wayground logo

Free Printable Worksheets

Font size

S
M
L
XL
Worksheets

Bio30 Unit 5

Total questions: 133

Worksheet time: 4hrs 26mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is the study of why species live where they do called?

a)

Fossil Record

b)

Biogeography

c)

Gene Flow

d)

Adaptive Radiation

2.

What term describes a species' ability to evolve into many new species, usually after a mass extinction?

a)

Microevolution

b)

Macroevolution

c)

Adaptive Radiation

d)

Genetic Drift

3.

What is the term for genetic drift that occurs when a population becomes suddenly smaller?

a)

Founder Effect

b)

Bottleneck Effect

c)

Coevolution

d)

Gradualism

4.

What is the term for evolution that happens over a long slow process?

a)

Punctuated Equilibrium

b)

Gradualism

c)

Adaptive Radiation

d)

Microevolution

5.

What is the term for small changes within a population over a small amount of time?

a)

Macroevolution

b)

Microevolution

c)

Adaptive Radiation

d)

Genetic Drift

6.

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, what does "p" represent?

a)

Frequency of homozygous recessive

b)

Frequency of heterozygous

c)

Dominant allele frequency

d)

Recessive allele frequency

7.

What type of selection occurs when phenotypes at both extremes are selected against?

a)

Disruptive selection

b)

Stabilizing selection

c)

Directional selection

d)

Natural selection

8.

What is an example of directional selection mentioned in the text?

a)

Body height differences

b)

Beak size of finches on Galapagos

c)

Large and small babies

d)

Hybrid species of squirrels

9.

What is the process by which a new species evolves called?

a)

Natural selection

b)

Speciation

c)

Genetic drift

d)

Gene flow

10.

Which example illustrates sympatric speciation?

a)

North American squirrels separated by states

b)

Apple vs hawthorn bush flies

c)

Beak size of finches

d)

Large and small babies

11.

What does "q^2" represent in the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

a)

Frequency of homozygous dominant

b)

Frequency of heterozygous

c)

Frequency of homozygous recessive

d)

Dominant allele frequency

12.

Which of the following is a condition for maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

a)

Natural selection

b)

Large population size

c)

High mutation rate

d)

Geographic separation

13.

What is the significance of vestigial structures in evolutionary biology?

a)

They are fully functional in all species.

b)

They serve no purpose in understanding evolution.

c)

They are remnants of structures that had functions in ancestors.

d)

They are unique to humans.

14.

What is the concept of punctuated equilibrium in evolution?

a)

Evolution occurs at a constant, slow pace.

b)

Evolution happens in rapid bursts followed by long periods of stability.

c)

Evolution is unpredictable and random.

d)

Evolution does not occur.

15.

What is the term for the process where two species evolve in response to changes in each other?

a)

Coevolution

b)

Divergent Evolution

c)

Convergent Evolution

d)

Parallel Evolution

16.

Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

a)

Wings of bats and birds

b)

Beak variations in Darwin's finches

c)

Different breeds of dogs

d)

Color variations in peppered moths

17.

What is the term for the random change in allele frequencies in a population?

a)

Natural Selection

b)

Gene Flow

c)

Genetic Drift

d)

Mutation

18.

What is the term for the process by which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring?

a)

Natural Selection

b)

Mutation

c)

Gene Flow

d)

Genetic Drift

19.

Which of the following is an example of divergent evolution?

a)

Wings of bats and birds

b)

Beak variations in Darwin's finches

c)

Different breeds of dogs

d)

Color variations in peppered moths

20.

What is the term for the evolutionary process where a single species evolves into several distinct species?

a)

Adaptive Radiation

b)

Convergent Evolution

c)

Coevolution

d)

Parallel Evolution

21.

Based on the data given in the table, which two are most closely related?

a)

Human & Gorilla

b)

Gorilla & Orangutan

c)

Human & Chimpanzee

d)

Chimpanzee & Orangutan

22.

Based on the given cladogram, which organism is the outgroup?

a)

Human

b)

Chimpanzee

c)

Gorilla

d)

Orangutan

e)

Gibbon

23.

Based on the figure, which organism is most closely related to the polar bear?

a)

Black Bear

b)

European Brown Bear

c)

Western North American Brown Bear

d)

Asian Brown Bear

24.

Based on the figure, how long ago was the common ancestor of the European Brown Bear and the Asian Brown Bear?

a)

4.5 hundreds of thousands of years ago

b)

3.5 hundreds of thousands of years ago

c)

2.2 hundreds of thousands of years ago

d)

1.4 hundreds of thousands of years ago

25.

Which evidence would be the most accurate when developing a cladogram?

a)

Morphological

b)

Molecular

c)

Ecological

d)

Fossil

26.

Based on the figure, which three organisms are closely related?

a)

Cat, Horse, Human

b)

Cat, Horse, Pig

c)

Cow, Horse, Human

d)

Cow, Horse, Pig

27.

Which of these is a condition that must be met for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

a)

Extremely small population size

b)

No natural selection

c)

Gene flow

d)

Nonrandom mating

28.

What does p stand for?

a)

Dominant allele

b)

Recessive allele

c)

Homozygous dominant

d)

Homozygous recessive

e)

Heterozygous

29.

Which of the following is the equation that you would use for Hardy-Weinberg?

a)

p + 2q = 1

b)

2p + 2q = 1

c)

2p + q = 1

d)

p + q = 1

30.

