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WorksheetsSemester 1 AP Bio Review-Unit 1-4
Total questions: 140
Worksheet time: 2hrs 16mins
An atom's atomic number is best described as the number of
protons it contains
neutrons it contains
electrons in the outermost shell
protons and neutrons it contains
protons and electrons it contains
The characteristic way in which atoms of an element react is most related to the
number of electrons in the outermost shell
number of electrons in the innermost shell
number of neutrons in the outermost shell
number of neutrons in the nucleus
size of the nucleus
In which of these are the electrons shared unequally?
double covalent bond
triple covalent bond
hydrogen bond
polar covalent bond
ionic and covalent bonds
During a chemical reaction, the loss of an electron from an atom or molecule is termed
reduction
cellular respiration
kinetics
oxidation
metabolism
What type of bond is found BETWEEN water molecules?
hydrogen bonds
ionic bonds
nonpolar covalent bonds
polar covalent bonds
A water strider can skate along the top of a pond because:
covalent bonds result in water cohesion (surface tension)
hydrogen bonds result in water cohesion (surface tension)
water striders have adapted to take advantage of water cohesion
water striders are afraid of water and avoid it
Which of the following is the monomer of a carbohydrate?
Triglyceride
Fatty acid
Monosaccharide
Polysaccharide
Which type of macromolecule is pictured here?
Carbohydrate
Nucleic Acid
Protein
Lipid
Enzymes belong to which class of macromolecules?
lipids
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
Which macromolecule is shown?
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
carbohydrate
Which type of cell?
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Has membrane bound organelles
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Both
In what organelle is the genetic material found inside?
Nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondria
Lysosome
What can only be found in plant cells?
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Nucleus
Cell membrane
The two kinds of cells are Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. How are they different?
Prokaryotes are plant cells
Eukaryotes have a nucleus
Prokaryotes have a nucleus
There is no difference
Where are proteins made?
Golgi Body
Ribosomes
Chromosomes
Mitochondria
Centrioles are found only in animal cells. They ____.
Help with cell division
make the ribosomes
carry out chemical reactions and transports materials
are used for locamotion
Golgi Apparatus (Golgi Bodies) are found in Eukaryotes only. They _____.
Sorts, packages, and modifies proteins to be sent in or out of the cell
Excretes stuff in and out using transport membranes called vesicles
a and b
a only
There are two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum, smooth and rough. They ______.
make energy
protect the cell
carry out chemical reactions and transports materials
make the ribosomes
What is the definition of OSMOSIS?
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Molecular structure that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell
Movement of molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient
Movement of molecules across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration
What is the definition of ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
Movement of molecules across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Molecular structure that surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves the cell
Movement of molecules across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Identify the following structure
Phospholipid
Cell
Cell membrane
Protein
What is the name of 'B' found on the structure below
Protein
Lipic bilayer
Phosphate hydrophilic heads
Lipid hydrophobic heads
In passive diffusion, substances always move...
from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
from an area with more of the molecules to an area with fewer of the molecules
from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration
from an area with fewer of the molecules to an area with more of the molecules
The cell expanded in size to the point of lysing (bursting), which means it was placed in a ____ solution.
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
The cell shows water moving in and out equally, which means it was placed in a ___ solution.
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
What type of solution is shown in the picture?
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
_____________ is the free movement of particles across the membrane with the concentration gradient
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
fusion
An example of diffusion is
CO2 and O2 exchange in the lungs
Glucose transport
Na+ / K+ Pumps
Exocytosis
What is the movement of particles with the concentration gradient using protein "helpers"?
diffusion
facilitated diffusion
active transport
enzymatic reactions
An example of facilitated diffusion is
CO2 and O2 exchange in the lungs
Glucose transport
Na+ / K+ Pumps
Endocytosis
What is a difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
movement of particles from [high] to [low]
a protein "helper"
movement of particles from [low] to [high]
energy
If a cells Ψp = 3 bars and its Ψs = -4.5 bars, what is the resulting Ψ ?
-7.5
7.5
-1.5
1.5
A cell with a water potential of -1.5 bars is placed in a beaker of sugar water with Ψs = -4.0 bars. In which direction will the net flow of water be?
