WorksheetsQE AS Core Studies Revision Quiz
Total questions: 120
Worksheet time: 1hrs 7mins
How did the length of REM periods relate to the subjective duration of dreams?
There was a positive correlation between REM period length and dream duration
There was a negative correlation between REM period length and dream duration
There was no correlation between REM period length and dream duration
The length of REM periods did not affect dream duration
What did the eye movement patterns during dreaming represent?
The visual experience of dreaming
Random motor discharge of the central nervous system
The depth of sleep during the night
The occurrence of gastric contractions
What was the main advantage of using objective measurements of eye movements to study dreaming?
Objective measurements provided more accurate data than subjective dream recall
Objective measurements allowed for the study of environmental changes on dreaming
Objective measurements eliminated the need for awakening subjects during sleep
Objective measurements provided information about the depth of sleep
What is the purpose of determining when dreaming occurs?
To study the relationship between dreaming and physiological variables
To measure the depth of sleep during the night
To determine the frequency of eye movements during sleep
To investigate the effects of environmental changes on dreaming
The study concluded that:
Dreaming primarily occurs in n-REM sleep
There is a strong correlation between REM sleep and dreaming
Dreaming occurs during wakefulness
Dreaming is unrelated to sleep stages
what were the 3 areas of the brain that Holzel focused on
cerrebelluem, temporal lobe, prefrontal cortex
cerebellum, temporal lobe, left hippocampus
posterior junction, left hippocampus, brain stem
cerebellum, posterior junction, left hippocampus
particpants practised what MBSR teqniques
mindful yoga, mediation, body scans
mindful yoga, nature walks, hypnosis
meditation, nature walks, hypnosis
meditation, body scans, breath work
the experimental design of Holzel's study
independant measures
matched pairs
repeated measures
this study had high day to day generalizability
because they chose S's from all different types of life
because MBSR was incorporated in S's everyday life with HW
because it was a large sample
because MBSR doesn't have to be practiced in a lab
followed ethical code because
S's were given accommodated therapy after
control group was given MBSR after study was complete
S's were payed finical compensation
S's had right to withdrawal at any time
What are toy preferences in monkeys?
Monkeys show preferences for toys that are colorful, have different textures, make noise, or can be manipulated easily.
Monkeys like toys that are silent and immovable.
Monkeys show no interest in toys with different textures.
Monkeys prefer toys that are black and white.
What were the research findings on monkey toy choices in the Hassett et al. study?
Male monkeys preferred toy trucks, while female monkeys preferred action figures.
Male monkeys preferred toy trucks, while female monkeys preferred dolls.
Male monkeys preferred dolls, while female monkeys preferred toy trucks.
Male monkeys preferred toy cars, while female monkeys preferred action figures.
What factors influence a monkey's choice of toys?
Color of the toys
Natural behavior, preferences, past experiences, social interactions, and environmental enrichment.
Price of the toys
Size of the toys
How do researchers ensure the validity of results in studies on monkey toy preferences?
By conducting surveys with monkey owners
By conducting controlled experiments, using randomization, minimizing bias, and analyzing data statistically.
By guessing based on personal opinions
By asking monkeys directly for their preferences
How do researchers measure the preferences of monkeys for different toys?
Researchers measure monkey toy preferences by asking them directly
Researchers measure monkey toy preferences by flipping a coin
Researchers measure monkey toy preferences by analyzing their dreams
Researchers measure the preferences of monkeys for different toys by conducting preference tests and observing which toys the monkeys interact with more frequently or for longer durations.
Which Psychology approach is the Andrade et. al study?
Biological
Social
Cognitive
Learning
Which of the following was true about the sample for this study?
They were a random sample from the college
most were female
they had an interest in Psychology
They were an opportunistic sample
They were paid
Participants in the doodling group
colored shapes while listening
made note sketches while listening
drew in the margins while listening
took detailed notes while listening
Participants did not know
that the study had to do with psychology
what to listen for
how to doodle
there would be a memory test
What was the main aim of Andrade's study?
