Amino acids include

a polar group that forms hydrophili amino acids such as serine and threonine

amino acids in this group include cysteine and methionine

2nd cabooxylic acid group is attached as the r group is polar and can be negatively cahrged when attached to water molecule protiens aspartic and glumatic

the formula for amide is -COHN2 Protiens belonging to this group are glumatine and asparagine

this group includes lysine,arginine, and histidine. the double bonded nitrogen atom can take a proton to become positively charged

this group has a ring structure, and includes the protiens phenylalanine,tyrosine, and trptophan. Tyrosine is polar

this group includes praline because it is nonpolar its forms a ring rather than a chain

process by which energy is made available for ADP to form ATP. Electrons move down the electron transport chain the energy pumps protons to one side of a membrane

____ act as a catalyst by loweing the activation energy necesaary for reaction

protons diffuse through the membrane as a result the energy of this process fuel phosphorlyation

are macromolecules that are composed of nucleo tides

broken down into smaller sugar nitrogenous units called nucleotides

used to synthesis nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for protiens

store information and energy are also important catalyst

used to form nucleic acids made of five carbon sugars and one or more phosphates

hydrophobic and are not long polymers main role is to store energy and structural functions

are made of long chains of fatty acid

chains with reduced carbon at one end and a carboxlic acid group at the other

broken down into substances that can be catabolized the processes used to break down this substance include transamination and dehydrogenation

in __________ glucose is completely dismantled

glucose is only partially broken down during ________

_____________ gets broken down into glycerol for glycolysis and fatty acids enter at the krebs cycle

in _____________ glucose is converted into pyruvate and energy is stored in atp bonds is released

type of glycolysis in which one molecule of glucose becomes two atp and two nadh molecules pyruvic acid is the end product

glycolysis pathway in which one glucose molecules produces one atp and two nadph molecules. 5 cabon sugars metabolized during this reaction broken down into ribsoome

the simple sugars glucose, frutctose, sucrose and disachharides are

also called the citric acid cycle catabolic pathway in which bonds of glucose occasionally fats or lipids are broken down and reformed into atp it is a respiration process that uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide water and atp

an anaerobic reaction in which glucose is only partially broken down. it realeased energy through the oxidation of sugars or other types of organic molecules

_____ can lead to excess waste prodcuts and less efficient that aerobic respiration.

refers to lactic acid fermentation in which the sugars are converted to lactic acid only

the sugars are converted to a range of products

where electrons are transported from enzyme to enzyme until they reach a final receptor includes a series of oxidizing and reducing molecules

homeostasis in humans is done through the release of

insulin and glucagon are a pair of ________ hormones that help regulate the level of glucagon in the blood

______ feed back loops actually tend to destabilize systems by increasing change

_________ feed back loops act to make a system more stable by buffering changes

the hormones insulin and glucagon are involved in the _______ feeedback loops in the livers control of blood sugar level

secrete glucagon when the concentration of blood glucose decreases

secrete insulin when the concentration of blood glucose increases

_____ stimulating hormone increases the production of estrogen

What are genes Composed of?

Where do you find DNA?

DNA consist of

nucleotides consist of

Dna replication starts at the ________ bases

During replication each strand of DNA is transcribed by an

During replication DNA is copies onto itself base by bas the exception is

DNA replication is considered ______ because the two replicated copies of DNA each have one strand of the original parent DNA or half of the original genetic material

this refers to the fact that during DNA replication the nucleotides on leading and lagging strands run in opposite directions.

explains how RNA transcribes DNA in an intervered fashion. C on DNA is inserted as G on RNA and A on DNA becomes U on RNA

Unzips the two strands of DNA

Known as the builder, replicates DNA molecules to build a new strand of DNA

Has Proofreading abilities

Known as the gluer, glues DNA fragments together during the lagging stage

3' to 5' is an example of which type of DNA strand?

5' to 3' is an example of what type of DNA strand?

RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into protein; also used as a molecular clock.

Which is single stranded?

Which of the following types of RNA carries a copy of strand of DNA for making proteins from the nucleous to the cytoplasm?

The function of tRNA is to

_____ is found only in DNA

_____ is found only in RNA

_____ supports the functions carried out by DNA, it aids in gene expression, replication, and transportation.

has two side rails compared to RNA's backbone

this base includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil they are 6 sided and have a single ring shape.

this base includes adenin and guanine which consist of two attached rings. one ring has 5 sides and the other has six.

formed from purine bases and end in osine those formed from pyrimidine bases end in idine

this kind of bond are in organic compounds that are formed by alcohol and organic acids

Group of three nucleotides on the messenger RNA and can be visualised as three rungs of a ldder has the code for a single amino acid and there are 64 of them

_____ disorders are the result of DNA mutations

_____ can be neutral, beneficial , or harmful. They can also be hereditary

_____ refers to the differences in humans, such as eye and hair color, that may have originally been the result of gene mutation

_______ can be devo ( happens only in 6 cells or shortly after fertilizaition), acquired or somatic

A ______ ______ occurs when the normal gene sequence is altered.