Out of the cell
Into the cell
Both into and out of the cell
Neither into nor out of the cell
A cell with a water potential of -1.5 bars is placed in a beaker of sugar water with Ψs = 1.5 bars. In which direction will the net flow of water be?
Into the cell
Out of the cell
No net flow of water
Where can PROTEINS be found when part of a plasma membrane?
On the outside of the membrane
On the inside of the membrane
Embedded part of the way into the membrane
Embedded the whole way through the membrane
All of the above
Where can carbohydrates be found when part of a plasma membrane?
On the outside of the membrane
On the inside of the membrane
Embedded part of the way into the membrane
Embedded the whole way through the membrane
All of the above
What is the "big idea" of the fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes?
the plasma membrane creates a specialized FLUID that looks like a MOSAIC.
the plasma membrane is a MOSAIC.
the fluid mosaic model is NOT related to the plasma membrane.
a plasma membrane is a MOSAIC of components that move FREELY and FLUIDLY.
Active transport across a cell membrane from low to high concentration, requires
energy (ATP)
no energy
water
oxygen
Enzymes are
Lipids
Protein
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids
Enzymes are responsible for-
Speeding up reactions
Giving the body energy
Slowing down reactions
Which of these is most likely an enzyme?
Sucrose
Galactose
Fructose
Amylase
Letter D...
active site
enzyme
substrate
products
Letter B...
active site
enzyme
substrate
products
Letter c...
active site
enzyme
substrate
products
Each enzyme only has 1 substrate that will fit its active site. What is this called?
reusablility
denaturation
specificity
fragility
What is a substance called if it speeds up a chemical reaction?
reusable
catalyst
specific
fragile
An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell but can only be used once. True or False?
true
false
What happens when enzymes are heated to a high temperature?
The enzymes die.
The shapes of the enzyme are altered denature
The enzymes' amino acid sequence changes.
The enzymes remain the same
A --> B + C
Anabolic
Catabolic
A + B --> C
Anabolic
Catabolic
Net release of energy
endergonic
exergonic
Net intake of energy
endergonic
exergonic
You are given a reaction and are told it is at “saturation.” To determine if this is true, you should add _______ and see if the reaction rate _______.
ATP; increases
more substrate; increases
a competitive inhibitor; decreases
a downstream product; decreases
a noncompetitive inhibitor; decreases
A noncompetitive inhibitor may inhibit binding of a substrate to an enzyme by
binding to the substrate.
binding to the active site.
lowering the activation energy.
increasing the ΔG of the reaction.
changing the shape of the active site.
Which type of inhibitor can be overcome by the addition of more substrate?
Irreversible
Noncompetitive
Competitive
Prosthetic
Isotonic
Competitive inhibitors of enzymes work by
fitting into the active site.
fitting into a site other than the active site.
altering the shape of the enzyme.
changing the enzyme into an inactive form.
increasing the activation energy of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
Which of the following equations represents the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis?
6O2+ 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2
C6H12O6 + 6H2O→ 6O2+ 6O2
6CO2+ 6H2O→ C6H12O6+ 6O2
6O2 + 6H2O→ C6H12O6 + 6CO2
what are the inputs of the calvin cycle?
NADPH
ATP
CO2
H2O
chlorophyll
Choose the statement that best describes light reaction.
It converts CO2 to sugar molecule
It converts light energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
It takes place in the stroma
Select all that are raw materials for Photosynthesis.
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Sunlight (Light Energy)
Glucose (Sugar/food)
What role does NADPH play in cellular respiration
It is long term energy storage
it is a high-energy hydrogen carrier
it breaks down glucose
it is an enzyme
Main products of the Calvin Cycle
Oxygen, NADP+, ADP
Glucose, CO2, ADP
ADP, NADP+, Glucose
ATP, NADPH, Oxygen
Which of the following is true of the Calvin Cycle?
carbon dioxide and energy (ATP and NADPH) are used to make organic compounds
energy is absorbed from sunlight and converted to chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH
Occurs in the thylakoid
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Increasing carbon dioxide can increase photosynthesis, but only to a maximum rate because
There are not enough RuBP molecules
Oxygen cannot leave fast enough
Large amounts of CO2 cannot fit in the chloroplast
Calvin cycle can only go as fast as the light reactions
What is the first stage of the Calvin Cycle?
Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of RUBP
Primary
What does the Calvin Cycle begins with?
Glucose
The input of CO2
Water
ATP synthase
In the electron transport chain, Oxygen acts as...
a carrier of electrons, passing electrons down the chain
a reducing agent
the final electron acceptor
a coenzyme
When protons are pumped outside the matrix, across the inner membrane...
water is made
a concentration gradient of H+ ions (protons) is created
NADH gets reduced
CO2 is produced
The electrons that are transferred through the electron transport chain initially belonged to
NADH
FADH2
ATP
Oxygen
NADH and FADH2
When we say a process requires oxygen, we call it what?
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Oxyphillic
Oxygenphilia
When we say a process that does not require oxygen, we call it what?
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Oxyphillic
Oxygenphilia
Glycolysis is responsible for breaking glucose down into what?
CO2
H2O
Acetyl CoA
2 Pyruvic Acids
During which phase of cellular respiration is the most ATP harvested?
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Citric Acid Cycle
In each phase of cellular respiration there is a certain amount of chemical energy harvested in the form of ATP. On a perfect day, with everything running at 100% efficiency, how many molecules of ATP can we harvest from 1 molecule of glucose?
38
23
4
2
When an organism is in a low oxygen situation, such as running sprints, cellular respiration ceases and the organism must use a different metabolic pathway for creating energy without oxygen. What do we call this process?
Acidification
Hydrolysis
Fermentation
Citric Acid Cycle
What happens in the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2 drop off hydrogens to form massive amounts of ATP
pyruvic acid is formed from breaking down glucose
CO2 is released and H2O and ATP
glucose is broken down and ATP is formed
The Krebs cycle requires oxygen, because...
without oxygen, NADH cannot be oxidized to continue receiving electrons as NAD+
without oxygen, coenzyme A is unable to be added to the pyruvate molecule to make acetyl CoA
without oxygen, ATP cannot be synthesized by substrate level phosphorylation
without oxygen, glycolysis cannot take place to provide the starting materials for the Krebs cycle
How are electrons extracted during the Krebs cycle transferred to the electron transport chain?
NADH
FADH2
ATP
CO2
What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration in the correct order?
Krebs, Glycolysis, Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis, Krebs, Electron Transport Chain
Electron Transport Chain, Krebs, Glycolysis
Which of the following happen during the Electron Transport Chain?
High energy electrons travel down the ETC, pumping H+'s into the intermembrane space
H+'s travel down the ETC, pumping high energy electrons into the intermembrane space
H+'s diffuse through ATP Synthase, turning it so it can make ATP
What is the name of the signaling molecule in cell communication?
ligand
receptor
operon
inhibitor
Choose the correct order of communication.
reception, response, transduction
transduction, reception, response
response, transduction, reception
reception, transduction, response
All cells have the same response to the same signal.
True
False
Long distance signals involving hormones are ________ signals.
paracrine
synaptic
endocrine
Phosphorylation cascades are often used for
reception
responses
amplification
termination
Programmed cell death is known as
mutation
termination
cytokinesis
apoptosis
What type of signaling is shown here?
autocrine
synaptic
endocrine
paracrine
After a cellular response, how is it terminated?
separate the ligand and receptor
block the transduction pathway
it will keep responding
send out a different signal
An example of DIRECT cell communication is:
White blood cells bumping into each other sharing antigen info
Neurons communicating across a synapse
Hormones traveling through the blood stream to target tissues
A cell converting a chemical signal into a cellular response is known as __.
energetics
transduction
ligand response
transformation
What do secondary messengers, like cAMP, do?
transport a signal through the lipid bilayer
relay & amplify a signal from the outside to the inside of the cell
relay & amplify a message from the inside of the membrane throughout the cytoplasm
dampen the message
During labor oxytocin is released. When labor pains increase more oxytocin is released causing more labor pain which increases the levels of oxytocin. This is an example of what type of feedback
negative feedback
homeostasis feedback
positive feedback
a decrease in the stimulus
When estrogen is released only a small amount of cells are affected because
non target cells go through apoptosis
only target cells are exposed to the signal
it is unable to enter non target cells
only target cells have the receptor
Blood sugar regulation is an example of a ______________ loop
positive
negative
