IGF-I has what type of effects on glucose transport in the Growth hormone?

191 aminoacid peptide

Two important signaling molecules in Growth Hormone and Prolactin? Select all that apply

Benign tumor of pituitary gland secreting excess GH.

Acromegaly symptoms? Select all that apply

Drug therapy options for Acromegaly?

Inhibits GH release from pituitary

inhibit GH release

Which of the following agents binds to multiple somatostatin receptors?

Which of the following somatostatin analogues agents decrease Cortisol?

Which of the following adverse affects is common on Somatostatin analogues (Octeotride, Lanreotide, Pasireotide)?

Which of the following agents are Dopamine agonists? Select all that apply

GH Receptor Antagonist and Polyethylene glycol derivative of a mutant GH

Which is TRUE about Somavert (Select all that apply)

Adverse effects for Pegvisomant (Somavert)? Select all that apply

Which of the following are true about Prolactin? Select all that apply

Hypothalamic or pituitary diseases interfering with inhibitory signals, Prolactin secreting adenomas.

What D2 receptor antagonists can cause Hyperprolactinemia? Select all that apply

Semi-synthetic ergot alkaloid

Activates D2 receptor to inhibit prolactin release

Frequent adverse effects for Bromocriptine? Select all that apply

Preferred agent for treating hyperprolactinemia

Long acting dopamine-2 receptor agonist

Oxytocin and Vasopressin (Posterior Pituitary Hormones) are composed of what type of rings?

Position 1 and 8 altered in desmopressin- long-acting analog of vasopressin

Milk ejection (milk-letdown) and Strengthens uterine contraction

Oxytocin uses? Select all that apply

Located in vascular smooth muscle cells and mediate vasoconstriction

Located in renal tubule cell, so mediates anti-diuresis through increased water permeability

Indications for vasopressin

Inadequate secretion of vasopressin/ADH from posterior pituitary

ADH secretion adequate, kidney resistant

Which of the following can cause vasoconstriction?

Long-acting analog of vasopressin

Boxed warning of fatal liver injury

Vasopressin Antagonists for Hyponatremia? Select all that apply

How does most glucose enter the liver during high blood glucose?

What happens to most glucose after it enters the liver cell?

What hormone increases the activity of glucokinase?

insulin sensitive and found in muscle and adipose cells

Found in liver, pancrease and intestinal cells

Found in liver and pancrease cells

The reaction of Glucose + ATP in the presence of glucokinase would create?

Glucose 6-phopshate in the presence of the enzyme phosphoglucomutase will reversable convert some of the molecules to which other molecule?

The reaction of glucose 1-phopshate with UTP in the presence of UDP-glycosepyrophosphorylase would create which other molecule in reversable reaction ?

The reaction of UDP-glucose + glycogen in the presence of active glycogen synthase produces?

Which of the following are usual features of Anderson disease? Select all that apply

For the liver, which of these enzymes are not reversable and is also promoted by insulin signaling? Select all that apply

promote glycogen brekadown

promotes glycogen synthesis

Know this!

Debranching enzyme, inability to break the alpha 1-6 bonds causing liver enlargement, hypoglycemia, excess short branched glycogen in the liver and muscle. (III)

High glucose 6-phosphatase levels, excess normal Glycogen in liver (Type I)

(Type VII) , Gycogen storage disorder affecting Phosphofruto kinase (PFK-1)

Glycogen synthase deficiency causing HYPOGLYCEMIA

Hexokinase deficiency causing HEMOLITIC ANEMIA (RBC)

Glucokinase deficiency and DIABETES

Aldolase B deficiency in the liver is caused by intolerance to which of the following?

Which of the following deficiencies is the most common and causes Hemolitic anemia?

Which of the following will cause excessive glycogen stored in the muscle (glycogen phosphorylase) and it is type V?

Which of the following disease is type VI causing by liver enlargement, HYPOGLYCEMIA by glycogen phosphorylase?

Which of the following receptors activate PKA, promoting glycogen breakdown mostly in the muscle and liver.

Which of the following receptors activate PKA, promoting glycogen breakdown exclusively in the liver.

Which of the following receptors activate PKB, promoting glycogen synthesis mostly in liver and muscle.

Which of the following receptors activate PKC, promoting glycogen breakdown mostly in liver .

The reaction of glucose with ATP and kexokinase produces which two products?

Select all that apply

Select all that apply

What are the products of pyruvate, NADH and lactate dehydrogenase? Select all that apply

What are the products of ethanol, NAD+ and alcohol dehydrogenase? Select all that apply

Who activates gluconeogenesis in the liver?

Who activates glycolysis in the liver ?

activated by insulin

activated by glucagon

Pyruvate is converted to which product by the enzyme Pyruvate Carboxylase?

