What is changed in experiment

What is measured in experiment

What stays the same in experiment

What is observed in experiment

Tentative explanation or proposal

A proven scientific law

A mathematical formula

A historical event

Testing hypothesis

Writing a report

Drawing a diagram

Reading a book

Information gathered from experiment

The tools used in the experiment

The hypothesis of the experiment

The conclusion drawn from the experiment

Supported by experimental evidence that explains

A guess without any evidence

A law that cannot be changed

A proven fact

Natural selection: born with characteristic to survive (camo); Artificial selection: human pick which to breed for characteristics

Natural selection: humans choose traits; Artificial selection: environment selects traits

Natural selection: only plants are involved; Artificial selection: only animals are involved

Natural selection: traits are selected randomly; Artificial selection: traits are never selected

Archaea: prokaryotic, unicellular, no internal structures, extreme environments; Eubacteria: prokaryotic, unicellular, common environments; Protista: eukaryotic, uni and multicellular, auto & heterotrophic, some have cell walls; Fungi: eukaryotic, multicellular except for yeast, heterotrophic, cell walls of chitin; Plantae: eukaryotic, autotrophic, multicellular, cell walls of cellulose; Animalia: eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, no cell walls

Archaea: eukaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of cellulose; Eubacteria: eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic; Protista: prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic; Fungi: prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic; Plantae: prokaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic; Animalia: prokaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic

Archaea: prokaryotic, multicellular, cell walls of chitin; Eubacteria: eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic; Protista: eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic only; Fungi: eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic; Plantae: eukaryotic, unicellular, heterotrophic; Animalia: eukaryotic, unicellular, autotrophic

Archaea: eukaryotic, unicellular, cell walls of cellulose; Eubacteria: prokaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic; Protista: prokaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic; Fungi: prokaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic; Plantae: prokaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic; Animalia: prokaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic

No, no reproduction without a host

Yes, viruses can reproduce independently

Yes, viruses have cellular structure

No, viruses are made of living cells

Homologous: similar structures in related (bat wing, flipper); Analogous: due to similar environment yet unrelated

Homologous: found only in plants; Analogous: found only in animals

Homologous: identical functions; Analogous: identical origins

Homologous: due to similar environment yet unrelated; Analogous: similar structures in related species

Acids below 7, bases above 7

Acids above 7, bases below 7

Acids below 5, bases above 9

Acids above 9, bases below 5

Each step on the pH scale is a tenfold change in concentration

It means the pH value is multiplied by 10

It refers to the temperature change in acids

It indicates the color change in pH indicators

OIL oxidation is loss of electrons, RIG reduction is gain of electrons

OIL oxidation is gain of electrons, RIG reduction is loss of electrons

Oxidation and reduction both involve gain of electrons

Oxidation and reduction both involve loss of electrons

Covalent (including polar vs nonpolar)

Ionic

Metallic

Hydrogen

Ionic

Covalent

Metallic

Hydrogen

Negative O attracted to positive H of neighboring molecule

Positive O attracted to positive H of neighboring molecule

Negative H attracted to negative O of neighboring molecule

Negative O attracted to negative H of neighboring molecule

Hydrophobic: does not dissolve in water (oil); Hydrophilic: loves water

Hydrophobic: dissolves in water; Hydrophilic: repels water

Hydrophobic: forms strong hydrogen bonds; Hydrophilic: does not interact with water

Hydrophobic: is always ionic; Hydrophilic: is always covalent

Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; hydrogen bonding

Two oxygen atoms and one hydrogen atom; ionic bonding

One hydrogen atom and two oxygen atoms; covalent bonding

Two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom; ionic bonding

Floats, high heat capacity, surface tension (lizard on water)

Low heat capacity, sinks, no surface tension

No heat capacity, evaporates instantly, no surface tension

Sinks, low heat capacity, no surface tension

Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules, adhesion is the attraction between water and other substances, and capillary action is the movement of water through narrow spaces due to these forces.

Cohesion is the attraction between water and other substances, adhesion is the attraction between water molecules, and capillary action is the evaporation of water.

Cohesion is the movement of water through narrow spaces, adhesion is the attraction between water molecules, and capillary action is the attraction between water and other substances.

Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules, adhesion is the evaporation of water, and capillary action is the movement of water due to gravity.

Carbohydrates: C, H, O; Monomer: Monosaccharide; Function: Energy; Kcals/gram: 4; Examples: Glucose, starch

Proteins: C, H, O, N; Monomer: Fatty acid; Function: Energy storage; Kcals/gram: 9; Examples: Hemoglobin, enzymes

Lipids: C, H, O; Monomer: Amino acid; Function: Structure; Kcals/gram: 4; Examples: Cellulose, glycogen

Nucleic acids: C, H, O, N, P; Monomer: Monosaccharide; Function: Energy; Kcals/gram: 4; Examples: DNA, RNA

A cell membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, and the phosphate group of phospholipids interacts with water both inside and outside the cell.

A cell membrane is made only of proteins, and the phosphate group does not interact with water.

A cell membrane is composed of carbohydrates and the phosphate group interacts only with the inside of the cell.

A cell membrane is made of a single layer of phospholipids and the phosphate group does not interact with water.

DNA: A pairs with T, C pairs with G. RNA: A pairs with U, C pairs with G, and there is no T in RNA.

DNA: A pairs with U, C pairs with G. RNA: A pairs with T, C pairs with G.

DNA: A pairs with G, C pairs with T. RNA: A pairs with C, G pairs with U.

DNA: A pairs with C, T pairs with G. RNA: A pairs with U, C pairs with T.

Enzymes increase the speed of reactions and are very specific, usually catalyzing only one reaction with one substrate.

Enzymes slow down biological reactions and are not specific to any substrate.

Enzymes act as structural components in cells rather than catalysts.

Enzymes store genetic information for cellular processes.

The nucleus is found in eukaryotes and contains tightly packed DNA.

It produces energy for the cell.

It helps in cell movement.

It digests waste materials in the cell.

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell, converting food into energy (ATP) and have their own DNA.

Mitochondria store genetic information and control cell division.

Mitochondria synthesize proteins for the cell membrane.

Mitochondria are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

The Golgi apparatus collects, packages, modifies, and transports molecules. The trans side ships out molecules, and the cis side receives vesicles.

The Golgi apparatus is responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.

The Golgi apparatus synthesizes DNA and RNA for cell division.

The Golgi apparatus breaks down waste materials and cellular debris.

The plasma membrane allows material to enter and leave the cell and is composed of phospholipids.

The plasma membrane produces energy for the cell.

The plasma membrane stores genetic information.

The plasma membrane synthesizes proteins.

Vesicles transport materials within the cell.

Vesicles produce energy for the cell.

Vesicles control cell division.

Vesicles synthesize proteins.

The nucleolus makes ribosomes.

The nucleolus stores genetic material.

The nucleolus produces energy.

The nucleolus digests waste materials.

The cell wall protects and supports the cell; in bacteria, antibiotics can attack the cell wall.

The cell wall produces energy for the cell.

The cell wall stores genetic information.

The cell wall is responsible for cell movement.

Flagella are responsible for movement in bacteria.

Flagella help in protein synthesis.

Flagella are involved in energy production.

Flagella are used for cell division.

Cilia are short, used for sweeping motion, and are found in the respiratory tract.

Cilia are responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells.

Cilia store genetic information in the nucleus.

Cilia help in the production of energy by mitochondria.

Pili are used by bacteria for attachment.

Pili are responsible for energy production in cells.

Pili help in protein synthesis.

Pili are involved in photosynthesis.

The central vacuole stores water in plant cells.

The central vacuole produces energy for the cell.

The central vacuole synthesizes proteins.

The central vacuole controls cell division.

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and contain their own DNA.

Chloroplasts are responsible for cellular respiration.

Chloroplasts synthesize proteins for the cell.

Chloroplasts store genetic information for reproduction.

The RER has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein modification.

The RER is responsible for energy production in the cell.

The RER stores genetic material.

The RER is involved in lipid synthesis only.

The SER is involved in lipid production.

The SER is responsible for protein synthesis.

The SER is involved in cell division.

The SER is responsible for energy production.

Ribosomes are responsible for protein production.

Ribosomes store genetic information.

Ribosomes help in cell division.

Ribosomes are involved in energy production.

Centrioles aid in cell division.

