(a)   are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.

A (a)   is a long molcule consisting of many similar building blocks.

What is a polymer made up of?

(a)  

to calssify as a ploymer, the substance must be made with (a)   monomers.

If a substance is composed of different monomers, then its its only classified as a (a)   .

A polymer can also be called a (a)   .

Lipids are not composed of (a)   molecules.

Monomers form larger molcules by (a)   reactions.

The condensation reactions in which monomers form larger molecules are called ___________ __________.

(a)  

___________ _________ removes a water molecule, forming a new bond.

(a)  

polymers can be disassembled into monomers by (a)   .

Hydrolysis is essentially the (a)   of dehydration synthesis.

(a)   adds a water molecule, breaking a bond.

Each cell has thousands of different kinds of (a)  

Macromolecules vary among (a)   of an organism.

Macromolecules have the most variation between (a)   .

A large variety of (a)   can be built from a small set of monomers

CArbohydrates include ________, and polymers of ________. (only one answer)

(a)  

the simplest carbohydrates are (a)   , or simple sugars.

Monosaccharides are also refferred to as (a)   sugars

carbohydrate polymers are (a)   .

Polysaccharides are (a)   made up of many sugar building blocks.

(a)   have molecular formulas that are multiples of CH20.

What is the most common and most important monosaccharide?

(a)  

Monosaccharides are classified by the number of (a)   .

Monosaccharides are also calssified by the (a)   of the corbonyl group.

how many carbons can monosaccharides have in their carbon skeletons?

(a)  

Monosaccharides serve as major quick access fuel for cells and as ____ _______ for building molecules.

(a)  

a (a)   is formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

Lactose= glucose + (a)  

lactose's common name is (a)   sugar.

sucrose = glucose + (a)  

surose's common name is (a)   sugar

maltose = glucose + (a)  

Maltose's common name is (a)   sugar.

a (a)   linkage is a type of covalent bond that attaches a carbohydrate to another group.

in polysaccharides, the polmers of sugar have energy storage and (a)   roles.

the structure and function of a polysaccharide is determined by its sugar monomers and the (a)   of their linkages.

starch, a (a)   polysaccharide of plants, consists entirely of glucose monomers.

plant store surplus starch as (a)   within chloroplasts and other plastids.

starches are (a)   and branched.

(a)   is a storage polysaccharide in animals.

vertebraes store glycogen in the liver and (a)   .

world class athletes can store about (a)   minutes worth of glycogen.

(a)   is helical and highly branched.

(a)   is a mjaor componet of the tough wall of plant cells.

like strach, cellulose is a polymer of (a)   , but their linkages differ

(a)   forms strong building materials for plants

enzymes digest starch by (a)   their linkages

enzymes cannot hydrolyze the linkages in (a)   .

the cellulose in human food passes through the digestive system as (a)   fiber.

many herbivores have (a)   relationships wiht the microbes that can use enzymes to digest cellulose.

Chitin, another (a)   polysaccharide, is found in the exoskeleton of arthopods.

(a)   is the only polysaccharide that has nitrogen.

(a)   are the one class of large biological molecules that do not form polymers.

the unifying feature of lipids is having little or no affinity for (a)   .

lipids are (a)   because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which for nonpolar covalent bonds.

the most biologically important lipids are (a)   , waxes, phospholipids, oils, and steroids.

fats are constructed from gylcerol and (a)   .

a fatty acis consist of a (a)   group attached to a long carbon skeleton.

glycerol is a three-carbon (a)   with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.

fats separate from water because water molecule form (a)   bonds with each other and exclude the fats.

in a fat, (a)   fatty acids are joined to glycerol

What linkage bonds fatty acids and glycerol?

(a)  

three fatty acids joined to a gylercol by an ester linkage is referred to as what?

(a)  

fatty acids vary in length (number of carbons) and (a)   of double bonds.

(a)   fatty acids have the minimum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds.

