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WorksheetsAP Unit 8 Ecology Review
Total questions: 139
Worksheet time: 2hrs 52mins
A researcher is investigating the relationship between the existing species diversity in a community and the ability of an introduced nonnative species to destabilize the community.
Which of the following graphs is most consistent with the claim that communities with high diversity are more resistant to change than are communities with low diversity?
Under which of the following conditions is the observed number of beetles per culture dish the greatest?
T. confusum with parasite at 500 days
T. confusum without parasite at 300 days
T. castaneum with parasite at 100 days
T. castaneum with parasite at 600 days
The data over the duration of the experiment provide the strongest support for which of the following conclusions regarding the effect of the parasite on Tribolium populations?
T. confusum is adversely affected by the parasite, while T. castaneum is not.
T. castaneum is adversely affected by the parasite, while T. confusum is not.
Both T. confusum and T. castaneum are adversely affected by the parasite.
Both T. confusum and T. castaneum show increased fitness in the presence of the parasite.
In Figure I, the difference between the two curves can best be attributed to which of the following?
The difference between controlled laboratory conditions and the natural environment
The effect of the host on its parasite
The influence of competition for limited resources
The natural variation among populations
If the experiment was continued for an additional 500 days, the population density of T. castaneum with the parasite would most likely stabilize at a value closest to which of the following?
5 beetles/culture dish
10 beetles/culture dish
20 beetles/culture dish
25 beetles/culture dish
Beaked whales feed at various depths, but they defecate at the ocean’s surface. Nitrogen-rich whale feces deposited in surface waters supply nutrients for algae that are eaten by surfacedwelling fish. Which of the following best predicts what would happen if the whale population decreased?
There would be a reduction in surface nitrogen concentration, which would cause an algal bloom.
The surface fish populations would decline due to reduced populations of algae.
The remaining whales would accumulate mutations at a faster rate.
The remaining whales would be forced to forage in the deepest parts of the ocean.
In the Arctic Ocean, the predominant primary producers are phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are consumed by zooplankton, which in turn are eaten by codfish. In years when there is more open water (less ice coverage), there are more zooplankton and fish than in years with less open water (more ice coverage). Based on the graph above, the difference is most likely because
when there is less open water, light is blocked from the zooplankton, so they cannot produce as much food for the fish
when there is more open water, the temperature is warmer, so the zooplankton and fish populations increase in size
the ice blocks the light, so in years with more ice coverage, there is less photosynthesis by the phytoplankton
the ice increases the light available for photosynthesis, so primary production increases and zooplankton populations increase in size
In Figure I, the difference between the two curves can best be attributed to which of the following?
The difference between controlled laboratory conditions and the natural environment
The effect of the host on its parasite
The influence of competition for limited resources
The natural variation among populations
Which of the following describes the behavior observed between two organisms fighting for a mating partner?
intersexual selection
intrasexual selection
agonistic behavior
aggressive behavior
Which of the following describes the behavior observed between one organism choosing a mate?
intersexual selection
intrasexual selection
agonistic behavior
aggressive behavior
Which of the following describes the behavior of a flock of geese following the mother in a straight line?
maternal connection
imprinting
innate behavior
conditioning
Which of the following describes an example of classical conditioning?
A dog determines when they scratch at the bag of food, the bag will open and some pieces fall out.
A cat determines if they ring a bell their owner will feed them
A rat determines that when the lights turn on a person walks into the room so they run when the lights turn on
A horse determines when they don't jump high enough their rider whips them harder
Which of the following types of signals would be used for two organisms mating by a ritualistic dance?
chemical
visual
auditory
tactile
Which of the following describes the behavior observed when a stickleback fish sees the color red and begins to attack?
aggressive behavior
forging behavior
altruistic behavior
innate behavior
Which of the following describes why ants scatter when you break their trail?
ants are attached to the ant in front of them
ants are following a chemical trail, so they lose the trail
ants are following a path and will not scatter if you break the trail
ants are attached to the substrate and will not scatter if you break the trail
Which of the following describes the behavior of an ectotherm?
The ectotherm is unable to regulate its body temperature so it will consume more food in cooler environments
The ectotherm is unable to regulate its body temperature so it will move to bask in the sun in cooler environments
The ectotherm is able to regulate its body temperature so it will consume less food in warmer environments
The ectotherm is able to regulate its body temperature so it will hide in the shadows in warmer environments
Which of the following describes the type of signal of the Belding squirrel that made the alarm call regarding the predator?
chemical
tactile
visual
auditory
Which of the following describes the result of a bird that has been cross fostered?
