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Unit 7 Biotechnology Part II- Genetic engineering

Total questions: 128

Worksheet time: 2hrs 24mins

Name
Class
Date
1.
Separation of DNA using electric current is called.....?
a)
Gel Electrophoresis
b)
Chromosome painting
c)
polymerage chain reaction
d)
Restrictive Enzyme Sorting 
2.
What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes?
a)
To add new nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA.
b)
To join nucleotides during replication.
c)
To join nucleotides during transcription.
d)
To cleave nucleic acids at specific sites.
3.
The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as
a)
sticky end.
b)
base sequence.
c)
single strands.
d)
restriction fragments.
4.
In order to insert a human gene into plasmid, both must 
a)
code for the same gene product.
b)
be cut by the same restriction enzyme.
c)
originate from the same type of cell.
d)
have identical sequences.
5.
What enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?
a)
DNA primase
b)
DNA helicase
c)
DNA ligase
d)
DNA polymerase
6.
What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into bacterium?
I) Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule.
II) Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.
III) Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.
IV) Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to non-plasmid DNA fragments.
V) Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to non-plasmid DNA

a)
I, II, IV, III, V
b)
III, II, IV, V, I
c)
II, III, V, IV, I
d)
III, IV, V, I, II
7.
Organisms that have DNA from a different species artificially inserted into their cells are called
a)
bioremediated
b)
transgenic
c)
cultured
d)
a clone
8.
GMO stands for
a)
Genetically Made Organism
b)
Growing More Organisms
c)
Genetically Modified Organism
d)
Growing Many Organisms
9.
All of the following are advantages of GMO's except
a)
pest resistant crops
b)
more nutritional foods
c)
unknown long term health effects
d)
creating more human insulin
10.
You have benefited from selective breeding by having more agricultural produce than would have been possible otherwise.
a)
True
b)
False
11.
Based on these results whose blood was found in the blood stain at the crime scene?
a)
Bob
b)
Sue
c)
John
d)
Lisa
12.
Which technology below would probably be the most important to a person who had diabetes and had to take insulin every day? 
a)
using recombinant DNA to produce human hormones from bacteria
b)
 testing parents for genetic disorders before they have children
c)
engineering fruits and vegetables that resist insects and other pests
d)
C. developing ways to identify criminals through DNA fingerprinting
13.
Which is the primary purpose of using restriction enzymes in gel electrophoresis?
a)
It allows the strands of DNA to be cut into various lengths for testing
b)
It restricts the number of base pairs that can be tested in a sample
c)
It makes the testing simpler by moving the strands into the gel faster
d)
It charges the DNA strands
14.
Combining DNA from 2 different organisms is called
a)
Bioengineering
b)
Biotechnology
c)
Recombinant DNA
d)
Genetic Engineering
15.
This picture is an example of what type of DNA cut?
a)
Sticky Ends
b)
Blunt Ends
16.
To amplify (create more) DNA, which process is used?
a)
Gel Electrophorisis
b)
Cloning
c)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
d)
Transgenic Process
17.
DNA fingerprinting works because
a)
Most genes are dominant
b)
Most people have DNA that contains repeats
c)
The most important genes are different among most people
d)
No two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA 
18.
A new variety of rice called golden rice has been genetically modified to have  vitamin A. people in  starving countries can eat this rice and receive vitamin A. Without this rice people go blind from vitamin A deficiency. What word(s) below best describes this rice?
a)
Electrophoresis
b)
DNA fingerprint
c)
Genetically modified organism
d)
Clone
19.
In gel electrophoresis, smaller molecules move . . . 
a)
really slow
b)
really fast
c)
to the negative side
d)
to the positive side
20.
Scientists uncover the remains of a rodent-like creature. They compare its skeleton to various rodents, but need further proof that it is a part of the rodent family. What other evidence would they most likely rely upon?
a)
DNA comparision
b)
a karyotype
c)
diet comparison
d)
the flora and fauna of its habitat
21.
This picture shows how what is made?
a)
Recombinant DNA
b)
PCR
c)
Gel Electrophorisis
d)
Clones
22.
What applications can gel electrophoresis be used for?
a)
Parental Testing
b)
Criminal Investigations
c)
Sequence Endangered Species DNA
d)
All of the above
23.
Which two bear species are most closely related?
a)
Bear 1 and Bear 2
b)
Bear 1 and Bear 3
c)
Bear 2 and Bear 3
d)
There’s no way to tell
24.
In which step would the enzyme ligase be used?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
25.
Which of these is the "gene of interest"?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
26.
What would have caused the plasmid (B) to open?
a)
restriction enzyme
b)
ligase
c)
gene therapy
d)
sticky ends
27.
In step D, recombinant DNA is being placed back into _____ to be cloned by binary fission.
a)
bacteria
b)
a human
c)
a virus
d)
a sheep
28.
Separation of DNA using electric current is called.....?
a)
Gel Electrophoresis
b)
Chromosome painting
c)
polymerage chain reaction
d)
Restrictive Enzyme Sorting 
29.
What is the enzymatic function of restriction enzymes?
a)
To add new nucleotides to the growing strand of DNA.
b)
To join nucleotides during replication.
c)
To join nucleotides during transcription.
d)
To cleave nucleic acids at specific sites.
30.
The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as
a)
sticky end.
b)
base sequence.
c)
single strands.
d)
restriction fragments.
31.
In order to insert a human gene into plasmid, both must 
a)
code for the same gene product.
b)
be cut by the same restriction enzyme.
c)
originate from the same type of cell.
d)
have identical sequences.
32.
What enzyme forms covalent bonds between restriction fragments?
a)
DNA primase
b)
DNA helicase
c)
DNA ligase
d)
DNA polymerase
33.
What is the most logical sequence of steps for splicing foreign DNA into a plasmid and inserting the plasmid into bacterium?
I) Transform bacteria with recombinant DNA molecule.
II) Cut the plasmid DNA using restriction enzymes.
III) Extract plasmid DNA from bacterial cells.
IV) Hydrogen-bond the plasmid DNA to non-plasmid DNA fragments.
V) Use ligase to seal plasmid DNA to non-plasmid DNA