To determine if doodling can improve artistic skills
To investigate whether doodling improves or hinders attention to primary task
To assess the impact of doodling on long-term memory
To explore the relationship between doodling and intelligence
Which of the following best describes the experimental design of Andrade's study?
Correlational design
Longitudinal design
Randomized control trial
Case study
What method was used to collect data in Andrade's study?
Interviews
Observations
Memory tests
Questionnaires
Baron-Cohen et al (1997) suggest those on the autistic spectrum struggle with communication and social development due to an absence of ______.
Why were the AS/HFA group participants asked to judge the gender of each person in each photo?
Acts as a control task to show that Ps in Group 1 could identify characteristics of the eyes used in the test that were not dependent on gender
Acts as a control task to show that Ps in Group 1 could identify characteristics of the eyes used in the test that were not dependent on having a theory of mind.
Acts as an experimental task to show that Ps in Group 1 could identify characteristics of the eyes used in the test that were not dependent on having a theory of mind.
Acts as an experimental task to show that Ps in Group 1 could identify characteristics of the eyes used in the test that were dependent on social intelligence
Why were the normal participants not asked to do the gender recognition task in the experiment?
The researchers believed that the gender recognition task was irrelevant to the study's objectives.
Pilot tests had shown that 'normal' adults consistently scored 100% on the gender recognition task.
The gender recognition task was considered too difficult for 'normal' adults to perform accurately.
The researchers assumed that 'normal' participants would not be interested in completing the gender recognition task.
Results show no correlation between Revised Eyes Test scores and what other factors?
IQ
AQ
Gender
Socioeconomic background
Which of the following is the primary aim of Pozzulo et al. study?
To examine the accuracy of adults in identifying target faces in lineups.
To investigate the impact of cartoon characters on children's cognitive development.
To explore the role of social and cognitive factors in children's identification of target faces in lineups.
To compare children's identification accuracy with adults in target-absent lineups.
Why were cartoon characters chosen as stimuli in Pozzulo et al study?
To challenge children's cognitive abilities and improve their recognition skills.
To familiarize children with fictional characters for entertainment purposes.
To minimize cognitive factors and allow children to identify them as accurately as adults.
To assess children's preference for cartoons over other types of visual stimuli.
What was the primary research method employed in the study conducted by Pozzulo et al.?
What were the two levels for the "line-up type" independent variable in the study?
Identification versus rejection
Target-present versus target-absent
Controlled versus uncontrolled
Familiar versus unfamiliar
In the study, what served as the dependent variable to measure participants' responses?
Age of the participant
Familiarity of the target
Lineup type
Correct identification of the target or empty silhouette
Where were the child participants recruited from?
Public schools in Western Ontario, Canada
Pre-kindergarten/kindergarten classes in three private schools in Eastern Ontario, Canada
Community centers in Southern Ontario, Canada
Daycare centers in Northern Ontario, Canada
How long were the video clips for the human and cartoon face targets?
1 second
3 seconds
6 seconds
10 seconds
Which cartoon characters were used as targets for the videos?
SpongeBob SquarePants and Mickey Mouse
Dora the Explorer and Go, Diego, Go!
Superman and Batman
Scooby-Doo and Shaggy
Why were all photographs presented in black and white?
To make the images less visually appealing
To mimic real-life lighting conditions
To avoid potential focus on cartoon character colors
To maintain aesthetic values
After completing the experiment, how were child participants rewarded?
With a certificate of participation
With a cash incentive
With crayons and a coloring book
With a promise of another experiment in the future
What type of variables were manipulated in the study design?
Cartoon Face Foils
Age, type of target, and lineup type
Correct identification rates
Human face foils
What is a false positive in Pozzulo et al.?
