WorksheetsMiddle School Genetics
Total questions: 144
Worksheet time: 3hrs 36mins
Name
Class
Date
1.
Complex molecule that carries genetic information that defines an organism's traits. It is stored in the nucleus.
a)
DNA
b)
protein
c)
RNA
d)
glucose nucleic acid (GNA)
2.
How many alleles (letters) do each person carry for a trait?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
3.
Dominant alleles are represented by a:
a)
Male gene
b)
lowercase letter
c)
recessive trait
d)
capital letter
4.
How many alleles (letters) does a child get from each parent for each trait?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
5.
Aa, DD, bB, yy are all examples of
a)
genotypes
b)
phenotypes
6.
In a heterozygous genotype, the ___________ allele takes over in the phenotype.
a)
recessive
b)
dominant
c)
lower case letter
d)
both
7.
What you see, or the physical appearance.
a)
Genotype
b)
Phenotype
c)
Homozygous
d)
Heterozygous
8.
T - tall and t = short
In the punnett square below, what belongs in the missing square
In the punnett square below, what belongs in the missing square
a)
tt
b)
Tt
c)
Bb
d)
TT
9.
B = brown eyes
b = blue eyes
What is true about these two brothers that have brown eyes?
One has genotype BB the other Bb.
b = blue eyes
What is true about these two brothers that have brown eyes?
One has genotype BB the other Bb.
a)
they have same phenotype and genotype
b)
they have different genotypes and phenotypes
c)
they have same phenotype but different genotypes
d)
they have same genotype but different phenotypes
10.
AA and Aa always show up as
a)
dominant
b)
recessive
11.
aa always shows up as
a)
dominant
b)
recessive
12.
Aa is
a)
homozygous
b)
heterozygous
13.
Which of the following is a phenotype?
a)
Aa
b)
red hair
c)
heterozygous
d)
DNA
14.
What ratio of the offspring from the cross shown will be homozygous recessive for the trait of tallness?
a)
0 in 4
b)
1 in 4
c)
2 in 4
d)
4 in 4
15.
Which of the following genotypes is homozygous dominant?
a)
A
b)
Aa
c)
AA
d)
aa
16.
Which of the following genotypes is heterozygous?
a)
Bb
b)
BB
c)
bb
d)
B
17.
Which of the following is homozygous dominant?
a)
Yy
b)
Y
c)
yy
d)
YY
18.
Which of the following is homozygous recessive?
a)
Tt
b)
tt
c)
TT
d)
T
19.
In a flowering plant species, red flower color (R) is dominant over white flower color (r). What is the genotype of any red-flowering plant resulting from this species?
a)
rr
b)
R
c)
RR
d)
RR or Rr
20.
Which of the characteristics is a lion least likely to pass on to its offspring?
a)
fur color
b)
length of tail
c)
scars on leg
d)
body size
21.
Which of the characteristics is a lion least likely to pass on to its offspring?
a)
fur color
b)
length of tail
c)
scars on leg
d)
body size
22.
What gender has an X and a Y chromosome?
a)
male
b)
female
c)
transgender
d)
all of the above
23.
W=white hair
w= non-white hair
If you cross a horse with WW and a horse with ww what fraction of the offspring would be expected to have white hair?
w= non-white hair
If you cross a horse with WW and a horse with ww what fraction of the offspring would be expected to have white hair?
a)
none
b)
3/4
c)
1/2
d)
all
24.
What is a phenotype?
a)
The expression of a trait; physical appearance.
b)
refers to the genetic makeup of an individual
c)
An organism that has the same genes for a trait (ex. TT or tt)
d)
the passing of traits from parent to offspring
25.
What does heterozygous mean?
a)
An organism that has the same genes for a trait (TT or tt)
b)
An organism that has different genes for a trait (Tt)
c)
When neither gene is fully dominant; offspring is a mixture of both
d)
the different forms of a trait (hair color--> brown, blonde, red
26.