a)
I, II, IV, III, V
b)
III, II, IV, V, I
c)
II, III, V, IV, I
d)
III, IV, V, I, II
34.
Organisms that have DNA from a different species artificially inserted into their cells are called
a)
bioremediated
b)
transgenic
c)
cultured
d)
a clone
35.
GMO stands for
a)
Genetically Made Organism
b)
Growing More Organisms
c)
Genetically Modified Organism
d)
Growing Many Organisms
36.
All of the following are advantages of GMO's except
a)
pest resistant crops
b)
more nutritional foods
c)
unknown long term health effects
d)
creating more human insulin
37.
You have benefited from selective breeding by having more agricultural produce than would have been possible otherwise.
a)
True
b)
False
38.
Based on these results whose blood was found in the blood stain at the crime scene?
a)
Bob
b)
Sue
c)
John
d)
Lisa
39.
Which technology below would probably be the most important to a person who had diabetes and had to take insulin every day? 
a)
using recombinant DNA to produce human hormones from bacteria
b)
 testing parents for genetic disorders before they have children
c)
engineering fruits and vegetables that resist insects and other pests
d)
C. developing ways to identify criminals through DNA fingerprinting
40.
Which is the primary purpose of using restriction enzymes in gel electrophoresis?
a)
It allows the strands of DNA to be cut into various lengths for testing
b)
It restricts the number of base pairs that can be tested in a sample
c)
It makes the testing simpler by moving the strands into the gel faster
d)
It charges the DNA strands
41.
Combining DNA from 2 different organisms is called
a)
Bioengineering
b)
Biotechnology
c)
Recombinant DNA
d)
Genetic Engineering
42.
This picture is an example of what type of DNA cut?
a)
Sticky Ends
b)
Blunt Ends
43.
To amplify (create more) DNA, which process is used?
a)
Gel Electrophorisis
b)
Cloning
c)
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
d)
Transgenic Process
44.
DNA fingerprinting works because
a)
Most genes are dominant
b)
Most people have DNA that contains repeats
c)
The most important genes are different among most people
d)
No two people, except identical twins, have exactly the same DNA 
45.
A new variety of rice called golden rice has been genetically modified to have  vitamin A. people in  starving countries can eat this rice and receive vitamin A. Without this rice people go blind from vitamin A deficiency. What word(s) below best describes this rice?
a)
Electrophoresis
b)
DNA fingerprint
c)
Genetically modified organism
d)
Clone
46.
In gel electrophoresis, smaller molecules move . . . 
a)
really slow
b)
really fast
c)
to the negative side
d)
to the positive side
47.
Scientists uncover the remains of a rodent-like creature. They compare its skeleton to various rodents, but need further proof that it is a part of the rodent family. What other evidence would they most likely rely upon?
a)
DNA comparision
b)
a karyotype
c)
diet comparison
d)
the flora and fauna of its habitat
48.
This picture shows how what is made?
a)
Recombinant DNA
b)
PCR
c)
Gel Electrophorisis
d)
Clones
49.
What applications can gel electrophoresis be used for?
a)
Parental Testing
b)
Criminal Investigations
c)
Sequence Endangered Species DNA
d)
All of the above
50.
Which two bear species are most closely related?
a)
Bear 1 and Bear 2
b)
Bear 1 and Bear 3
c)
Bear 2 and Bear 3
d)
There’s no way to tell
51.
In which step would the enzyme ligase be used?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
52.
Which of these is the "gene of interest"?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
53.
What would have caused the plasmid (B) to open?
a)
restriction enzyme
b)
ligase
c)
gene therapy
d)
sticky ends
54.
In step D, recombinant DNA is being placed back into _____ to be cloned by binary fission.
a)
bacteria
b)
a human
c)
a virus
d)
a sheep
55.