The tendency to identify someone as the perpetrator of a crime or the target of an identification task when they are not the actual perpetrator or target. For example, a child selecting the wrong person from a line-up of suspects because they are similar in appearance to the actual perpetrator
The mistake of identifying someone as someone else or identifying someone as having committed a crime when they are not the perpetrator. For example, a witness mistakenly identifying the wrong person in a police line-up as the person who robbed a convenience store.
A line-up of suspects in which the actual perpetrator or target is included. For example, a line-up of three foils and one target in Pozzulo et al.'s study.
The level of exposure or experience that a person has with a particular object, task, concept, or person. For example, a person may have a high level of familiarity with their favorite brand of cereal because they have been eating it for years.
Which Psychology is being investigated in the study by Bandura et al?
concentration
memory recall
social learning theory
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
Which of the following was the research method used in the Bandura et al study?
laboratory experiment
laboratory experiment & Observation
independent measures
matched pairs design
What was the sampling technique used in the study by Bandura et al?
Volunteer sampling
opportunity sampling
random sampling
A total of 72 participants, 36 males and 36 females aged between 37 - 69 months, were selected from a nursery school at _______.
In the aggressive condition the participant was brought to a room in which they observed an adult demonstrating which types of aggression towards a Bobo doll?
What was the main aim of Fagen et al.'s study?
To train elephants for trunk wash using SPR techniques
To compare traditional and modern training techniques
To study the social behaviour of elephants
To test the intelligence of elephants
How many elephants were involved in the study?
Three
Four
Five
Six
What type of reinforcer was used in the SPR technique?
Physical punishment
Verbal commands
A whistle blow
Visual signals
Which of the following was NOT one of the basic behavioural tasks taught to the elephants?
Trunk up
Trunk down
Bucket
Blow
What was the primary reinforcer used in the training?
Water
Bananas
Peanuts
Fresh green grass
What was the role of the mahouts during the training sessions?
Active training
Providing security
Observing and recording data
They were not present
Which of the following best describes the training environment?
A laboratory setting
The elephants’ natural habitat
A closed indoor facility
A public zoo area
What method was used to introduce the syringe and sample fluid to the elephants?
Punishment
Desensitization and counterconditioning
Forced interaction
Ignoring the elephants’ reactions
What was a key finding of the study?
All elephants rejected the training
Four out of five elephants successfully learned the trunk wash
Elephants prefer traditional training methods
Only adult elephants could be trained
What aspect of the study could affect its generalisability?
The use of positive reinforcement
Limited sample size and diversity
The involvement of mahouts
The natural setting of the training
What was the primary purpose of the trunk wash for the elephants?
To train the elephants
To provide a treat for the elephants
To test for tuberculosis
To clean the elephants' trunks
Which technique involves waiting for the animal to perform a natural behavior and then marking and rewarding it repeatedly?
None of the above
Shaping technique
Lure technique
Capture technique
Evaluate the reliability of the study.
Good reliability due to the use of a standardised procedure
Poor reliability due to the use of a standardised procedure
Poor reliability due to the use of subjective measurements
Good reliability due to the use of subjective measurements
Evaluate the generalizability of the study.
Good generalisability to all elephants
Poor generalisability due to the sample size
Good generalisability to male elephants
Good generalisability to African elephants
What is the application of the study's results in the captive management of other species?
Could be useful in circus performances
Could be useful in training wild animals
Could be useful in disease testing of other animals
No application to other species
What is the significance of the study's results in the conservation of elephant populations?
Could be useful in managing elephant populations in captivity
Could be useful in controlling elephant behavior in the wild
Could be useful in monitoring elephant migration patterns
No significance in the conservation of elephant populations
Which of these was an aim of Saavedra and Silverman?
To traumatize a child by showing him buttons.
To investigate the effects of a button phobia in a child.
To investigate the causes of a button phobia in a child.
To attempt to treat a child's phobia of buttons by modelling.
This study follows which research method best?
Observation
Case Study
Questionnaire
Correlation
Which book was used to diagnose the child with button phobia?
DSM-IV
MRI
EEG
BPT
How did the therapists measure the boy's distress level?