Centrioles produce energy for the cell.

Centrioles synthesize proteins.

Centrioles store genetic information.

It explains the origin of chloroplasts and mitochondria in eukaryotic cells.

It describes how eukaryotic cells lost their organelles over time.

It states that eukaryotic cells evolved from viruses.

It suggests that eukaryotic cells developed organelles independently without any symbiosis.

Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates; provide structure, transport, and cell identity markers

Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes; provide energy and protein synthesis

Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuole; provide support and photosynthesis

DNA, RNA, cytoplasm; provide genetic information and metabolic reactions

Diffusion does not require membrane proteins, while osmosis uses aquaporins and facilitated diffusion uses protein channels/carriers; membrane proteins are specific, can be channels or carriers, and assist in transport.

Diffusion and osmosis both require protein carriers, while facilitated diffusion does not; membrane proteins are always enzymes.

Diffusion uses energy, while osmosis and facilitated diffusion do not; membrane proteins are only found in animal cells.

Diffusion is slower than osmosis and facilitated diffusion; membrane proteins are not involved in any transport processes.

Isotonic, hypertonic, hypotonic

Isotonic, hypotonic, hydrotonic

Hypertonic, hypotonic, hydrotonic

Isotonic, hypertonic, hydrotonic

Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport requires energy.

Passive transport requires energy, while active transport does not.

Both passive and active transport require energy.

Neither passive nor active transport involves movement across membranes.

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Diffusion and osmosis

Facilitated diffusion and active transport

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Kinetic energy (energy of motion), Potential energy (stored energy), Thermal energy (energy from heat), Chemical energy (energy stored in bonds)

Kinetic energy (energy of heat), Potential energy (energy of light), Thermal energy (energy of sound), Chemical energy (energy of motion)

Kinetic energy (energy of light), Potential energy (energy of sound), Thermal energy (energy of motion), Chemical energy (energy from heat)

Kinetic energy (energy of sound), Potential energy (energy of heat), Thermal energy (energy of light), Chemical energy (energy of motion)

Redox reactions

Acid-base reactions

Precipitation reactions

Combustion reactions

NAD+ gains electrons and is reduced.

NAD+ loses electrons and is oxidized.

NAD+ is converted to ATP.

NAD+ releases energy and forms water.

A substrate is the molecule upon which the enzyme acts, and a product is the molecule formed as a result of the enzyme's action.

A substrate is the molecule formed after the enzyme acts, and a product is the molecule the enzyme binds to.

A substrate and a product are both molecules that inhibit enzyme activity.

A substrate is the molecule that destroys the enzyme, and a product is the molecule that is destroyed.

The enzyme may lose its function

The enzyme becomes more efficient

The substrate binds more strongly

The enzyme produces more products

Competitive inhibitor binds to active site; noncompetitive inhibitor binds to other area and changes active site.

Competitive inhibitor binds to other area; noncompetitive inhibitor binds to active site.

Both competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors bind to active site.

Both competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors bind to other area of enzyme.

building; breaking down; require; release

breaking down; building; release; require

building; breaking down; release; require

breaking down; building; require; release

Glucose and oxygen; carbon dioxide, water, and energy

Carbon dioxide and water; glucose and oxygen

Glucose and carbon dioxide; oxygen and water

Oxygen and water; glucose and energy

Glucose = carbon dioxide + alcohol or lactic acid

Glucose = oxygen + water

Glucose = carbon dioxide + water

Glucose = oxygen + alcohol

NAD+

ATP

Glucose

FAD

Pyruvate, NADH, 2 ATP

Glucose, NADPH, 4 ATP

Lactate, FADH2, 2 GTP

Acetyl-CoA, CO2, 2 NADH

Krebs & ETC

Glycolysis & Fermentation

Photosynthesis & Calvin Cycle

Transcription & Translation

Reduced to form water

Oxidized to form carbon dioxide

Converted into glucose

Released as a gas

Glycolysis then lactate fermentation

Photosynthesis then aerobic respiration

Aerobic respiration then alcohol fermentation

Protein synthesis then DNA replication

Glucose

Oxygen

Chlorophyll

Water

Stroma – Calvin cycle (glucose production), thylakoid membrane - LDR

Stroma – LDR, thylakoid membrane – Calvin cycle

Thylakoid membrane – glucose production, stroma – LDR

Stroma – photosynthesis, thylakoid membrane – respiration

No ATP or NADPH will be formed. ATP, NADPH will accumulate, no glucose made.