The fostered bird will be able to mate with its own species and will create viable offspring with the foster species
The fostered bird will be unable to mate with its own species and will create viable offspring with the foster species
The fostered bird will be able to mate with its own species and will not create viable offspring with the foster species
The fostered bird will be unable to mate with its own species and will not create viable offspring with the foster species
Which of the following describes the growth rate as N approproaches K?
growth rate increases
growth rate decreases
growth rate is 0
growth rate has no change
Which of the following must be true for the growth rate to equal zero?
birth rate > death rate
birth rate < death rate
birth rate = death rate
2x birth rate = 1/2 death rate
Which of the following describes the distribution of organisms around the watering hole in the Savanna?
clumped distribution
uniform distribution
random distribution
territorial distribution
Which of the following describes the result of a negative r value?
The population size will double.
The population size with half.
The population size will increase.
The population size will decrease.
Which of the following describes a J shaped curve?
high competition
high predation
access to mates
unfavorable habitat
Which type of survivorship describes elephants with high parental care, low death rate of young, and long life spans?
I
II
III
does not apply
Which of the following describes how disease regulates population?
disease is a density independent factor
disease is a density dependent factor
disease selects for favorable individuals
disease removes unfavorable individuals
A population of fish is growing exponentially. The growth rate of the population is 2.0 and the current population size is 2,500 individuals. How many mice are added to the population each year?
500
1000
2500
5000
You conduct a mark and recapture experiment. You initially capture 20 cats and mark them. After a month, you collect 30 cats and 10 are already marked. What is the estimation for the population?
45
60
75
90
Which of the following describes the population size as the competition of resources increases?
increase of both populations
decrease of both populations
stays the same for both populations
one population increases and the other decreases
Which of the following describes the interaction of a flea and a dog where the flea feeds on the dog and the dog gets infections and irritation from the flea?
commensalism
cooperation
mutualism
parasitism
Which of the following describes the interaction of the protozoa in a termite's GI tract where the protozoa digests the cellulose for the termite and the termite gains essential nutrients?
commensalism
cooperation
mutualism
parasitism
Cuckoo birds lay their eggs in the nest of warblers. The warblers raise the cuckoo young and the cuckoo chicks provide an odor that deters predators. Which of the following describes the relationship in the absence of predators?
commensalism
cooperation
mutualism
parasitism
Cuckoo birds lay their eggs in the nest of warblers. The warblers raise the cuckoo young and the cuckoo chicks provide an odor that deters predators. Which of the following describes the relationship in the presence of predators?
commensalism
cooperation
mutualism
parasitism
Which of the following describes what happens when two species compete for the same niche?
both organisms survive and gain appropriate resources
the organism that is more fit obtains less of the resources
the organism that is less fit obtains more of the resources
one of the organisms is excluded due to the absence of resources
Which of the following describes a method NOT used by prey to avoid predation?
Alarm calls
Hiding
Fleeing
Fighting
Which of the following describes why a member of a population would decrease their fitness (alarm call to predator)?
altruistic behavior
cooperative behavior
aggressive behavior
flamboyant behavior
Which of the following describes commensalism?
+/+
+/-
+/0
-/0
Which of the following describes an adaptation of predators to catch and consume prey?
Patience
Sharp Claws & Teeth
Slow Movements
Fight or Flight Response
Which of the following describes the result if two organisms that are undergoing obligate mutualism are separated?
Both organisms thrive
Both organisms die without the interaction of each other
The stronger organism will die without the interaction of the weaker organism
The weaker organism will thrive without the interaction of the stronger organism
Which of the following best describes altruistic behaviors?
a defensive behavior in which organisms huddle all together
a selfless behavior to save the population but risk yourself
a protective behavior describing how organisms migrate
a reproductive behavior for attracting a mate through a ritual
A fruit fly vibrates its wings to serenade a potential mate. Which of the following describes the type of behavior?
audible
tactile
electrical
chemical
A cheetah urinates on a tree. Which of the following types of signals is the cheetah using?
visual
audible
tactile
chemical
A cheetah urinates on a tree. Which of the following describes the purpose of this signal?
indicate dominance
establish territory
find food
ensure reproductive success
Which of the following best describes the body temperature regulation for an alligator?
ectotherm that maintains body temperature through metabolism
ectotherm that maintains body temperature through behaviors
endotherm that maintains body temperature through metabolism
endotherm that maintains body temperature through behaviors
Which of the following best describes the relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms?
the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate
the larger the organism, the higher the metabolic rate
the higher the surface area to volume ratio of the cells, the higher the metabolic rate
the lower the surface area to volume ratio of the cells, the higher the metabolic rate
Which of the following best describes the changes to the trophic structure with a decrease in plant population?