A disgust chart
They observed his movements
A feelings thermometer
Counted how many buttons he kept
What did Saavedra and Silverman NOT have the child imagine?
How the buttons tasted
How the buttons smelled
How the buttons felt
How the buttons looked
How did the boy develop his button phobia?
He got trapped in a sinking car when his button-up shirt got caught on the seatbelt
He believed the buttons look like bugs, which he was also afraid of
He swallowed a button and was hospitalized
He spilled a bowl of buttons in art class
Which ethical guidelines were not broken?
Harm
Informed Consent
Deception
Confidentiality
When did Saavedra and Silverman do their follow-ups?
They did not follow up.
12 and 24 months after the study
1 and 2 months after the study
6 and 12 months after the study
Which is a result of the study?
Since a child was used, we cannot say that this would work for adults.
The boy was cured of his phobia of buttons
The boy still had a phobia of buttons
The boy never wore buttons but was no longer scared.
This study is a part of which approach to Psychology?
Learning
Social
Cognitive
Biological
What is classical conditioning?
A form of learning in which a unconditioned response becomes linked to a previously neutral stimulus to create a learned association.
A form of learning where people are made to imagine scenarios so that the effects can be judged by researchers without directly interacting with the scenario.
A form of learning in which observations of one or more individuals leads to a behavior being repeated naturally later on.
A form of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
What is operant conditioning?
A form of learning in which a unconditioned response becomes linked to a previously neutral stimulus to create a learned association.
A form of learning where people are made to imagine scenarios so that the effects can be judged by researchers without directly interacting with the scenario.
A form of learning in which observations of one or more individuals leads to a behavior being repeated naturally later on.
A form of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior.
Which two types of therapy did Saavedra and Silverman use?
Negative reinforcement therapy and Imagery exposure therapy
Positive reinforcement therapy and Imagery exposure therapy
Operant conditioning and Imagery exposure therapy
Negative reinforcement therapy and classical conditioning
Which two factors did Saavedra and Silverman find which were linked to phobias?
Distress and Disgust
Fear and Courage
Courage and Trauma
Distress and Trauma
These buttons were the MOST distressing to the child.
Small plastic buttons (clear)
Small plastic buttons (coloured)
large denim jean buttons
large plastic buttons (coloured)
large plastic buttons (clear)
In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, many participants administered the shocks because:
they believed the shocks weren't real
they respected the professor's authority
they were told that they had no choice
they were misled regarding the strength of the shocks
What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience and authority continued to administer 450-volt shocks at the insistence of the authority figure?
75%
15%
50%
65%
What did the results of Milgram's famous experiment show?
that people aren't important in experiments
that people were willing to obey orders to hurt others
that ethics in science don't matter
that guards are mean to prisoners
The results of the experiment showed that...
people are likely to obey orders and commit attrocities if they recongize the authority as having moral or legal rights over them
soldiers obey orders from their superiors without questioning; ordinary people do not
some people are more likely to obey orders than others because they feel no empathy for those who suffer
many people just wanted to be famous and went along with the entire experiment
Explain one reason why some participants decided to stop before 450 volts.
they got bored
they were told to stop the experiment
they felt guilty about "pain" caused to the subject
there was no 450 volt shock listed in the shock generator
In the original experiment, all of the participants were...
men
women
children
the elderly
True or False: Participants were not actually shocked during the Milgram experiment
True, they were not shocked.
False, they definitely were shocked!
Why was debriefing an ethical concern in this study?
People who were shocked did not get full compensation
People who were the 'teachers' often left feeling like they caused harm to another person
The experimenter did not allow the participant to leave.
What are the aims of obedience? Pick three
Obedience guarantees that orders will be followed
Allows the hierarchy structure to function
Makes establishing conformity easier
To create individuals who do what they are told when they are told without questioning the orders
The number of participants used was
20
30
40
50
How many participants went up to 300 volts
All of them
30 of them
20 of them
10 of them
The participants all volunteered believing they were to do
A study on aggression
A study on power
A study on memory and learning
A study on electricity
How much were the participants paid for turning up to participate in the study?
