Water-loving

referring to an allele that is masked by the presence of another allele (called dominant) for the same gene when both are present in a heterozygote; or referring to a trait controlled by such an allele.

a type of reproduction that involves two parents and produces genetically different offspring.

type of vesicle transport that moves substances out of a cell

reproductive cell produced during meiosis that has the haploid number of chromosomes.

endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes embedded on its surface.

first stage of photosynthesis in which light energy from the sun is captured and changed into chemical energy that is stored in ATP and NADPH.

helps form ribosomes, the organelle where proteins are assembled.

relating to any organism or process that does not require oxygen.

material inside the cell membrane, including the watery cytosol and other cell structures except the nucleus if one is present.

the process in which the cells of living things break down glucose with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy.

solutions of equal solute concentration.

the genetic constitution of an individual organism.

an individual living thing.

monomer of a protein

protein that is permanently embedded within the cell membrane; a range of important functions including transporting molecules across the membrane.

one of two or more different versions of the same gene.

an organic compound made up of small molecules called amino acids.

the molecule or molecules on which an enzyme acts.

chromosomes 1–22 in humans that contain genes for characteristics unrelated to sex.

DNA replication process where half of the parent DNA molecule is conserved in each of the two daughter DNA molecules.

simple sugar that all living things use to store and transport energy.

green pigment in a chloroplast that absorbs light energy during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

molecule in lipids in which some carbon atoms are bonded to other groups of atoms rather than to hydrogen atoms.

splitting water by light; produces the hydrogen ions and electrons used in light reactions and oxygen atoms.

the energy-requiring process of pumping molecules and ions across membranes "uphill" from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction.

process in which cells use carbon dioxide, water, and light energy to make oxygen and glucose, an energy-storing sugar.

a segment of DNA that carries the genetic code to make a specific polypeptide chain.

highest level of organization in ecology that includes all the parts of Earth where life exists, including Earth's surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.

structure found in all cells that is the site of protein synthesis.

series of electron-transport molecules that pass high-energy electrons from molecule to molecule and capture their energy.

variable in a scientific experiment that is manipulated by the researcher to investigate its effect on another variable called the dependent variable.

type of RNA that copies genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus and carries them to the cytoplasm.

protein in a cell membrane that helps molecules pass through the membrane, by either forming a channel for the molecules or carrying the molecules through the membrane

The organelle of photosynthesis

the process resulting in the division of the eukaryotic cell nucleus into two identical nuclei before the cell divides; occurs in four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

the solution with the lower solute concentration when comparing two solutions of unequal solute concentration.

group of three nitrogen bases in RNA or DNA that is the genetic code word for a single amino acid or for a start or stop signal.

molecule in lipids in which carbon atoms are bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible.

relationship between the alleles for a gene in which one allele is only partly dominant to the other allele so an intermediate phenotype results.

compound found in living things that contains mainly carbon.

the diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

having only one chromosome of each type; gametes are haploid.

or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell. The plasma membrane engulfs the solid material, forming a phagocytic vesicle.

process of maintaining a stable internal environment in a cell or an entire organism.

genes that are located on the same chromosome.

rigid layer that surrounds the cell membrane in plants, fungi, and bacteria that helps support and protect the cell.

the solution with the higher solute concentration when comparing two solutions of unequal solute concentration

non-coding or non-regulatory region of a gene or mRNA; removed prior to translation.

a protein that is only temporarily associated with the cell membrane and can be easily removed.

organic compound that supplies energy to the body, such as sugar and starch.

structure in a cell consisting of filaments and tubules that crisscross the cytoplasm and help maintain the cell’s shape.

measured variable in an experiment that is affected by changing the independent variable; also known as the responding variable

Basic unit of structure and function of living things.

a repeating series of events that includes growth, DNA synthesis, and cell division

exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes when they are closely paired during meiosis I.

theory that states all living things are made up of cells, all life functions occur within cells, and all cells come from pre-existing cells.

the allele that is expressed in an organism's phenotype, masking the effect of the recessive allele or gene when present.