The conversion of Lactate to pyruvate in the liver requires which co-substrate?

How many ATP are need to go from lactate to glucose in a liver cell?

The conversion of 1 molecule of glucose to 2 molecules of lactate produces which products?

What is the largest source of carbons for gluconeogenesis and Atkin diet promotes?

Arsenate will prevent ATP production by interfering with which step of glycolisi?

How cells become polarized? Sodium potassium pump

Propagate action potential down the length of an axon

Maintain the cell in a polarized state

N1 and N2 ligand gated channels (ionotropic receptors, inward sodium ions) are activated by ?

Which of the following are IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS that are inward sodium ion channels? Select all that apply

Which of the following receptors are activated by Glutamate? Select all that apply

GABA-A ligand gated channels are activated by which of the following and what is the flow?

Which of the following receptors is activated by Delta gated ligand gated channels? Select all that apply

Inhibitor of Acethylcholine release

voltage gated sodium channel antagonist (inhibitor)

N1, N2 receptor agonist (activator)

P-type sodium/potassium ATPase inhibitor

The cause of Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is?

Treatment for Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

The half life of cAMP is increased by?

Protein Kinase A is activated by which of the following molecules?

PKA

kinase

Stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP

Inhibits adenylyl cyclase from producing cAMP

prevents G-alpha-i from binding GTP

Prevents G-alpha- s from hydrolyzing GTP

Glycine inhibitory ionotropic chloride channel receptors

Adrenergic (Epinephrine and Norepinephrine) stimulatory receptors via cAMP

activates protein kinase A

activates protein kinase B

Know this

Increased activity of PKB in the liver leads to:

G-alpha-q bound to GTP and activates _________

Who causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum?

DAG and Calcium (Ca++) activates _______

M1 receptor activation increases which of the following? Select all that apply

Who propagates a cascade leading to gene expression of enzymes?

Who activates receptor enzyme Guanylate cyclase

What does insulin? Select all that apply

Which of the following are insulin counterregulatory hormones?

onset diabetes of the young

Commonly known as insulin resistance

juvenile diabetes due to the destruction of pancreatic b cells.

Increase the release of insulin from beta cells.

Inhibit outward potassium channels

Most important products of the pentose phosphate pathway? Select all that apply

What glycolysis intermediate is the starting point for the PPP?

Thiamine deficiency, which enzyme in the PPP is dependent on Thiamine?

antioxidant needed to neutralize peroxide

A defect of the enzyme Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase commonly causes?

Galacitol or Galactosemia is mostly associated with ?

Which of the following is an epimer of glucose ?

The reduced form of glucose

protein which stores thyroid hormones

T3 and T4 are stored as colloids within follicle.

Most of the T3 formed are from peripheral metabolism

Greater risk of cardiotoxicity

T4 converted to T3, drug of choice for hypothyroidism

Boxed warnings: must not be used to treat obesity/for weight reduction; in euthyroid individuals; high doses of thyroxine can cause life-threatening conditions with anorectic drugs

What drug has direct interaction with Levothyroxine by thyroxine causes a decrease in vitamin-K dependent clotting factors (increases bleeding risk).

Which of the following drugs can induce hypothyroidism? Select all that apply

Autoimmune disease where B lymphocytes secrete a TSH receptor stimulating antibody (thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin).

Inhibits hormone release by blocking proteolysis of thyroglobulin

Thioamides (Select all that apply)

Inhibits peripheral deiodination of T4

Inhibit thyroidal peroxidase (Select all that apply)

Severe liver toxicity (boxed warning)

Reduce symptoms, no effect on disease progression

Important role in carbohydrate metabolism

Important role in mineral homeostasis

Adrenal androgen converted peripherally into more potent androgens

Regulators- Angiotensin II, K

Regulator-ACTH, CRH

Adrenal steroids (Cortisol) are synthesized from

Common precursor of all adrenocortical hormones

ACTH is synthesized as part of a precursor molecule, precursor of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).

Which of the following can be caused by excessive glucocorticoids?

Primary adrenal insufficiency causes ( Select all that apply)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most common defect of?

Hyperplasia means which of the following is produced in excess?

Glucocorticoid with significant mineralocorticoid activities and has significant salt retaining property

Most common adverse effects of glucocorticoids? Select all that apply

The precursor for Cortisol is

Triamcinolone

Increases anti-inflammatory activity by increasing lipophilicity & receptor affinity

Steroid Inhibitor chemically similar to the insecticide DDT

Inhibitor of adrenal and gonadal steroids and Inhibits CYP17 (17alpha-hydroxylase)

Selective inhibitor of 11 beta hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and Inhibits formation of cortisol from 11-deoxycortisol (DOC)

Steroid Inhibitors (Select all that apply)

Glucocorticoids are (Select all that apply)