It is a process or technique for

investigating phenomena, that is

used to explore observations and

answer question

(a)  

It is the branch of science

that deals with the

structure, function, growth,

evolution, and distribution

of organisms

(a)  

Swedish naturalist and explorer

____ ________ was the first to

frame principles for defining natural

genera and species of organisms and

to create a uniform system for naming

them, known as binomial nomenclature.

(a)  

pioneering French biologist who is best

known for his idea that acquired

characters are inheritable, an idea

known as Lamarckism, which is

controverted by modern genetics and

evolutionary theory

(a)  

theory of evolution

by natural selection is the foundation

upon which modern evolutionary

theory is built.

(a)  

discovered the basic

principles of heredity and laid the

mathematical foundation of the

science of genetics.

(a)  

used singlelens

microscopes, which he made, to

make the first observations of

bacteria and protozoa.

(a)  

is best known for

inventing the process that bears

his name, pasteurization.

He also disproved the theory of

spontaneous generation and

contributed to germ theory and

the study of infectious disease.

(a)  

is best known for his discovery

of penicillin in 1928

(a)  

He recognized and described the

existence of the cell nucleus and

stomata

(a)  

American geneticist and biophysicist

who played a crucial role in the

discovery of the molecular structure

of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),

(a)  

He is best known for his work with

James Watson which led to the

identification of the structure of DNA

in 1953,

(a)  

The discovery of the structure of

DNA in 1953

Her creation of the famous Photo

51 demonstrated the double-helix

structure of deoxyribonucleic acid:

the molecule containing the genetic

instructions for the development

of all living organisms.

(a)  

1675

‘who used a microscope

with one lens to observe

insects and other

specimens.

was the first to observe

bacteria.

(a)  

in 1677 developed

and used a compound

microscope to make

significant discoveries,

including coining the term

"cell." He improved

microscope design and

systematically studied

nature, publishing his

findings in the influential

Book Micrographia

(a)  

A Dutch father-son team

named invented the first so-

called a compound microscope

in the late 16th century (1590) when

they discovered that, if they

put a lens at the top and

bottom of a tube and looked

through it, objects on the

ggher end became maghlibd.

(a)  

One of the first recorded

pairs of glasses was made

in 1284 by

in Italy. The lenses were

made of glass or a crystal-

like stone, with a handle to

hold them up to your eyes

(such as scissor glasses

frames and later lorgnette

glasses).

(a)  

in 1830

significantly improved

microscope lenses by

eliminating achromatic

and spherical aberrations,

resulting in clearer and

more accurate images

(a)  

in 1878 established

‘the diffraction limit of

resolution, greatly

‘improving microscope

clarity and laying the

foundation for modern

optical microscopy.

(a)  

in 1903

developed the idea for

the ultramicroscope,

ich lets scientists see

tiny particles by shining

light from the side,

making them easier to

observe.

(a)  

in 1902 created

phase contrast

illumination, a method

that lets scientists see

clear, transparent

samples like cells without

using stains, by using

light interference instead

of absorption.

(a)  

in 1938 built the first

electron microscope in

1933 by using magnetic

coils as lenses. It uses

electron beams to see

tiny objects much smaller

than what light

Microscopes can show.

(a)  

Swiss physicist co-invented the

scanning tunneling

microscope (STM) in 1981, a non-

optical instrument that

allows the observation of

individual atoms in three

dimensions, with

(a)  

is a

type of microscope that

uses a single convex lens

with a short focal length to

magnify small objects. It is

commonly used to enlarge

images of samples that are

difficult to e with the

naked eye.

(a)  

type of microscope that uses

multiple lenses to magnify

small objects. It consists of two

main optical components: the

objective lens, which is close

to the specimen, and the

eyepiece (or ocular lens),

through which) the viewer

observes the magnified image.’

(a)  

is an advanced microscope that

uses a beam of accelerated electrons instead of light to

illuminate a specimen.

(a)  

provides detailed3D images of the surface of specimens.

(a)  

- allows detailed viewing of the internal structure of ultra-thin specimen)

(a)  

,also known

as a dissecting microscope, is a

type of microscope ” thot

provides a three-dimensional

view of a specimen. It features

separate objective lenses and

eyepieces, creating two distinct

optical paths-one for each eye-

allowing for depth perception

and @ more life like image of the

specimen.

(a)  

is a highly advanced

microscope is used to examine

specimens at the nanoscale level.

It is widely used in industries and

research to study a specimen’s

surface properties, reaction

behavior, and response to

various stimuli with exceptional

precision.

(a)  

is the lens

located at the top of the

microscope, used to view the

magnified image of the

specimen. It is marked with

values like 5X, 10X, or 15X,

indicating its magnification

power.

(a)  

holds the eyepiece in

place above the

objective lenses

(a)  

are

used to capture light

emitted or reflected by

the specimen. They

then focus this light to

form an enlarged images

which can be further

magnified by the

eyepiece lens.

(a)  

It is the smaller

knob, which is used

for sharp and fine

focusing of the

object. For accurate

and sharp focusing,

this knob can be

used.

(a)  

It is a large knob

that is used for

moving the body

tube down and up

for bringing the

object to be

examined under

exact focus.

(a)  

is the flat

platform where the

specimen slide is

placed. It has a

central hole to let

pass through for

ter viewing.

(a)  

is a small

metal clip on the

microscope stage

used to hold the slide

securely in place

during observation,

preventing it from

gfe while focusing

or adjusting.

