor?

a)

Mature plant parenchyma

b)

Mammalian muscle fibers

c)

Bacterial rod cells

d)

Yeast budding spores

117.

A protein destined for lysosomes is tagged in the Golgi with which modification?

a)

Ubiquitin polychain tag

b)

N‑terminal acetyl group

c)

Signal peptide cleavage

d)

Mannose‑6‑phosphate label

118.

Which organelle forms the mitotic spindle tracks for chromosome movement?

a)

Ribosome large subunits

b)

Actin filaments in cortex

c)

Intermediate filament bundles

d)

Microtubules from centrosomes

119.

Prokaryotic cells lack which membrane‑bound organelle found in eukaryotes?

a)

Cell wall peptidoglycan

b)

Plasma membrane bilayer

c)

Ribosomal 70S particles

d)

Golgi apparatus stacks

120.

An inhibitor that blocks translocation into the ER would first impact which proteins most?

a)

Secreted and membrane proteins

b)

Cytosolic metabolic enzymes

c)

Nuclear histone variants

d)

Mitochondrial matrix proteins

121.

A mutation disabling ATP synthase will directly impair which organelle’s function?

a)

Rough ER ribosome sites

b)

Smooth ER tubular lumen

c)

Golgi trans‑Golgi network

d)

Mitochondrial inner membrane

122.

Which pair correctly matches organelle with principal product or process?

a)

Lysosome—photosynthesis light

b)

Chloroplast—urea cycle reactions

c)

Golgi—protein modification

d)

Rough ER—lipid detoxification

123.

During photophosphorylation, protons accumulate where before ATP formation in plants?

a)

Thylakoid lumen space

b)

Mitochondrial matrix

c)

Cytosolic compartment

d)

Golgi cis cisternae

124.

Which cytoskeletal element primarily supports vesicle transport along tracks?

a)

Actin filaments for contraction

b)

Microtubules with motor proteins

c)

Ribosome tunnel channels

d)

Intermediate filaments anchoring

125.

A newly synthesized secretory protein exits the Golgi from which region?

a)

Medial cisternae core

b)

Cis face entry side

c)

Trans‑Golgi network area

d)

Rough ER exit sites

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