Which of the following best describes a gene?

a)

A section of DNA

b)

A bundle of DNA

c)

Every cell in your body has 23 pairs of genes

d)

All of the genetic material in your cells

56.

Which of the following best describes "genome"?

a)

A section of DNA

b)

A bundle of DNA

c)

Every cell in your body has 23 pairs of genes

d)

All of the genetic material in an organism

57.

Which of the following describes "plasmid?"

a)

Circular DNA

b)

Linear DNA

c)

DNA that is only found in eukaryotic cells

d)

Sections of DNA

58.

Besides the nucleus, which other organelle in your cell has DNA in it?

a)

Mitochondria

b)

Vacuole

c)

Ribosomes

d)

Lysosomes

59.

Which of the following best describes "restriction enzymes?"

a)

Enzymes that cut DNA

b)

Enzymes that build DNA

c)

Enzymes that dissolve DNA

d)

Enzymes that turn DNA into RNA

60.

Which of the following best describes a "virus?"

a)

An "agent" that infects a host; it's microscopic

b)

Viruses are MUCH larger than cells

c)

A type of cell that causes infections

d)

A type of protein that causes infections

61.

TRUE / FALSE: Viruses are only harmful to human beings.

a)

TRUE: Viruses can cause a wide range of infections.

b)

FALSE: Scientists have discovered ways of using viruses as tools in reasearch

62.

Which of the following best describes a "vector?"

a)

An organism that carries something

b)

A microscopic "agent" that causes an infection

c)

A type of cell in your body that carries viruses

d)

A type of protein in your body associated with viruses

63.

SELECT ALL THAT APPLY: Which of the following best describes "stem cells?"

a)

A cell without a job

b)

A cell with a specific job in your body

c)

A cell that can turn into ANY type of cell in your body

d)

A cell that has procured a viral infection

64.

Which of the following best describes "gel electrophoresis?"

a)

A tool for separating chunks of DNA

b)

A tool for editing someone's genes

c)

A tool for adding genes from a new species into an organism's DNA

d)

Copying DNA to make an identical organism

65.

Which of the following might scientists use gel electrophoresis for?

a)

Solve crimes

b)

Edit diseased genes

c)

Replace diseased cells

d)

Identify fathers

e)

Determine how related 2 species are

66.

Which of the following best describes "DNA Fingerprinting?"

a)

Means the same thing as "gel electrophoresis"

b)

Used to edit someone's genes

c)

Used to move genes from one organism into another

d)

Used to copy an organism's genome

67.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's) are:

a)

Organisms whose genes / DNA have been edited

b)

Organisms who have received new stem cells to cure a disease

c)

Organisms whose DNA has been copied

d)

Organisms whose entire genome has been sequenced

68.