The plant will produce more glucose and oxygen.

Photosynthesis will speed up and more CO2 will be absorbed.

The plant will continue to grow normally without any changes.

Light, NADP, ADP, proton gradient

Dark, NADPH, ATP, oxygen

Light, FAD, GDP, carbon dioxide

Heat, NADP, ADP, water

ATP and NADPH from LDR

Oxygen and glucose

Carbon dioxide and water only

Sunlight and chlorophyll

Allow for gas exchange, reduced sugar

Absorb nutrients from soil, increased sugar

Produce chlorophyll, increased water loss

Store energy, increased oxygen release

intracellular and membrane

cytoplasmic and nuclear

extracellular and cytosolic

plasma and vacuolar

a. Direct – gap junctions, touch each other b. Paracrine – secretions affect cells in the area c. Endocrine – hormones released into circulatory system d. Synaptic – neuron to target cell e. Autocrine – cell signals itself

a. Direct – gap junctions, touch each other b. Paracrine – secretions affect cells in the area c. Endocrine – hormones released into circulatory system d. Synaptic – neuron to target cell e. Exocrine – cell signals itself

a. Direct – gap junctions, touch each other b. Paracrine – secretions affect cells in the area c. Endocrine – hormones released into circulatory system d. Synaptic – neuron to target cell e. Paracrine – cell signals itself

a. Direct – gap junctions, touch each other b. Paracrine – secretions affect cells in the area c. Endocrine – hormones released into circulatory system d. Synaptic – neuron to target cell e. Endocrine – cell signals itself

an enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein

a molecule that breaks down proteins

a receptor that binds to hormones

a lipid that stores energy

an enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein

an enzyme that adds a methyl group to DNA

a molecule that transports oxygen in blood

a protein that binds to cell membranes

Double helix, 2 strands twist, strands are complementary, arranged antiparallel to each other

Single helix, 1 strand, strands are identical, arranged parallel to each other

Triple helix, 3 strands twist, strands are random, arranged perpendicular to each other

No helix, 4 strands, strands are not related, arranged in a circle

Use original strand as a template to build a new strand

Build a new strand without any template

Use two new strands to form DNA

Replicate DNA randomly without any template

Polymerase III– adds new nucleotides to growing strand, gyrase – relieves strain on the strands, ligase – joins Okazaki fragments and DNA repair, helicase – unwinds DNA, Polymerase I – removes RNA primers and fills in gaps

Amylase – breaks down starch, lactase – digests lactose, pepsin – digests proteins, lipase – digests fats, maltase – breaks down maltose

ATP synthase – produces ATP, catalase – breaks down hydrogen peroxide, rubisco – fixes carbon dioxide, trypsin – digests proteins, urease – breaks down urea

Kinase – adds phosphate groups, phosphatase – removes phosphate groups, dehydrogenase – transfers electrons, synthase – synthesizes molecules, isomerase – rearranges molecules

Nonvirulent bacteria became virulent due to transformation

Virulent bacteria lost their virulence after heat treatment

Nonvirulent bacteria remained nonvirulent after mixing with virulent bacteria

Virulent bacteria became nonvirulent due to transformation

DNA

Genetics

Evolution

Vaccination

Phosphate, Deoxyribose Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

Phosphate, Ribose Sugar, Fatty Acid

Glucose, Nitrogenous Base, Protein

Deoxyribose Sugar, Fatty Acid, Phosphate

Eukaryotic chromosomes are linear and found in a nucleus, while prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and found in the cytoplasm.

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes are circular and found in the nucleus.

Eukaryotic chromosomes are circular and found in the cytoplasm, while prokaryotic chromosomes are linear and found in a nucleus.

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic chromosomes are linear and found in the cytoplasm.

DNA is wrapped around histones to form nucleosomes, which help compact and organize DNA.

DNA is packaged without proteins and remains loose in the nucleus.

Histones break down DNA for cellular energy.

DNA is packaged only during cell division and histones are not involved.