An allele whose trait only shows up when no dominant allele is present.
a)
hidden allele
b)
dominant allele
c)
recessive allele
d)
present allele
27.
Two heterozygous (Tt)tall pea plants are crossed. Which describes their offspring?
a)
50% tall and 50% short
b)
75%tall and 25% short
c)
100%short
28.
R=round seed
r=wrinkled seed.
Cross a homozygous round with a wrinkled. Which statement predicts the results?
r=wrinkled seed.
Cross a homozygous round with a wrinkled. Which statement predicts the results?
a)
offspring will be Rr
b)
offspring will be RR
c)
round seeds will be recessive to wrinkled
d)
Wrinkled will be observed in half of offspring
29.
Pea plants can have green or yellow seeds. In a pea plant that is heterozygous for seed color, the allele for yellow seeds masks the effects of the allele of green seeds. Which of the following terms best describes the allele for yellow seeds?
a)
codominant
b)
recessive
c)
dominant
d)
sex-linked
30.
A human usually has _____ total chromosomes.
a)
6
b)
22
c)
4
d)
46
31.
Which of the following alleles is homozygous recessive?
a)
Tt
b)
tt
c)
TT
d)
T
32.
Two brown eyed parents (Bb) have a baby. What is the chance the baby is blue eyed?
a)
0 %
b)
25%
c)
50%
d)
75%
33.
This type of inheritance pattern is a MIXTURE of both traits.
a)
incomplete dominance
b)
co-dominance
c)
complete dominance
d)
recessive pattern
34.
Colorblindness is a recessive, X chromosome sex-link disorder. Cross the parents to figure out which percentage of their offspring will be colorblind.
a)
25%
b)
0%
c)
75%
d)
50%
35.
This type of inheritance pattern shows BOTH traits in possible offspring
a)
complete dominance
b)
incomplete dominance
c)
co-dominance
d)
dominant pattern
36.
In fruit flies eye color is carried on the X chromosome. RED is dominant to WHITE. What is the sex and color of the following: XrY
a)
female red
b)
female white
c)
male red
d)
male white
37.
What type of chromosomal abnormality do people with Down Syndrome have?
a)
trisomy 21
b)
monosomy 21
c)
recessive inheritance
d)
dominant inheritance
38.
What determines gender in humans?
a)
the X and Y chromosome
b)
chromosome 21
c)
codominance
d)
epistasis
39.
Red flowers and white flowers are mated together and pink flowers are made. What inheritance pattern is this?
a)
codominance
b)
incomplete dominance
c)
law of segregation
d)
multiple alleles
40.
the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring.
a)
heredity
b)
trait
c)
gene
d)
allele
41.
having two of the same genes for the trait (sometimes called purebred).
a)
homozygous
b)
hetrozygous
c)
protein
d)
chromosome
42.
having two different genes for a trait (sometimes called hybrid).
a)
protein
b)
homozygous
c)
heterozygous
d)
genotype
43.
A characteristic that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genes
a)
protein
b)
trait
c)
DNA
d)
gene
44.
An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
a)
recessive allele
b)
dominant allele
c)
hidden allele
d)
present allele
45.
an organism's appearance or other detectable characteristic
a)
genotype
b)
phenotype
c)
genetics
d)
heterozygous
46.
This is a part of the chromosome that carries information and controls a trait
a)
trait
b)
gene
c)
chromosome
d)
offspring
47.
What is the type of gene whose effect can be hidden?
a)
dominant gene
b)
inherited trait
c)
recessive gene
d)
acquired trait
48.
An organism with one recessive gene and one dominant gene is called a
a)
gene
b)
recessive gene
c)
hybrid
d)
dominant gene
49.
Having 2 different alleles for a trait (also known as a hybrid)
a)
Heterozygous
b)
Homozygous
50.
Phenotype is the organism's physical appearance while genotype in the organism's genetic makeup
a)
true
b)
False
51.