increase in primary and secondary consumers
decrease in primary and secondary consumers
decrease in secondary consumer, increase in primary consumer
increase in secondary consumer, decrease in primary consumer
Which of the following describes the energy resource used by chemosynthetic organisms?
small inorganic molecules preset in their environment
organic molecules broken down by the mitochondria
photons absorbed by chlorophyll in the chloroplast
air movement turns hairs on organismal surface
Which of the following is a material that heterotrophs are unable to metabolize?
carbohydrates
nucleic acids
lipids
proteins
In a population of 100 individuals, 20 individuals are born and there are 5 deaths. What is the r value?
Recall: r = per capita growth rate of population
.05
.15
.20
.25
If the population size is 100 individuals and there is a r value of 0.3, what is dN/dt?
Recall: dN/dt = rN
10
15
30
60
As the population size approaches carrying capacity, dN/dt...
increases steadily
increases slowly
decreases slowly
decreases steadily
Which of the following describes the relationship of the mistletoe that gains resources and harms the mesquite tree that it grows on?
parasitism
commensalism
mutualism
predator/prey
Which of the following describes the disadvantage of little species diversity in a community?
less likely to have immigration
more likely to be consumed by predators
more likely to have mutations
less resilient to changes in the environment
Which of the following is an organism that is disproportionate relative to their abundance and when removed from the ecosystem causes it to collapse?
dominant species
invasive species
keystone species
primary consumer
A group of bacteria are resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following describes HOW the bacteria became resistant?
the bacterial population got changed by the antibiotic in the environment
the bacterial population had random mutations making them favorable in the presence of the antibiotic
the bacterial population consumed the antibiotic providing a food source
the bacterial population uses the antibiotic for reproduction
Which of the following is NOT a reason for exponential growth of an invasive species?
outcompete other organisms
free of predators
free of competition
free of prey
Which of the following is a biotic factor?
mushroom
air
temperature
rain
All of the plants, rocks, air, sunlight, water, animals, in a particular area is called a(n) _________.
What type of distribution pattern is evenly spaced apart from one another?
Uniform
Clumped
Random
Uneven
This is the most commonly seen distribution pattern. Example: wolves. This is usually because there are resources found in particular areas and the organisms need more space to survive.
Random
Uniform
Clumped
Ueven
What does the yellow line represent?
exponential growth
logistic growth
carrying capacity
none of the above
This graph has an S shape. What type of growth does this represent?
Exponential
Logistic
This graph is a J shape. What type of growth does this represent?
Exponential
Logistic
Which of the following would not be an example of a density dependent limiting factor?
fire
disease
lack of food
space
Which of the following would not be an example of a density independent factor?
predation
tornado
hurricane
fire
The largest number of individuals that an area can support.
carrying limit
carrying capacity
limiting factor
density ratio
What percent of energy at each trophic level moves to the next trophic level?
10%
1%
100%
90%
What is an invasive species?
An organism that is new to an environment that has positive effects on the environment.
An organism that is native to an environment that has negative effects on the environment.
An organism that is new to an environment that has negative effects on the environment.
An organism that is native to an environment that has positive effects on the environment.
Tracks organisms that tend to live long lives (low death rate and high survivorship rate); toward the end of their life expectancies, however, there is a dramatic increase in the death rate.
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Describes organisms with a high death rate (or low survivorship rate) immediately following birth. Examples include bacteria, fishes, and invertebrates.
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Described species with even amounts of birth and death rates.
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
What type of distribution pattern is shown in the image?
Uniform
Clumped
Random
Uneven
This biome has the most species diversity
Taiga
Grassland
Desert
Tropical Rainforest
Which biome has the least biodiversity?
Tropical rainforest
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Desert
Savannah
Why does increasing producers increase the populations of all trophic levels?
Producers increase the size of a habitat
Producers help keep predator populations in check
With more energy available the carrying capacity increases
Producers do not have a large impact on population sizes
What is phototropism?
When a plant loses it's leaves in the fall
It is what causes a plants stems to grow upwards
When a plant grows towards light
A plants response to touch
How do cooperative behaviors increase fitness?
They ensure every organism in a colony survives
They make sure that every member of a colony gets along
They increase the fitness of the population, though may harm the individual
They allow each organism to obtain the most resources possible
What causes trophic cascades?
Increasing the number of producers
Pollution
The removal of a keystone species
Introducing a new species to an ecosystem
What types of organisms are producers?
autotrophs
apex predators
heterotrophs
keystone species
Where are autotrophs found in food chains/webs
In the middle
At every level
At the first level
At the top
What are limiting factors?