a movement of substances across a plasma membrane that does not require energy.

the small molecules which are combined over and over to make up a polymer

property of water that is observed when water hydrogen bonds to substances other than other water molecules.

a special type of scientific investigation that is performed under controlled conditions.

reproduction that involves a single parent and results in offspring that are all genetically identical to the parent.

region of sister chromatids where they are joined together.

a process of building low-energy inorganic CO2 into high-energy organic molecules

basic unit of structure and function of living things.

are organisms that obtain energy from other living things.

a weak intermolecular connection between two polar molecules.

organisms that use energy directly from the sun or from chemical bonds.

structure within the cytoplasm of a cell that is enclosed within a membrane and performs a specific job.

last event in cell division, when the cytoplasm divides, and daughter cells form.

energy-carrying molecule that cells use to power their metabolic processes; provides the cell with an immediate usable form of energy

process in which genetic instructions in DNA are copied to form a complementary strand of mRNA.

type of lipid that is the major components of cell membranes.

the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.

a process used to investigate natural phenomena. It includes making observations, formulating a hypothesis, designing experiments, and drawing conclusions.

an organic compound, such as DNA or RNA, that is built of monomers called nucleotides

coiled structure made of DNA and protein that is present during cell division and visible with a light microscope.

an electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane and the inner membrane of the mitochondrion; due to concentration differences of both positive charges and hydrogen ions.

organelle inside eukaryotic cells that contains most of the cell’s DNA and acts as the control center of the cell.

relating to any organism or process that requires oxygen.

chart for determining the expected ratios of different genotypes in the offspring of two parents.

union of two gametes that produces a diploid zygote.

model proposes that integral membrane proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, and that the membrane is in a constant change, behaving like a fluid, rather than a solid.

the process of ordering the amino acids in the assembly of a protein

second phase of mitosis during which chromosomes line up at the center of the cell.

a way of making ATP without oxygen

a large molecule formed of many smaller molecules (monomers) covalently bonded in a repeating pattern.

passive transport of a substance through a membrane with the help of transport proteins.

organelle in eukaryotic cells that helps make and transport proteins and lipids; types include rough ER and smooth ER.

pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content.

cell that contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

is the process by which organisms give rise to offspring.

chance fertilization of two gametes from millions of possibilities.

the three-base frame that divides the bases into codons.

referring to the total number of chromosomes in a species; having two sets of chromosomes

single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

type of cell division in which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half and four haploid cells are produced

monomer of nucleic acids; contains a five-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

simple sugar such as glucose that is the monomer of carbohydrates.

protein coding region of a gene or mRNA.

the tendency of molecules to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is uniform.

flattened sac of membrane inside a chloroplast where the first stage of photosynthesis (light reactions) occurs.

characteristic, or trait, controlled by more than one gene, each of which may have two or more alleles.

universal code of three-base codons that encodes the genetic instructions for the amino acid sequence of proteins.

brings amino acids to ribosomes, where they are joined together to form proteins.

phase in the cell cycle when DNA is replicated

also called the plasma membrane.Thin coat of phospholipids that surrounds a cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

removes introns from mRNA during transcription when mRNA processing occurs.

stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle when the cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and prepares to divide; includes Gap 1 phase (G1), Synthesis phase (S), and Gap 2 phase (G2).

water-fearing.

the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living organisms.

organelle in eukaryotic cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion out of the cell, or for use within the cell, also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell.

type of vesicle transport (active transport) that moves substances into a cell.

an atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

water-insoluble organic compound that organisms use to store energy such as fats and oils.

ability to allow only certain molecules in or out of the cell; also called selectively permeable.

process of breaking down and using the energy in chemical compounds to make food.

all of the hereditary information encoded in the DNA of a species.

an individual having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes and so breeding true for the corresponding characteristic

a process that adds a poly tail of adenine bases to the mRNA; signals the end of mRNA.

the process in which one cell, called the parent cell, divides to form two new cells, referred to as daughter cells.

single-stranded nucleic acid that helps make proteins, aka ribonucleic acid