Which of the characteristics is a lion least likely to pass on to its offspring?
a)
fur color
b)
length of tail
c)
scars on leg
d)
body size
52.
Based only on the sex chromosomes in typical human egg and sperm cells at fertilization, the probability of producing a female is
a)
25%
b)
50%
c)
75%
d)
90%
53.
What is NOT an example of an inherited TRAIT?
a)
eye color
b)
dimples
c)
cleft chin (like Mrs.Day's chin)
d)
language
54.
What is NOT an example of an inherited TRAIT?
a)
eye color
b)
dimples
c)
cleft chin (like Mrs.Day's chin)
d)
language
55.
An allele whose trait only shows up when no dominant allele is present.
a)
hidden allele
b)
dominant allele
c)
recessive allele
d)
present allele
56.
What is an example of an inherited TRAIT?
a)
speaking English
b)
building a nest
c)
tallness in plants
d)
making a sandwich
57.
What is an example of an inherited TRAIT?
a)
speaking English
b)
building a nest
c)
tallness in plants
d)
making a sandwich
58.
Coiled DNA found in the cells; contains genes that encode traits.
a)
gene
b)
chromosome
c)
trait
d)
DNA
59.
Which type of genotype would result in having blue eyes, if B is dominant for brown eyes?
a)
BB
b)
Bb
c)
bb
60.
What characteristic would a child not inherit from parents?
a)
freckles
b)
eye color
c)
hair style
d)
dimples
61.
What would the genotype be for this Punnett Square? B is dominant for brown hair.
a)
2Bb, 2bb
b)
2BB, 2Bb
c)
1BB, 2Bb, 1bb
d)
4Bb
62.
What would the phenotype be for the offsprings? T is dominant for tall pea plants
a)
50% tall, 50% short
b)
25% tall, 75% short
c)
100% tall, 0% short
d)
75% tall, 25% short
63.
What genotype would a child have to have in order to be left handed? R is dominant for right handed.
a)
rr
b)
Rr
c)
RR
64.
In mussels, the allele for brown coloring (B) is dominant, and the allele for blue coloring(b) is recessive. For which parental genotypes are 100% of the offspring expected to be blue?
a)
BbxBb
b)
bbxbb
c)
BBxbb
d)
BBxBB
65.
In guinea pigs, the alleles for black hair(B) is dominant to the allele for brown hair(b). Two black-haired guinea pigs are crossed. One of the pigs is homozygous for black hair and one is heterozygous. What percentage of their offspring are expected to have black hair? Create a punnett square.
a)
25%
b)
50%
c)
75%
d)
100%
66.
The genotype of an organism describes the
a)
codons that make up the genes
b)
number of gene's on the chromosmes
c)
genetic make-up of a trait
d)
type of chromosomes in the nucleus
67.
Two heterozygous (Tt) tall pea plants are crossed. Which describes their offspring?
Create a punnett square.
Create a punnett square.
a)
50% tall and 50% short
b)
75%tall and 25% short
c)
100%short
68.
G = green, g = yellow
The genotype for a yellow plant is...
The genotype for a yellow plant is...
a)
GG
b)
Gg
c)
gg
d)
all of the choices result in yellow
69.
If an intestinal cell in a butterfly contains 24 chromosomes, a butterfly egg would contain
a)
3
b)
6
c)
12
d)
24
70.
T = tall and t = short
TT and Tt would result in the following phenotype. Create a punnett square to help you.
TT and Tt would result in the following phenotype. Create a punnett square to help you.
a)
short
b)
tall
c)
both tall and short
d)
neither tall or short
71.
Two brown eyed parents (Bb) have a baby. What is the chance the baby is blue eyed?
Create a punnett square to help you.
Create a punnett square to help you.
a)
0 %
b)
25%
c)
50%
d)
75%
72.
Which of the following is a phenotype?
a)
Aa
b)
red hair
c)
heterozygous
d)
DNA
73.
Which of the following alleles is homozygous recessive?
a)
Tt
b)
tt
c)
TT
d)
T
74.