(a)  

is the

small opening in the

center of’ the stage

that allows light to

pass through the

specimen. It helps

control the amount of

light reaching the

specimen, improving

image clarity and

contrast

(a)  

controls the amount

of light reaching the

specimen. It is located

above the condenser

and below the stage

(a)  

is used

to collect and focus

the light from the

illuminator onto the

specimen. It is located

under the stage,

often in conjunction

with an iris

diaphragm.

(a)  

The entire microscope

is handled by a strong

and curved structure

known as the

(a)  

It's a structure that

supports the entire

weight of the

compound

(a)  

Discovers tiny compartments

in a thin slice of cork, which

he called “cells”

(a)  

Discovered the cytoplasm

that fills the entire cells, and

which is actively flowing or

streaming.

(a)  

Discover the mitochondria

(a)  

D i s cove re d a ste rs a n d

chromatids in a dividing cell

(a)  

Discovered another type of

cell division as he was

observing the egg cell and

sperm cells of worms. This

cell division in now known as

meiosis.

(a)  

D i s c o v e r e d t h e G o l g i

apparatus while studying the

cross-section of a spinal cord.

(a)  

Discovered the sarcoplasmic

reticulum while observing a

striated muscle cell.

(a)  

Explained the difference

between smooth and rough

ER.

(a)  

1955 - Discovered the lysosome while

studying the action of insulin on liver cells.

He describe it as saclike and surrounded by

hydrolases.

1965 - Isolated microbodies from the liver

of a at and renaming microbodies to

peroxiomes because of their high content

of hydrogen peroxide-metabolizing

enzymes.

(a)  

Examined several plant parts

and concluded, “all plants

are made up of cells”

(a)  

Examined several animal

parts and concluded, “all

animals are made up of cells”

(a)  

Discovered the process of

cell division and proposed

that “cells come from the

division of pre-existing cells”

(a)  

It is a fundamental principle in biology that explains the properties and

significance of cells.

All living things

are made up of

one or more

cells.

(a)  

is the

basic unit of

structure and

function in living

organisms.

All cells arise

from pre-

existing cells.

(a)  

Do not have structures

surrounded by membranes

• Few internal structures

• One-celled organisms,

Bacteria

(a)  

ontain organelles surrounded by

membranes

• Most living organisms

(a)  

surrounds the cell

and is a selective barrier between the

interior and the exterior.

•Its primary role lies in regulating the

passage of substances, including

nutrients and waste materials.

(a)  

An organelle that houses DNA, located

in the center of eukaryotic cells.

•Its primary function is to store and

safeguard genetic information,

controlling gene expression and DNA

replication.

•It also contains the nucleolus, which is

involved in ribosome synthesis.

(a)  

is a gel-like matrix

containing water, salts, proteins, and

other molecules.

•It plays a crucial role in biochemical

reactions, energy production, and

substance transport.

(a)  

are essential organelles for

cellular functioning and survival.

• are located in the cytoplasm

and the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

•They synthesize proteins using the

genetic information from messenger

RNA (mRNA), which is crucial for cellular

structure, function, and regulation.

(a)  

A network of interconnected membranes

that extends from the nuclear membrane

to the cell membrane. It plays a

fundamental role in the transport,

processing, and distribution of proteins

and lipids within the cell.

(a)  

is

studded with ribosomes and is involved in

the synthesis and modification of proteins.

(a)  

specializes in lipid synthesis, carbohydrate

metabolism, and detoxification.

(a)  

Present in eukaryotic animal and plant

cells. Their primary function is energy

generation through cellular respiration

(ATP production).

(a)  

E x c l u s i v e t o p l a n t c e l l s a n d

photosynthetic organisms, chloroplasts

carry out photosynthesis, converting

solar energy into chemical energy.

(a)  

hey contain digestive enzymes that

break down molecules and unwanted

cellular materials.

(a)  

It is composed of protein filaments

(microtubules, microfilaments, and

intermediate filaments) and provides

support and enables movement in

eukaryotic cells.

(a)  

Disassembles and reassembles rapidly (treadmilling),

allowing cell to move

• Provides track for motor protein myosin

• Provides some structural support to cell

(a)  

Anchor on centriole near nucleus

• Directional growth: addition and subtraction of tubulin

subunits

• Highways for transportation within cell by molecular motors

(a)  

Maintenance of cell shape

• Anchor organelles

• Structural components of nuclear lamina

(a)  

pecialized structures for movement.

They are elongated and enable

locomotion in liquid environments,

whereas cilia are shorter and create

coordinated flow on the cell surface.

•Composed of microtubules in a '9+2'

pattern, they are essential for sperm

motility.

(a)  

Membrane-bound organelles found in

plant cells and some animal cells. They

store nutrients, water, ions, and waste

materials, regulating turgor pressure

•and osmotic balance.

•Vacuoles can also be involved in the

digestion of substances and serve as a

defense mechanism against predators by

containing toxins.

(a)  

Membranous vesicles that

transport specific materials

between organelles and the

cell membrane.

(a)  

They transport

materials from the

endoplasmic reticulum and the

Golgi apparatus to other

destinations.

(a)  

They capture and

distribute materals for

degradation, recycling, or their

incorporation into metabolic

pathways.

(a)  

they contain enzymes that degrade hydrogen peroxide and toxic compounds

(a)