ϵ 4.30
$4.50
$4.00
$450
Who was "Mr Wallace"? What was his part in the experiment
The "experimenter" who was a confederate
The "learner" who was a participant
The "experimenter" who was a participant
The "learner" who was a confederate
Which of these phrases was not a verbal prod used by Milgram?
Please continue
The experiment requires you to continue
It is absolutely essential that you continue
The experiment will be useless if you do not continue
In Milgram's study on obedience to authority, what procedure were done?
Learners took a real exam
'Learners' received and electric shock from "teachers"
Participants were paid $10 for participating
A teacher taught a real student
The ______ (stooge) was in on the Milgram experiment while the ______ (victim) was not.
Teacher, Learner
Learner, Teacher
The voltage levels displayed on the shock generator ranged from ___.
15-400
15-425
10-450
15-450
Milgram's studies on obedience to authority the procedures showed that
the majority of the people were able to resist the experimenter's pressure to shock the 'learner.'
obedience was strongly linked to the subject's background.
subjects did not care about what was happening to the 'learner.'
most 'teachers' delivered the maximum amount of shock to the 'learner.'
The shock generator had voltage levels ranging from _________.
Slight Shock to Danger Shock
Slight Shock to Severe Shock
Slight Shock to Danger: Severe Shock
slight to severe
Out of 40 subjects, ___ obeyed the orders of the experimenter to the end, proceeding to punish the victim.
26
15
10
31
In conclusion, why did people tend to obey the experimenter?
People were scared to disobey
People trusted the experimenter
People were scared of the consequences
People tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right
What is the phenomenon of bystander apathy?
When observers of an emergency situation do not intervene
When bystanders take responsibility for helping in an emergency
When bystanders feel personally responsible for helping in an emergency
When observers of an emergency situation are motivated to help
What is diffusion of responsibility?
The phenomenon where people are less likely to offer help if other people are present
The phenomenon where people feel equally responsible for helping in a group
The phenomenon where people feel personally responsible for helping in a group
The phenomenon where people are more likely to offer help if other people are present
What was the aim of the study conducted by Piliavin et al.?
To investigate bystander apathy in a laboratory setting
To study bystander behavior in a realistic setting
To examine the diffusion of responsibility in a controlled environment
To analyze the impact of race on helping behavior
What were the four independent variables in the study?
Victim's responsibility, victim's race, presence of a model, number of bystanders
Victim's responsibility, victim's age, presence of a model, number of trials
Victim's responsibility, victim's race, presence of a helper, number of trials
Victim's responsibility, victim's age, presence of a helper, number of bystanders
What was the dependent variable in the study?
The amount of people who helped
The speed at which people helped
The number of bystanders present
The race of the victim
What was the dependent variable in the study?
The amount of people who helped
The speed at which people helped
The number of bystanders present
The race of the victim
What was the sampling technique used in the study?
Opportunity Sampling
Random Sampling
Stratified Sampling
Systematic Sampling
What was the racial mix of the participants in the study?
55% white and 45% black
45% white and 55% black
70% white and 30% black
30% white and 70% black
What was the mean number of people in each train car?
43
8.5
60
103
What did the study propose as a model to explain people's responses to an emergency situation?
The Altruistic Model
The Cost-Reward Model
The Situational Model
The Individual Model
What is the impact of group size on bystander apathy?
Group size has no impact on bystander apathy
As group size increases, bystander apathy decreases
As group size increases, bystander apathy increases
Group size impacts bystander apathy only in certain situations
What was the methodology used by Piliavin et al. in their study?
They conducted a laboratory experiment
They conducted a field experiment
They conducted a survey
They conducted a case study
’Diffusion of Responsibility’ means people are more likely to help if there are others present
True
False
How many participants were in the sample?
3600
2730
5300
4450