What was the name of the scientist who had the theory of evolution?
a)
Lamarck
b)
Einstein
c)
Washington
d)
Darwin
75.
What are the evidences for Evolution?
a)
Fossil Records
b)
Embryology
c)
Similar body structure
d)
All the above
76.
What is something that explains why a phenomenon happens?
a)
Hypothesis
b)
Theory
c)
Law
d)
Conclusion
77.
Artificial selection is also known as surivial of the fittest.
a)
True
b)
False
78.
Mutations will _______ species survive over time and are passed down.
a)
help
b)
destroy
c)
mutate
d)
age
79.
What is the study of gametes and can be evidence of evolution?
a)
Biology
b)
Astronomy
c)
Embryology
d)
Gameology
80.
If and then statements are usually the structure of a
a)
hypothesis
b)
conclusion
c)
Theory
d)
law
81.
According to superposition, the fossils found in the lower layer of rocks are ________ than those found at higher layer
a)
older
b)
Same age
c)
Younger
d)
tougher
82.
Enviromentals changes leads to
a)
variations
b)
pollution
c)
predation
d)
artificial selection
83.
An object in motion will remain in motion unless another force is applied to that object is considered a
a)
theory
b)
law
c)
hypothesis
d)
Conclusion
84.
Evolution is a
a)
law
b)
theory
c)
hypothesis
d)
conclusion
85.
What is an example of quantitative observations?
a)
red roses
b)
twenty four feet
c)
white fur
d)
selective breeding
86.
A dog can be trained to alert a human if the telephone is ringing
a)
hypothesis
b)
theory
c)
law
d)
conclusion
87.
Selective pressures are
a)
adaptations
b)
environmental changes
c)
variations
d)
One direction
88.
Natural selection is when ____________ decides who survives and who doesn't
a)
nature
b)
humans
c)
animals
d)
years
89.
What is the advantage of having different shaped beaks?
a)
To look different from other species.
b)
To be able to eat the food readily available in the environment.
c)
To protect itself against predators.
d)
To protect itself against prey.
90.
The theory of evolution by natural selection means that what is changing over time?
a)
The inherited traits of a population.
b)
The acquired traits of a population.
c)
Hair color and eye color
d)
Attractive features.
91.
Why are advantageous traits more likely to be passed onto offspring?
a)
Because they are more likely to survive and reproduce.
b)
Because they come from dominant alleles.
c)
Because they come from recessive alleles.
d)
Because the trait is an acquired phenotype.
92.
Mutations are a change in what?
a)
DNA
b)
tRNA
c)
genotype
d)
phenotype
93.
Which of the following would be least likely to happen as a result of a mutation in a person's skin cells?
a)
skin cancer
b)
reduced functioning of the skin cell
c)
no change in function of the skin cell
d)
the person's offspring would have mutated skin
94.
What is Natural Selection?
a)
survival of the strongest organisms
b)
survival of those organisms genetically best adapted to the environment
c)
elimination of the smallest organisms by the largest organisms
95.
What is the process the creates mRNA from DNA?
a)
translation
b)
transcription
96.
Mutations are a change in what?
a)
DNA
b)
tRNA
c)
genotype
d)
phenotype
97.
Which of the following is a human adaptation to survive in cold temperatures?
a)
You turn the thermostat up
b)
You grow hair to insulate your head
c)
You cozy up under a blanket with a warm cup of hot chocolate
d)
You put on your coat
98.
Where the better adapted organisms survive to pass traits along to offspring.
a)
Evolution
b)
Natural Selection
c)
Extinction
d)
Artifical Selection
99.
What is the basis for all variation among organisms?
a)
Mutation
b)
Genetic Drift
c)
Migration
d)
Inbreeding
100.
Any variation that can help a species survive in a given environment is called...
a)
an adapatation
b)
a characteristic
c)
a homologous structure
d)
a vestigial structure
101.
