this assists in digestion and consists of organs such as the gallbladder and pancreas

Continuous, hollow, muscular tube (about 30 feet long!).

Innermost layer. Consists of surface epithelium, lamina propria (connective tissue), a layer of smooth muscle.

Consists of more connective tissue that holds mucosa-associated glands, blood vessels, nerve endings, and lymphatic vessels.

Consists of inner (circular) and outer (longitudinal) smooth muscle layers. Physically move food down alimentary canal.

Outermost layer. Consists of the visceral peritoneum, parietal peritoneum and mesentery. Lining that makes up abdominopelvic cavity.

Involuntary wave-like constriction and relaxation of the muscles that propel food down alimentary canal.

Boney attachments (e.g., hyoid bone) & fold of mucus membrane (lingual frenulum) that holds it to floor, limits movements.

Space between lips/cheeks and teeth/gums.

Provide first line of defense for alimentary canal. Part of lymphatic immune system. Trap bacteria, release antibodies.

_________________ is contracted to allow for breathing while chewing

The _________________ covers the trachea and the upper esophageal sphincter opens to allow food to enter the alimentary canal.

The __________________________ opens and food enters the stomach.

Stomach

Stomach

Stomach:

top to bottom

Stomach

rugae are

Most digestive activity occurs in the ________ region of the stomach and is chemical and mechanical in nature.

Muscularis Externa:

Stomach contains _____ muscle layer (oblique layer) that allows stomach to churn and physically break down food.

Muscularis Externa:

Stomach contains 3rd muscle layer (________________) that allows stomach to churn and physically break down food.

the longitudinal layer, circular layer, and oblique layer make up

Gastric glands contain:

secrete mucus that is bicarbonate rich and protects it from acid and digestive enzymes.

secrete acidic mucus

secrete digesting enzymes.

secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl). HCl breaks down food and activates digestive enzymes.

secrete local hormones that regulate digestion.

The _________ intestine has three subdivisions: Duodenum (5%), jejunum (40%), and ileum (60%).

Ileum connects small intestine to large intestine at ileocecal valve.

Primary function of the _________ intestine is nutrient absorption via villi (fingerlike projections that increase surface area)

Five subdivisions: cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Primary function of _________ intestine is water absorption and elimination of food residue as feces.

Hangs from cecum. Usually twisted, which increases chances of bacteria accumulation and inflammation

Colon: Includes

____________ has an internal sphincter (smooth muscle, involuntary) and external sphincter (skeletal muscle, voluntary).

smooth muscle, involuntary

skeletal muscle, voluntary

An active, voluntary process.

Physical fragmentation of food into smaller particles. Chewing in mouth and churning in the stomach are examples.

Propelled of food from one organ to the next. Swallowing in pharynx and peristalsis (involuntary waves of contraction and relaxation) in alimentary canal are two examples.

Large food molecules are chemically broken down to their building blocks by enzymes.

Excretion of food waste from body.

Mainly metabolic and regulatory roles (e.g., glucose release); however, also aids in digestion (particularly the breakdown of fat) by producing bile, an alkaline compound that includes bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, and electrolytes.

Stores bile (digestive fluid) produced by the liver.

Secretes important digestive hormones, such as insulin (an endocrine function).

Delivered to the Duodenum through the pancreatic duct.

Juncture of pancreatic and bile duct. Fluids released into duodenum via duodenal papilla.

which division of the nervous system activates:

Stimulates digestive activity

stimulates gall bladder

which division of the nervous system activates:

Inhibits digestive activity

stimulates glucose release by the liver

Double layer of peritoneum membrane that covers liver and stomach.

Double layer of peritoneum membrane that covers other abdominal organs and connects to back of cavity wall.

Double layer of peritoneum membrane that covers other abdominal organs and connects to back of cavity wall.

Covers entire abdominal and pelvic cavities (i.e., peritoneal cavity).

decrease gut activity

increase gut activity

the enteric nervous system can independently regulate gastrointestinal motility and secretion.

Cells from gut release ______ which stimulates submucosal IPANs.

IPANs release of ____________ and CGRP then activates the ENS responsible for peristaltic and secretory activity.

produced by pancreas cells

Produced by enteroendocrine cells in small intestine

Released by enteroendocrine cells in stomach

Food that has been processed in the stomach. It is thick like heavy cream.

Tube that runs from esophagus to large intestine. Contains various of tissues, muscle, and vessels.

Mechanical and/or chemical breakdown of food.

Involuntary wave-like constriction and relaxation of the muscles that propel food down alimentary canal.

Include epithelial, mucous neck, chief, parietal, and enteroendocrine cells.

Exist in 3 layers. Circular, longitudinal, and oblique (oblique found only in stomach).

Muscular rings that can open or close to separate GI regions. Include upper esophageal, cardioesophageal sphincter, pyloric sphincter, and anal sphincter (external and external).

GI and accessory organ activities are controlled by autonomic neuronal and hormonal signals.

Primarily involved in nutrient absorption. Divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Primarily involved in water absorption. Divided into cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, and anal canal.

Secrete various compounds that aid in digestion (e.g. bile, insulin). Includes liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Several layers that cover and hold GI system in place.