Transgenic Organisms (GMO's) are:

a)

Organisms that have genes from a different species

b)

Organisms who have received new stem cells to cure a disease

c)

Organisms whose DNA has been copied

d)

Organisms whose entire genome has been sequenced

69.

"Trans" means:

a)

"Across"

b)

"New"

c)

"Different"

d)

"Many"

70.

Which of the following best describes "bacterial transformation?"

a)

When a bacteria's genome is changed by adding new DNA to it

b)

When a bacteria's genome is destroyed by a virus

c)

When a bacteria's DNA is used by scientists to cure diseases

d)

When a bacteria's DNA is used in the process of cloning

71.

Gene therapy is when:

a)

A person's genes are edited

b)

New genes are added to a person's genome

c)

Bacterial DNA is incorporated into the human genome

d)

Stem cells are used to cure a disease

72.

What was the purpose of the human genome project? 

a)

To know which protein is made from EACH gene in the human genome

b)

To know which type of stem cells to use in research

c)

To know which sections of human DNA could best be used for cloning

d)

To know which genes are most easily edited in gene therapy

73.

Which of the following best describes "cloning?"

a)

Copying an organism's DNA to make an identical organism

b)

Editing genes to cure a disease / change a trait

c)

Adding genes from one species into another's DNA

d)

Sequencing an organism's entire genome

74.

Which of the following best describes "recombinant DNA?"

a)

DNA that has genes from different organisms

b)

DNA that has been combined with RNA

c)

DNA that is used to make carbohydrates instead of proteins

d)

DNA that has genes that have never been edited

75.

This is the practice of producing a genetically identical cell or organism

a)

Cloning

b)

Gel Electrophoresis

c)

Genetic Engineering

d)

DNA Fingerprinting

76.
A lab technique used in crime fighting to prove a suspects innocence or guilt is known as:
a)
genetic engineering
b)
PCR
c)
electrophoresis
d)
gene therapy
77.
What is recombinant DNA?
a)
Adding DNA from one organism into the DNA of another
b)
DNA which has been changed over generations by natural selection
c)
DNA that causes genetic disorders
d)
DNA that has been sequenced
78.

Why is Dolly the sheep considered a clone?

a)

the source of Dolly's DNA is a single cell taken from an adult donor

b)

the DNA molecules in each of Dolly's cells are different

c)

Dolly has a mix of genes from her foster mother and the sheep that donated a nucleus of one of its cells

d)

Dolly is genetically identical to her offspring

79.
Another name for GMO (Genetically Modified Organsim) is ____________.
a)
Transgenic
b)
Transplanted
c)
Transducted
d)
Plasmid
80.
True or False: Gel electrophoresis allow scientist to compare DNA of different individuals.
a)
True
b)
False
81.

The laboratory process that makes many copies of DNA

a)

PCR

b)

Electrophoresis

c)

Gene Therapy

82.

The process that has been used for centruries to create purebred animals such as black labs is called

a)

recombinant DNA

b)

cloning

c)

selective breeding

83.
Which field would most likely NOT incorporate  biotechnology?
a)
Agriculture 
b)
Genetics 
c)
Medicine
d)
Mining 
84.
Which of the following subjects would someone  most likely study if he or she wanted to work in  the biotechnology field?
a)
Chemistry 
b)
Genetics
c)
Physics 
d)
Environmental Science 
85.
___________ changes the genetic material of a living organism.
a)
Crossbreeding 
b)
Genetic Modification 
c)
Bioremediation
d)
Genome
86.

Which of the following characteristics is often genetically engineered into crop plants?

a)

Resistance to herbicides

b)

Improved appearance

c)

Shorter ripening times

d)

Thicker stems

87.

A substance that has been genetically engineered into transgenic rice has the potential to treat

a)

High Blood Pressure

b)

Vitamin A Deficiency

c)

Cancer

d)

Vitamin D Deficiency

88.

A medical researcher hopes to cure a disease in mice by changing a gene.  How can the researcher change the sequence of the gene?

a)

Cloning

b)

PCR

c)

Electrophoresis

d)

CRISPR

89.