_______ happens when the broken bonds of mutation attempt to bond with other DNA.

During ________ the damaged C is replicated as a T and paired with a G which is incorrect base pairing. (mutation)

When the DNA is unwound during transcription, the _______ makes a complimentary copy of codons.

During ________ the rRna interprets the code again in a complimentary fashion.

The ________ on the tRNA area string of triplet bases that are complementary to the mRNA

_____ is a genetic mutation in which one piece of chromosome is transferred to another chromosome

burkitt's lymphoma, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and down syndrome are all examples of this

_______ laws are the law of segregaton (1st law) and the law of independent assortment (2nd law).

The law of _______ states that there are two alleles the half of the total number of alleles are contributed by each parent organism

The law of _______ states that the traits are passed on randomly and are not influenced by other traits.

A ______ _____ can be used to predict the outcome of crosses

All ______ form the genotype of an individiual

The _____ ____ includes genes that may not be expressed such as recessive genes

The _____is the physical visual manifestation of genes and deremines the genetic and how genes have been affected by their environment.

An _____ is a variation of a gene and also known as a trait it determines the manifestation of the gene

A _____ refers to the location of a gene or alleles

A _________ cross referes to a cross involving only one trati, the ratio is 3:1 ( DD, Dd, dd) which is dominant to recessive 1 dominant 1 recessive

A _________ cross referes involving more than one trait and more combinations are possible.

______ are expressed in pairs with an up case letter for dominant and a lower case letter for the recessive trait. (AA, Aa, or aa)

A _______ trait only requires one gene of a gene pair for it to be expressed in a phenotype

A _______ trait requires both genes in order to be manifested.

this refers to the swapping of genetic material between homologous chromosomes and leads to different combinations of genes and is part of gene recombination

when DNA breaks down and is than ressembled

the 6 cells in organisms that reproduce sexually, each one contains hald the genetic information of the parent.

Having 23 chromosome pairs in humans

Having 46 chromosome pairs in humans

This involves isolating a trait in an organism and tracing its manifestation, shows how trait can be seen through out generations

This calculates the chanes of a particular trait or combination of traits being expressed in an organism

Refers to traits that are influenced by more than one gene, and takes into account environmental influences on the development

When there are 3 or more possible alleles

Refers to the situation in which a homozygous pair of dominant alleles (AA) and a heterozygous pair of alleles (Aa) result in the same phenotype

Has the following characteristics expressed in each generation, pass on to roughly hald the offspring, a parent that doesnt express the trait cant pass it on.

states that one gene consisiting of two alleles is the only factor involved in the creation of a phenotype

This is when a mutation is an essential gene results in the death of the organism Cystic fibrosis and tay-sachs disease are examples

This refers to a gene that affects more than one trait

This refers to the situation in which two or more genes determine a single phenotype

This is a picture of genes based on a sample of blood or skin

refers to the expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown.

Is when both the dominant and recessive genes are expressed resulting in a phenotype that is a mixture of the two

What does codominant inheritance mean?

proteins secreted by white blood cells that attach to antigens

types of molecules that are located on the surface of red blood cells and trigger a response in the immune system to help repel foreign substances.

Involves characteristics that are on the same chromosome that leads to two different traits being seen together more of than not, is the exception to independent assortment

refers to non sex chromosomes

in humans there are 22 pairs of ______ and a pair of sex chromosomes

means there is only one copy of the gene

Sex pairs are either XX(FEMALE) XY (MALE) which means genes are only manifested in _____ due to females not having a Y

Refers to changing or manipulating and organisms genes. also referred to as recombinant DNA, gene splicing, cloning, genetic cloning or manifestation

refers to altering the genes themselves

breeding is controlled based on observable phenotypes

natural cloning that occurs in nature when organisms reproduce asexuaslly and make exact copies of them which happens in bacteria planets birds

the most popular definition refered to as the genetic engineering of portions of DNA cells or entire organisms.

The proteins found on the surface of RBCs that allow us to type blood as A, B, O or AB are called

Which blood type has Type A antibodies?

Aija is the universal recipient, what blood type does she have?

The rH factor determines what part of the blood type?

used to replace defective alleles with normal alleles