Homologous chromosomes are pairs of similar chromosomes from each parent, while sister chromatids are identical copies formed during DNA replication.

Homologous chromosomes are identical copies formed during DNA replication, while sister chromatids are pairs from each parent.

Homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are both identical and come from the same parent.

Homologous chromosomes and sister chromatids are both pairs from different species.

G1, S, G2, M; cell grows, DNA replicates, cell prepares for division, cell divides

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase; chromosomes condense, align, separate, and decondense

Interphase, Cytokinesis, Apoptosis, Differentiation; cell rests, divides, dies, and specializes

G1, G2, M, S; cell grows, prepares for division, divides, DNA replicates

Plant cells form a cell plate, while animal cells form a cleavage furrow.

Both plant and animal cells form a cell plate.

Animal cells form a cell plate, while plant cells form a cleavage furrow.

Both plant and animal cells form a cleavage furrow.

Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes, diploid cells have the total number.

Diploid cells have half the number of chromosomes, haploid cells have the total number.

Both haploid and diploid cells have the same number of chromosomes.

Haploid cells have the total number of chromosomes, diploid cells have half the number.

a gene that has the potential to cause cancer

a gene that repairs DNA damage

a gene responsible for cell differentiation

a gene that suppresses tumors

They prevent uncontrolled cell growth; mutation can lead to cancer.

They promote cell division; mutation causes cell death.

They repair DNA; mutation leads to enhanced immunity.

They produce hormones; mutation results in metabolic disorders.

Regulation of cell cycle and apoptosis

Synthesis of proteins

Transport of oxygen in blood

Production of energy in mitochondria

Two identical daughter cells vs four genetically unique daughter cells

Four identical daughter cells vs two genetically unique daughter cells

Two genetically unique daughter cells vs four identical daughter cells

Four identical daughter cells vs two identical daughter cells

It produces genetically identical offspring.

It increases genetic variation among offspring.

It requires only one parent.

It always results in faster reproduction.

a fertilized egg cell

a type of blood cell

an organelle in plant cells

a hormone produced by the pancreas

the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division

the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

the replication of DNA before cell division

the fusion of gametes during fertilization

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; prophase I of meiosis; chiasma

the separation of sister chromatids; metaphase II of meiosis; spindle fibers

the duplication of chromosomes; interphase; centromere

the pairing of non-homologous chromosomes; anaphase I of meiosis; synaptonemal complex

Gregor Mendel; factors

Charles Darwin; traits

Thomas Hunt Morgan; alleles

James Watson; chromosomes

Genotype is the allelic genetic make up of an organism.

Genotype is the physical appearance of an organism.

Genotype is the process of cell division.

Genotype is the study of ecosystems.

Phenotype is the observable physical expression for a trait.

Phenotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.

Phenotype refers to the process of cell division.

Phenotype is the study of heredity and variation.

Dominant is the trait that you see; in pedigrees, every generation shows the trait.

Dominant is the trait that is always hidden and never appears in any generation.

Dominant is the trait that only appears in the first generation and disappears in the next.

Dominant is the trait that skips every other generation in pedigrees.

Genotypes: 1 PP : 2 Pp : 1 pp; Phenotypes: 3 purple : 1 white

Genotypes: 1 PP : 1 Pp : 2 pp; Phenotypes: 2 purple : 2 white

Genotypes: 2 PP : 1 Pp : 1 pp; Phenotypes: 2 purple : 2 white

Genotypes: 4 Pp; Phenotypes: 4 purple

9 round : 3 wrinkled : 3 round : 1 wrinkled

9 round : 3 wrinkled : 3 wrinkled : 1 round

9 round : 3 round : 3 wrinkled : 1 wrinkled

9 round : 3 round : 3 round : 1 wrinkled

The possible offspring are black and gray chickens in a 1:1 ratio.

All offspring will be gray chickens.

The possible offspring are black, white, and gray chickens in equal ratios.

All offspring will be black chickens.

Only type A and type O

Only type AB and type O

Only type B and type O

Only type AB and type B

Mother

Father

Sibling

Grandparent

Nucleus

Mitochondria

Golgi apparatus

Ribosome

Surface tension

Density

Low heat capacity

Evaporation

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Produces energy for the cell

Stores genetic information

Helps in cell division