WorksheetsBIO 102 exam 2 review
Total questions: 82
Worksheet time: 57mins
The response to an infection. Causes the area to redden, swell, and feel warm.
Fever
Mucus
Dilation
Inflammation
Chemical that causes the blood vessels around the infection to dilate (expand) so that more blood can flow to the infection (found in the inflammatory response)
Stomach acid
Mucus
Epithelial cells
Histamines
Which is NOT considered FIRST line of defense?
Helper T-Cells
Skin
Sweat
Mucous Membranes
What is phagocytosis?
WBCs
When a cells eat other cells
When a cell collapses
When a cell releases nutrients
The innate immune system is...
Always working and doesn't require any special preparation
Needs to be "primed" before it can work to its full effectiveness
Very specific and only defends against a specific pathogen
Not very effective at preventing intruders
Which substance is produced by virus-infected cells to prevent neighbouring cells from virus infection?
Interleukin
Interferon
Histamine
Complement Protein
An abnormally high sensitivity to certain substances, such as pollens, foods, or microorganisms is known as __________.
allergy
vaccine
antibody
pathogen
Which type of innate proteins are opsonins, poke holes in membranes & enhance inflammation?
defensins
antibodies
complement
interferon
Which type of cell of the innate system causes apoptosis in infected host cells and tumor cells?
phagocytes
natural killer cells
neutrophils
B-cells
Which cells kills those cells displaying antigens with only an MHC I protein (infected cells)?
Destroy bacteria by directly punching holes in membranes causing them to lyse and stimulates phagocytes
Mast Cell
Complement Protein
Neutrophil
Macrophage
T Memory Cells
Survives for many years and proliferates rapidly into Th & Tc cells when body is exposed to pathogen for a second time
Rapidly divides into plasma cells and memory cells
Directly attacks invading pathogen
Produces cytokines to stimulate B cells
T Helper Cells
Rapidly differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells
Recognises antigen on APC, produces cytokines to stimulate B cells to differentiate and activate macrophages
Directly kill invading pathogen by releasing toxic compounds
Cytotoxic T Cells
Directly kill foreign, infected or abnormal cells by releasing toxic compounds such as perforins
Release cytokines that promote inflammation and activate macrophages
Survive for many years and proliferate into Th and Tc cells
In adaptive immunity, which cells directly destroy virally infected cells?
B cells
Plasma Cells
T helper cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Macrophages...
are Antigen Presenting cells
release cytokines to signal other immune cells
are Phagocytes
Part of the adaptive immune response
Which of the following are functions of antibodies
Neutralisation of bacterial toxins
Agglutination by forming antigen-antibody complexes
Engulf and destroy pathogens
Precipitation of antigens
What protein is found on antigen presenting cells?
MHC II
MHC I
Complement
Plasma
To maintain homeostasis, freshwater fish must ________.
excrete large quantities of electrolytes
consume large quantities of water
excrete large quantities of water
take in electrolytes through simple diffusion
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment
hyperosmotic; freshwater
hyperosmotic; seawater
isoosmotic; seawater
hypoosmotic; seawater
The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that________.
urea can be removed as a semi-solid paste
urea is less toxic than ammonia
urea does not affect the osmotic gradient
less nitrogen is removed from the body
The toxic, primary metabolic waste produced from the breakdown of nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) molecules
ammonia
urea
acetic acid
hydrogen sulfide
Between two solutions with different osmolarities, the one with lesser solutes is said to be ___________.
hyperosmotic
hypoosmotic
isoosmotic
To survive in a hyperosmotic environment, an osmoregulator must
discharge excess water
take in mineral salts and other solutes
take in water to offset osmotic loss
Occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of Bowman's capsule
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
After filtration, the filtrate from the Bowman's capsule passes into what specific region in nephrons where tubular reabsorption into the interstitial fluid occurs?
loops of Henle
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
This specific region in nephrons contributes to pH regulation by the controlled secretion of hydrogen ions and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions.