The maximum number of organisms an area can sustain
Scarce resources that limit the size of a population
Conditions that limit how much energy flows to the next trophic level
How diverse the populations of a community are
If the producer level of an ecosystem has 750,000 J of energy, how much energy would be passed on to the secondary consumers?
75,000 J
7,500 J
750 J
75 J
What type of graph represents exponential population growth?
A fluctuating graph
W - shaped curve
S-shaped curve
J - shaped curve
What does carrying capacity mean?
The amount of abiotic factors present in the environment
The total number of species living in an ecosystem
The number of offspring one mother can have in a year
The number of organisms an ecosystem can sustain
Frogs lay ~4000 eggs at a time. Based on this frogs would be classified as -
R-strategists
K-strategists
Which of the following would be a density independent limiting factor?
A virus spreading through a population
A forest fire burning down a forest
Birds competing for a limited amount of seeds
A new predator moving to an area
Which of the following would be a density-dependent limiting factor?
Two wolf packs having overlapping territories
Pollution
A flood
Deforestation
The carrying capacity for a population of lizards is 2700. If the current population is 1340 and the rmax for the population was found to be 0.83, what would the population size be after 1 year?
2356
2100
1825
1900
There is a population of 75 wolves in a forest that has a carrying capacity of 120. What is the maximum population growth rate if the population grows to 92 in one year?
0.833
1.00
0.604
0.523
Which of these describes a mutualistic relationship?
When one organism is harmed, but the other is benefitted
When one organism is unaffected, and the other is harmed
When one organism benefits, and the other is unaffected
When both organisms involved benefit
What is a niche?
A species that outcompetes others in an area
The level on a food chain an organism occupies
An organisms role in an ecosystem and the resources they obtain
A species that disproportionately affects an ecosystem
What will happen if two species occupy the same niche in an ecosystem?
The ecosystem will be stressed and could collapse
One species will either alter their niche or be eliminated
The niche will expand to accommodate both species
The species will share the niche
How does competition affect population?
Most populations do not have competition
It maximizes the carrying capacity of an ecosystem
It limits population sizes and drives natural selection
It benefits both species and increases their populations
How do ecosystems obtain energy in environments that have no light?
Through chemosynthetic organisms
Without light the organisms will need to move or they may go extinct
Through photosynthetic organisms
All ecosystems have some light
Why are decomposers necessary in ecosystems?
They recycle essential nutrients back down to producers
They enrich soil with nitrogen
They help keep ecosystems clean
All of the above
Why does high biodiversity increase ecosystem stability?
Ecosystems do best when populations are as large as possible
High biodiversity increases the carrying capacity of an ecosystem
More diversity increases the chances that organisms can survive changes to an ecosystem
Ecosystems are most stable when biodiversity is low
How do invasive species impact ecosystems?
The increase density dependent limiting factors
They establish themselves as new keystone species in an area
The open up new niches in the ecosystem
They outcompete native species and overpopulate the area
What are keystone species?
Non-native species that have adapted to a new environment
Species that have disproportionate effects on ecosystem stability
The first species to return to an area after a natural disaster
Organisms that can collapse an ecosystem if they overpopulate an area
Which of the following describes the growth rate as N approproaches K?
growth rate increases
growth rate decreases
growth rate is 0
growth rate has no change
Which of the following must be true for the growth rate to equal zero?
birth rate > death rate
birth rate < death rate
birth rate = death rate
2x birth rate = 1/2 death rate
Which of the following describes the distribution of organisms around the watering hole in the Savanna?
clumped distribution
uniform distribution
random distribution
territorial distribution
Which of the following describes the result of a negative r value?
The population size will double.
The population size with half.
The population size will increase.
The population size will decrease.
Which of the following describes a J shaped curve?
high competition
high predation
access to mates
unfavorable habitat
Which type of survivorship describes elephants with high parental care, low death rate of young, and long life spans?
I
II
III
does not apply
Which of the following describes how disease regulates population?
disease is a density independent factor
disease is a density dependent factor
disease selects for favorable individuals
disease removes unfavorable individuals
A population of fish is growing exponentially. The growth rate of the population is 2.0 and the current population size is 2,500 individuals. How many mice are added to the population each year?
500
1000
2500
5000
You conduct a mark and recapture experiment. You initially capture 20 cats and mark them. After a month, you collect 30 cats and 10 are already marked. What is the estimation for the population?
45
60
75
90
Which of the following describes the population size as the competition of resources increases?
increase of both populations
decrease of both populations
stays the same for both populations
one population increases and the other decreases