Which of the following statement about plasmids is correct?

a)

plasmids are present in bacteria , archea& some eukaryotes

b)

plasmids are present in all organisms

c)

plasmids present in bacteria and phages

d)

plasmids present in plants and animals

90.
Which of the following is a circular DNA from bacteria that can hold a foreign gene?
a)
plasmid
b)
restriction enzyme
c)
ligase
d)
protein expression
91.
Before transgenic animals, farmers practiced selective breeding. An example is crossing a horse with a donkey to produce a:
a)
Kangaroo.
b)
Mule.
c)
Gelding.
d)
Race horse.
92.

Which of the following techniques would scientists most likely use to understand the activity levels of hundreds of genes at once?

a)

DNA microarray

b)

CRISPR

c)

PCR

d)

DNA Sequencing

93.

This is the practice of inserting the DNA of another species into an organism's DNA so that the organism gains a new trait.

a)

Cloning

b)

Gel Electrophoresis

c)

Genetic Engineering

d)

DNA Fingerprinting

94.

This is the practice of producing a genetically identical cell or organism

a)

Cloning

b)

Gel Electrophoresis

c)

Genetic Engineering

d)

DNA Fingerprinting

95.

What is the name of the international effort to sequence a human's DNA sequence?

a)

The Gene Sequencing Project

b)

The DNA Fingerprinting Project

c)

The Nuremberg Trials

d)

The Human Genome Project

96.

Which of these is NOT a use for DNA Fingerprinting?

a)

Identifying the person whose DNA was left at a crime scene

b)

Determining the father of a child

c)

Finding the likelihood of inheriting a genetic disorder

d)

Figuring out which species are more closely related

97.

DNA made from two (2) or more sources is called...

a)

Recombinant DNA

b)

Bacterial DNA

c)

Messenger DNA

d)

Artificial DNA

98.

Which of the following is used to create recombinant DNA?

a)

Restriction Enzymes

b)

Amino Acids

c)

Genetic Proteins

d)

Messenger RNA

99.

Which genetic engineering technique amplifies the number of DNA pieces in a lab setting?

a)

PCR

b)

Gel Electrophoresis

c)

Gene Therapy

d)

CRISPR

100.

Which genetic engineering technique separates DNA fragments based on their size?

a)

PCR

b)

Gel Electrophoresis

c)

Gene Cloning

d)

CRISPR

101.

Which genetic engineering technique allows us to produce multiple, identical copies of a single gene?

a)

Cloning

b)

PCR

c)

Gene Therapy

d)

CRISPR

102.

Inserting a normal gene or editing an existing gene is called...

a)

Genetic Engineering

b)

Gene Therapy

c)

Gene Cloning

d)

Gene Sequencing

103.

Undifferentiated cells that can become any cell in the body are called...

a)

Stem Cells

b)

Somatic Cells

c)

Gametes

d)

Zygotes

104.

Which of the following is NOT a form of selective breeding?

a)

GMOs

b)

Hybridization

c)

Inbreeding

d)

Natural Selection

105.

Hybridization is...

a)

Selective Breeding between two unrelated organisms

b)

Selective Breeding between two inbred organisms

c)

Selective Breeding within a species

d)

Selective Breeding within a population

106.
Genetic engineering has been used to produce
a)
medicines.
b)
food animals.
c)
improved crops.
d)
all of these.
107.
During transformation, a cell
a)
is treated with radiation.
b)
has two genetically different parents.
c)
has foreign DNA inserted in its chromosome.
d)
has parents of different species.
108.
Transgenic organisms contain
a)
genes from other species.
b)
cells of another organism.
c)
genes of only one parent.
d)
one or more human genes.
109.
simple ring of DNA from prokaryotes
a)
plasmid
b)
restriction enzymes
c)
recombinant DNA
d)
gene
110.
molecular scissors that "cut' DNA
a)
plasmid
b)
restriction enzymes
c)
recombinant DNA
d)
gene
111.
In a pedigree chart, how are females illustrated
a)
circles
b)
squares
c)
triangles
d)
lines
112.
In a pedigree chart, how are characterisitcs or traits illustrated
a)
circles
b)
squares
c)
shading
d)
lines
113.