Species have evolved into two different species when...
a)
the populations are separated geographically
b)
the populations look different
c)
the populations can no longer interbreed
d)
the populations adapt
102.
Which of the following is not a part of Darwin's Theory of Evolution by natural selection?
a)
Inherited Variation
b)
Underpopulation
c)
Struggle to Survive
d)
Successful Reproduction
103.
Inherited variation means...
a)
an animal produces a large number of offspring.
b)
some individuals die from starvation, competition, disease or predation.
c)
individuals have different traits.
d)
individuals best adapted to the environment have many offspring.
104.
How did different beak sizes first arise?
a)
They arose because of their need to be able to eat different food.
b)
The arose by chance (random mutation).
c)
The environment made the change happen.
d)
The finches beaks changed a little at a time each generation.
105.
Which was NOT a source or Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution?
a)
The writings of Thomas Malthus and Charles Lyell.
b)
Darwin's observations of the Galapagos finches.
c)
The selective breeding practices of farmers and breeders.
d)
Scientific discoveries about DNA and genetic changes.
106.
Natural selection is best described as...
a)
The ability to generate new adaptations that better suit the species.
b)
The mechanism that leads to perfect species.
c)
Variations of traits causes those better suited to the environment to survive and reproduce.
d)
Causing the death of a significant part of the population.
107.
The ability to survive and reproduce.
a)
Adaptation
b)
Trait
c)
Fitness
d)
Variation
108.
A change in DNA.
a)
Competition
b)
Mutation
c)
Species
d)
Fitness
109.
Individuals in a population have to compete for resources.
a)
Species
b)
Variation
c)
Mutation
d)
Competition
110.
Which of the following is a term for a group of similar organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring?
a)
individual
b)
population
c)
species
d)
fossil
111.
What is suggested by the similarity of early embryos of different species of vertebrates?
a)
no evolutionary relationships between the groups
b)
recent common ancestry
c)
similar environments in the past
d)
evolution from a distant common ancestor
112.
Two organisms that are closely related would have ______________.
a)
very similar DNA sequences
b)
exactly the same DNA sequences
c)
no proteins in common
d)
completely different DNA sequence
113.
Some organisms that share a common ancestor have features that have different functions, but similar structures. These are known as ____________.
a)
vestigial structures
b)
analogous structures
c)
homologous structures
d)
divergent evolution
114.
If an organism has a vestigial structure, that structure likely once had a function in a(n)
a)
close relative
b)
early ancestor
c)
unrelated organism
d)
embryological stage
115.
DNA sequences in one organism that are very similar those of another suggest a _________.
a)
coincidence
b)
lack of evolutionary relationship
c)
great number of mutations
d)
shared ancestry
116.
Genetic variation can arise from a random change in the DNA of a gene. The change is called a(n) _________.
a)
mutation
b)
gene flow
c)
gene pool
d)
allele
117.
What is adaptive radiation (divergent evolution)?
a)
Combining of two species to form one with different traits.
b)
Isolation that affects mating behaviors.
c)
Timing of mating that prevents normal sexual selection.
d)
Divergence of two or more species from an existing one.
118.
Two species are in different environments and look very similar. However, that are not closely related (analogous). Their resemblance is most likely an example of _____________.
a)
homologous structures
b)
geographic isolation
c)
convergent evolution
d)
divergent evolution
119.
How would you describe the type of evolution shown in the diagram?
a)
Homologous structure
b)
Analogous structure
c)
Structural adaptation
d)
Functional adaptation
120.
Which of the following explains how natural selection causes a trait to become predominant in a population?
a)
Individuals with traits that are favorable to the environment reproduce more.
b)
Traits of an individual change in order to adapt to changes in enviornment.
c)
Organisms select which traits they wish to inherit.
d)
All of these answers are true.
121.
The idea that evolution sometimes occurs in relatively short periods of time followed by periods of little change.
a)
stabilizing selection
b)
directional selection
c)
disruptive selection
d)
puntuated equilibrium
122.