loops of Henle
proximal convoluted tubule
distal convoluted tubule
renal corpuscle
Mammals with exceptionally long loops of Henle allow them to excrete the most __________ urine as it maintains steep osmotic gradients.
hyperosmotic
hypoosmotic
isoosmotic
Freshwater fishes must excrete excess water because they are _________ to their surroundings.
hyperosmotic
hypoosmotic
isoosmotic
The organ that removes metabolic wastes including urea, excess water, and salts from the blood.
lung
liver
kidney
colon
The cluster of capillaries within a nephron.
glomerulus
alveoli
aorta
vein
The functional unit of the kidneys which includes the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule and the Loop of Henle.
arteriole
veinule
alveoli
nephron
A nitrogen waste resulting from the breakdown of the amino acids produced during protein digestion.
carbon dioxide
bile
urea
water
A) Urine passes through the ureters
B) Urea enters the kidneys
C) Urine enters the urethra
The area influenced by hormones in order to regulate water balance in the body.
Loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule
The "salty" region of the kidney.
Cortex
Medulla
Renal pelvis
Hilum
ADH is created in the:
Hypothalamus
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Brain
Kidney
When ADH is secreted, urine will:
Be more dilute
Be more concentrated
Have a larger volume
All of the above
Which of the following explains digestion?
It is the process of breaking down food into simple substance our body can absorb.
It is the elimination of undigested food that were not absorb by the body.
It is the absorption and circulation of nutrients in the body.
It the process of supplying the cell with nutrients
Which of the following digestive organ absorbs the nutrients?
esophagus
mouth
large intestine
small intestine
What substance that speed up the chemical reaction in digestion?
enzymes
digestive juices
bile
water
What is the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach?
Liver
Large Intestine
Esophagus
Pancreas
What is the function (job) of the large intestine?
To absorb water and minerals
To store vitamins and fats
To produce bile and acid
To regulate the blood sugar and hormones
Involuntary muscle contractions that move food.
Chemical breakdown
Flexion
Swallowing
Peristalsis
Pick the correct order of digestion
Mouth,stomach,esophagus,large intestine,small intestine
Mouth,esophagus,stomach,small intestine, large intestine
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, colon
Mouth, stomach, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine
What is the function of the gall bladder?
absorption of fat
digestion of fat
production of bile
storage of bile
Digestion begins here. Teeth, saliva, and the tongue help break food into smaller pieces.
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
salivary glands
This organ absorbs a lot of water from food.
esophagus
small intestine
large intestine
stomach
What is the role of amylase?
breaks down protein
breaks down fats
lubricates and adds moisture to the food
breaks down starch
What is the role of the pepsin enzyme in digestion?
to break down carbohydrates
to break down proteins
to break down fats
to break down nucleic acids
What is the role of HCl (Hydrochloric acid) in the stomach?
to breakdown proteins
to add moisture to the food
to create an acidic environment to activate an enzyme
to emulsify fats
What accessory organ releases bile salts into the small intestine?
pancreas
kidneys
gall bladder
spleen
What is the role of bile salts in digestion?
to emulsify fats
to breakdown proteins
to breakdown carbohydrates
to neutralize the HCl (acid) from the stomach
What is the function of the epiglottis?
to release amylase in the mouth
to close the opening to the trachea when swallowing food
to aid in the mechanical digestion of the food in the mouth
to move the food by wave-like movement (peristalsis) to the esophagus
What happens in the stomach? (you can choose more than one answer)
HCl provides enzmyes with optimum alkaline pH.
HCl provides enzymes with optimum acidic pH.
Pepsinogen breaks down proptein.
Pepsin breaks down protein.
True or False: In the stomach, food is squeezed and mashed. The food changes into a thick liquid called chyme.
True
False
Ghrelin is the hormone that stimulates hunger before meals
The hormone _________, produced in the stomach, stimulates gastric glands to secrete gastric juices (chemicals, enzymes, and other hormones).
gastrin
secretin
cholecystokinin
gastric inhibitory peptide
What stimulates the production of enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder?
What enzyme breaks down proteins when it is activated by hydrochloric acid?
Pepsin
Peptin
Pepto
Protein
