A client program normally uses ____________ port number. A server program normally uses __________ port number.

A socket address is a combination of __________.

____________ means accepting items from more than one source. ______________ means delivering items to more than one source.

________ means the producer delivers the items when they are produced. _______ means the consumer takes the items when it is ready to do so.

UDP is a ________________ transport protocol.

UDP is an acronym for _______.

At the transport layer, to define the processes, we need two identifiers called ____________.

The ports ranging from 0 to 1,023 are called the ___________ ports. The ports ranging from 1,024 to 49,151 are called ___________ ports. The ports ranging from 49,152 to 65,535 are called the ___________ ports.

UDP and TCP are two protocols at the ___________ layer.

Which of the following functions are performed by UDP?

A port number is _______ bits long.

Which of the following does UDP provide?

The source port number on the UDP user datagram header defines _______.

To use the services of UDP, we need ________ socket addresses.

UDP packets are called __________ .

UDP packets have a fixed-size header of _______ bytes.

TCP is a __________ protocol.

TCP groups a number of bytes together into a packet called a ___________.

TCP is a(n) ___________ protocol.

TCP is a(n) _______ transport protocol.

TCP uses _________________ to check the safe and sound arrival of data.

The bytes of data being transferred in each connection are numbered by TCP. The numbering starts with a __________________.

In TCP, the sequence number for each segment is the number of the _______ byte (virtual byte) carried in that segment.

Communication in TCP is ___________.

In TCP, the value of the acknowledgment field in a sent segment defines the sequence number related to the ______ byte a party expects to receive next.

The inclusion of the checksum in the TCP segment is ________.

In TCP, a SYN segment consumes _____ sequence number(s).

In TCP, a SYN + ACK segment consumes _____ sequence numbers.

In TCP, an ACK segment, if carrying no data, consumes ______ sequence number(s).

The connection establishment procedure in TCP is susceptible to a serious security problem called the _________ attack.

The SYN flooding attack belongs to a group of security attacks known as a _____ attack.

In TCP, a FIN segment consumes ____ sequence numbers if it does not carry data.

In TCP, a FIN + ACK segment consumes _____ sequence number(s) if it does not carry data.

In TCP, one end can stop sending data while still receiving data. This is called a ______ termination.

TCP sliding windows are __________ oriented.

In TCP, the size of the send window is the ________ of rwnd and cwnd.

In TCP, the window should not be _________.

In TCP, the receiver can temporarily shut down the window; the sender, however, can always send a segment of _____ byte(s) after the window is shut down.

A serious problem can arise in the sliding window operation when either the sending application program creates data slowly or the receiving application program consumes data slowly, or both. This problem is called the ______.

Nagle's algorithm can solve the silly window syndrome created by the _________.

Clark's solution can solve the silly window syndrome created by the _________.

Delayed acknowledgment can solve the silly window syndrome created by the _________.

In TCP, an ACK segments that carry no data consumes _______ sequence number(s).

In modern implementations of TCP, a retransmission occurs if the retransmission timer expires or ________ duplicate ACK segments have arrived.

In TCP, ________ retransmission timer is set for an ACK segment.

In TCP, there can be ______ RTT measurement(s) in progress at any time.

We need to multiply the header length field by _______ to find the total number of bytes in the TCP header.

In TCP, urgent data requires the urgent pointer field as well as the URG bit (to be set) in the _______ field.

In TCP, if the ACK value is 200, then byte _______ has been received successfully.

In TCP, the _______ timer prevents a long idle connection between two TCPs.

In TCP, the _______ timer is needed to handle the zero window-size advertisement.

In TCP, Karn's algorithm is used in calculations by the _______ timer.

In TCP, a special segment called a probe is sent by a sending TCP when the _______ timer goes off.

__________ control refers to the mechanisms and techniques to keep the load below the capacity.

In TCP's ________ algorithm the size of the congestion window increases exponentially until it reaches a threshold.

In TCP's __________ algorithm the size of the congestion window increases additively until congestion is detected.

________ treats the two signs of congestion detections, timeout and three duplicate ACKs, in the same way.

In ______ TCP, when the connection is established, TCP starts the slow start algorithms and sets the ssthresh variable to a pre-agreed value (normally 64 or 128 kilobytes) and the cwnd variable to 1 MSS.

The ___________ added a new state to the congestion control FSM, called the fast recovery state.

The ___________ treated the two signals of congestion, timeout and arrival of three duplicate ACKs, differently.

The __________ state in Reno TCP is a state somehow between the slow start and the congestion avoidance states.

In the Reno TCP, when TCP enters the fast recovery, if duplicate ACKs continue to come, TCP ____________________________________.

In the Reno TCP, when TCP enters the fast recovery, if a timeout occurs, TCP ____________________________________.

In the Reno TCP, when TCP enters the fast recovery, if a new (non duplicate) ACK arrives TCP ____________________________________.

A later version of TCP, called ______ TCP, made an extra optimization on the _______ TCP.

In the slow start algorithm, the size of the congestion window grows ______________ until ___________________.

In the congestion avoidance algorithm, the size of the congestion window grows ______________ congestion is detected.

The congestion window size, after it passes the initial slow start state, follows a saw tooth pattern called _________________________________.