Structures that have different (adult) forms but develop from the same embryonic tissue are called ________.
a)
analagous
b)
adaptations
c)
homologous
d)
fossils
123.
Intermediate fossil forms are important evidence of evolution because they show _________.
a)
how organisms changed over time
b)
how animals behaved in their environments
c)
how the embryos of organisms develop
d)
molecular homologies
124.
Which of the following phrases best describes the results of natural selection?
a)
natural variation found in all populations
b)
unrelated species living in different locations
c)
changes in the inherited characteristics of a population over time
d)
struggle for existence undergone by all iving things
125.
Which process produced the two different types of beaks in the ground finch and the cactus finch?
a)
artificial selection
b)
geographical distribution
c)
natural selection
d)
disuse of the beak
126.
If species A and B have very similar genes and proteins, what is probably TRUE?
a)
species A and B share a relatively recent common ancestor
b)
species A evolved independently of species B for a long period
c)
species A is younger than species B
d)
species A is older than species B
127.
The geographic isolation of two populations of a species tends to increase differences between their gene pools because it ____________.
a)
prevents interbreeding between the populations
b)
causes the formation of hybrids
c)
causes temporal isolation of the two populations
d)
increases differences in courtship behavior
128.
The term for the study of embryos of various organisms.
a)
natural selection
b)
embryology
c)
speciation
d)
evolution
129.
The term for a well-substantiated explanation of why things happen in nature, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experiment.
a)
Law
b)
Theory
c)
Experiment
d)
Data
130.
Mutations and the genetic recombination that occurs during sexual reproduction are both sources of _____________.
a)
genetic variation
b)
stabilizing selection
c)
genetic equilibrium
d)
genetic drift
131.
The Law of Superposition helps scientists to determine what?
a)
The absolute age of rock layers
b)
The age of fossils
c)
The relative age of rock layers
d)
the super powers of rocks
132.
How old do Paleontologists believe the Earth is?
a)
2015 years old
b)
3.6 billion years old
c)
4.6 billion years old
d)
4.6 million years old
133.
Which rock layer in the diagram is the oldest in the diagram shown?
a)
F
b)
E
c)
B
d)
A
134.
Which rock layer most likely contains fossils of the most recently evolved organisms?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
d)
4
135.
Which of the following is evidence for Evolution?
a)
Fossil Records
b)
Embryology
c)
Similar body structure
d)
All the above
136.
Selective pressures are often caused by __________.
a)
adaptations
b)
environmental changes
c)
genetic variation
d)
natural selection
137.
Why are advantageous traits more likely to be passed onto offspring?
a)
Because they are more likely to survive and reproduce.
b)
Because they come from dominant alleles.
c)
Because they come from recessive alleles.
d)
Because the trait is an acquired phenotype.
138.
Only populations can evolve.
Individuals can not evolve.
Individuals can not evolve.
a)
True
b)
False
139.
Mutations are a change in what?
a)
DNA
b)
tRNA
c)
genotype
d)
phenotype
140.
Where the better adapted organisms survive to pass traits along to offspring.
a)
Evolution
b)
Natural Selection
c)
Extinction
d)
Artifical Selection
141.
Fossils of fish are found under land where cows now live. What does this tell you?
a)
the fish were dropped their by flying birds
b)
this land was once under the ocean
c)
farmers fed the fish to the cows
d)
fish used to live on land
142.
Which of the following is a term for a group of similar organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring?
a)
individual
b)
population
c)
species
d)
fossil
143.
An inherited characteristic that increases an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its specific environment is called a(n) _______.
a)
vestigial structure
b)
adaptation
c)
speciation
d)
analagous structure
144.
Which is an example of coevolution?
a)
Dry fruits being dispersed by wind
b)
Bats Sleeping upside down on branches
c)
Animals dispersing seeds that stick to their fur
d)
Bees pollinating flowers they are attracted to
100 %