Match the meaning of the below abbreviations

a)

GMO

1.

Genetically-Modified Organism

b)

FDA

2.

Food & Drug Administration

c)

DNA

3.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

d)

RNA

4.

Ribonucleic acid

e)

rDNA

5.

Recombinant Deoxyribonucleic Acid

114.

What is a GMO?

a)

An organism that has had its DNA modified by humans

b)

An organism missing a chromosome

c)

Epigenetics

d)

A genetically identical organism

115.
When human DNA is inserted in bacterial DNA to create insulin it is called
a)
viral DNA
b)
bacterial DNA
c)
recombinant DNA
d)
transcribed DNA
116.
What process is shown in the picture?
a)
Gene therapy
b)
Cloning
c)
DNA Fingerprinting
d)
Gene Splicing
117.

What is a vector?

a)

Cells that produce genetically modified DNA

b)

Structures that deliver genes into required cells

c)

Enzymes that cut DNA at specific palindrome sequences

d)

A machine that copies DNA

118.
Mr. Jones was killed in a car accident.  Afterwards, a former girlfriend filed a paternity suit claiming that Mr. Jones was the father of her child, and thus she was entitled to the man’s estate.  Which sample of DNA would have to be from Mr. Jones if he were the child’s father? 
a)
2
b)
3
c)
4
d)
5
119.
Bob was found dead in his home.  Crime scene analysis showed signs of a struggle.  Blood was collected from the crime scene, the victim, and three suspects.  Which suspect likely committed the crime? 
a)
Sue
b)
Lisa
c)
John
d)
None of these
120.
Which two bear species are most closely related?
a)
Bear 1 and Bear 2
b)
Bear 1 and Bear 3
c)
Bear 2 and Bear 3
d)
There’s no way to tell
121.
Which is the likely 'sire' (dog's dad) of the given puppy?
a)
Sire A
b)
Sire B
c)
Sire C
d)
Sire D
122.
DNA is recovered from a suspected dead soldier.  Which Parents are the likely parents of the soldier?
a)
Parents C and D
b)
Parents E and F
c)
Parents A and B
d)
Parents G and H
123.

Why do the fragments of DNA in gel electrophoresis travel away from the negative electrode?

a)

DNA is negatively charged so attracted to the positive end of the unit

b)

DNA is positively charged to attracted to the negative end of the unit

c)

the agarose gel in negatively charged

d)

the agarose gel is positively charged

124.
In gel electrophoresis, the largest DNA fragment will appear
a)
closest to the starting wells
b)
farthest from the starting wells
c)
three quarters away from the starting wells
d)
it depends on how many fragments there are
125.
Which sequence below best represents the steps to making a GMO?
a)
Isolate the gene of interest, add gene of interest to vector, copy vector through mitosis in bacteria cell, add bacteria to plant cells, copy plant cells through mitosis, & test final product after growth period
b)
Add gene of interest to vector, copy vector through mitosis in bacteria cell, add bacteria to plant cells, copy plant cells through mitosis, isolate the gene of interest, & test final product after growth period
c)
Copy vector through mitosis in bacteria cell, isolate the gene of interest, add gene of interest to vector, add bacteria to plant cells, copy plant cells through mitosis, & test final product after growth period
d)
 Test final product after growth period, isolate the gene of interest, add gene of interest to vector, copy vector through mitosis in bacteria cell, add bacteria to plant cells, & copy plant cells through mitosis
126.
Which would NOT be a reason to use GM crops?
a)
Using GM crops can increase crop yields.
b)
Using GM crops can reduce use of insecticide sprays.
c)
Using GM crops may be able to feed more people faster.
d)
Using GM crops can increase pesticide resistance in pests.
127.

GMO crops have been engineered to

a)

be drought resistent

b)

be insect resistant

c)

be disease resistant

d)

all of these

128.

Viral Vector Gene Therapy is when

a)

a virus' DNA is removed, desired DNA is inserted and the virus then "infects" the cell with the desired DNA

b)

a gene is coaxed into replication so several copies of the gene are made and able to be used

c)

a gene is placed into the plasmid of bacteria and the protein the bacteria makes as a result is harvested

d)

Humans intentionally breed organisms to have desirable traits

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