(a)   fatty acids have one or more double bonds

the main function of fats is long-term ________ ________

(a)  

most animals fats are (a)   .

saturated fats are (a)   at room temperature.

a diet rich in (a)   fats may contribute to cardiovascular disease through plaque deposits.

plant and fish fats are usually (a)   .

plant and fish fats are liquid at room temperture and called (a)   .

in a phospholipid, two fatty acids and a (a)   group are attached to glycerol.

the two fatty acids are hydrphobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a (a)   head (its polar)

when phospholipids are added to water, they self assemble into a (a)   .

the structure of phospholipids results in a bilayer arrangement found in ____ __________.

(a)  

(a)   are the main component in cell membranes.

(a)   are lipids characterized by a carbon solution consisting of fused rings.

(a)   is an important steroid, which makes the animal cell membranes less fluid (= more stable)

proteins account for more than (a)   of the dry mass of most cells.

structural support, storage, transportation, cellular communications, movements, and defense against foreign substances are all functions of (a)   .

(a)   are a type of protien that acts as a catalyst.

enzymes can perfore their functions (a)  

sucrase is a(n) (a)  

protiens (polypeptides) are polymers of ________ _______.

(a)  

protiens consist of (a)   or more amino acids.

amino acids are (a)   molecules with carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (-NH₂) groups.

amino acids differ in their porperties due to differing sidde chains, called (a)   groups.

(a)   use amino acids to make thousands of protiens.

amino acids are linked by (a)   bonds.

polypeptides range in length from a few to over a thousand (a)   .

each polypeptide has a (a)   linear sequence of amino acids.

a functional (a)   consists of one or more polypeptides twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape.

the sequence of amino acids determines a protien's three-dimensional (a)   .

A portien's conformation determines its (a)   .

ribbon models amd space-filling models can depict a protien's (a)   .

the (a)   structure of a protien is its unique sequence of amino acids.

(a)   structure consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chains.

(a)   structure results when a protien consist of multiple polypeptide chains

(a)   structure is determined by interactions among various side chains.

primary structure is dtermined by (a)   genetic information.

the coils and folds of secondary structure results from (a)   bonds between repeating components of the polypeptide backbone.

typical (a)   structures are a coil call and alpha helix and a folded structure called a beta pleated sheet.

tertiary structures are determined by (a)   between R groups.

strong covalent bonds called _______ _______ may reinforce the protien's conformation.

(a)  

guaternary structure results when two or more polypeptide chains form a (a)   .

(a)   is a fibrous protien consisting of three polypeptides coiled like a rope

(a)   is a globular protien consisting of four polypeptides: two alpha and two beta chains

(a)   = two or more protiens

a slight change in _______ _______ can affect a protiens conformation and ability to function

(a)  

sickle cell disease results from a single amino acid substitution in the protien (a)   .

physical and chemical conditions can affect (a)   .

alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other environmental factors can cause a protien to (a)   .

the loss of a protiens native conformation is called (a)   .

a denatured portien is biologically (a)   .

a protien can sometimes to its original conformation, this is called (a)   .

scientists use x-ray (a)   to determine a protiens conformation

an amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by (a)   .

genes are made of (a)  

deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acids are both types of ______ _______.

(a)  

DNA provides directions for its own (a)   .

DNA --> mRNA = (a)  

mRNA --> rRNA --> tRNA --> protiens = (a)  

DNA --> DNA = (a)  

protien synthesis occurs in (a)   through a process called translation.

nucleic acids are polymers called (a)   .

each polynucleotide is made up of monomers called (a)  

a (a)   consists of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

a pentose sugar and a nitrogen base make up a (a)   .

the portion of a nucleotide without a phosphate group is called a (a)   .

pryrimidines and primines are the two families of ________ _________.

(a)  

a single six-membered ring is a (a)   .

two six-membered rings fused together is a (a)   .

in DNA the sugar is (a)   .

the sugar in RNA is (a)   .

nucleotide polymers are linked together, building a (a)  

the sequences of bases along a DNA or RNA polymer is (a)   for each gene.

a DNA molecule has two (a)   spiraling around an imaginary axis.

DNA takes the shape of a ________ ______.

(a)  

in the DNA double helix, the backbones run in opposite 5' to 3' directions from eachother, this arrangement is referred to as (a)   .

one DNA molecule includes many (a)  

the nitrogenus bases form (a)   bonds in a complementary arrangement; A-T and G-C

genes are passed from (a)   to offspring.

the closer related a species is, the more similar their (a)   is .