Which of the following is the equation that you use for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

a)

p2 +2pq + q2 = 1

b)

p2 + q2 = 1

c)

p3 + q3 = 1

d)

p3 + 3pq + q3 = 1

31.

In generation 1, the recessive allele has a frequency of 0.6, and in generation 40 the recessive phenotype has a frequency of 0.36. Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg?

a)

No, the frequency changed from one generation to another

b)

Yes, the frequency changed from one generation to another

c)

No, the frequency remained the same from one generation to another

d)

Yes, the frequency remained the same from one generation to another

32.

If there are 400 red flowers, 200 pink flowers, and 100 white flowers. Solve for the frequency of the dominant allele.

a)

0.76

b)

0.86

c)

0.57

d)

0.71

33.

If a population is suffering from genetic drift, which of the Hardy-Weinberg conditions is not being met?

a)

No gene flow

b)

Random mating

c)

Extremely large population size

d)

No mutations

34.

Mutations are a change in what?

a)

DNA

b)

tRNA

c)

protein

d)

rRNA

35.
Why is the mouse population changing over time?
a)
The light mice can reproduce more successfully than the dark mice
b)
The hawks eat more dark mice than light mice because the dark mice taste better
c)
The hawks eat more light mice than dark mice because they can see the light mice more easily
d)
The hawks eat more dark mice than light mice because they can see the dark mice more easily
36.
What process is being shown in this image?
a)
Variation
b)
Natural Selection
c)
Selective Breeding
d)
Homeostasis
37.

"Organisms that are better adapted to the environment survive to pass traits to their offspring" is the definition of

a)

Natural Selection

b)

Evolution

c)

Selective Breeding

d)

Artificial Selection

38.

Which best describes the role of mutations in natural selection?

a)

Mutations help an organism to better survive in their environment

b)

An organism may acquire a helpful mutation by interacting with the environment

c)

A mutation may result in a beneficial trait that makes an organism more likely to survive and reproduce

d)

Organisms with certain traits are more likely to win competitions for mutations

39.

Mutations are important because they bring about

a)

death of the organism in which they develop

b)

genetic variation needed for a population to evolve

c)

benefits for the individual, not for the population

d)

changes in genotype, but not phenotype

40.
Do organisms "decide" to evolve and change?
a)
Yes, they know they need to change to survive 
b)
No, they change because of natural selection
41.

Which of the following is a situation that could cause evolutionary change that is NOT due to natural selection?

a)

A volcano erupts and kills many individuals in a population.

b)

A mutation produces sea stars that are less visible to predators.

c)

An insecticide is sprayed in a community to combat mosquitoes.

d)

Cattle are treated with antibiotics to prevent the spread of infections.

42.

What is the movement of genes into or out of a population

(Can cause a population to evolve)

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Hydrosphere

c)

Open and close systems

d)

Gene Flow

43.

Do individuals evolve?

a)

individuals evolve only if they are male

b)

Individuals don't evolve but populations do

c)

Individuals don't evolve because they cant fly

d)

we do

44.

Which of the following species is extinct?

a)

J

b)

A

c)

B

d)

C

45.

Does the perch have jaws

a)

yes

b)

no

46.

Which organisms from this cladogram are more closely related Perch and Lizard OR Salamander and Pigeon?

a)

Perch and Lizard

b)

Salamander and Pigeon

47.

Because whales have a pelvis and femurs, it shows whales could be descended from an ancestor that was able to _____________________.

a)

walk

b)

sing

c)

swim

d)

polka

48.

Humans, birds, whales, and lizards all have similar arm bones. What is a possible reason for this?

a)
The function of these bones is the same in all animals
b)
They live in similar environments
c)
They have a common ancestor
d)
All organisms resemble humans
49.

Which type of cell does NOT contain membrane-bound organelles?

a)

plant cells

b)

animal cells

c)

prokaryotic cells

d)

eukaryotic cells

50.

Which of the following is evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory?

a)

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is similar to prokaryotic DNA.

b)

Fossil evidence shows that the first forms of life were prokaryotic cells.

c)

All eukaryotic cells have a double-layered membrane composed of phosplipids and proteins.

d)

Prokaryotes have the same number and types of enzymes as eukaryotes.

51.
This experiment was conducted by the scientists:
a)
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
b)
Harold Urey and Albert Einstine
c)
Harrison Ford and Denzel Washington
d)
James Watson and Francis Crick
52.
Which question were the scientists trying to answer with this experiment?
a)
Where do cells come from?
b)
What came first the chicken or the egg?
c)
How are biomolecules formed?
d)
What gave rise to the Eukaryotic cell?
53.
The apparatus in the experiment was used to mimic what?
a)
proteins
b)
Earth's present conditions
c)
early Earth's conditions
d)
they didn't mean to mimic anything in particular
54.
The electrical sparks mimicked?
a)
heat waves
b)
lightening
c)
volcano
d)
hurricane
55.

What is the main evidence for the evolution of the last universal common ancestor in the vicinity of hydrothermal vents?

a)

Fossilized evidence of life from ancient seafloor hydrothermal vent precipitates

b)

Fossilized evidence of life from ancient deserts

c)

Fossilized evidence of life from ancient forests

d)

Fossilized evidence of life from ancient oceans

56.

What does LUCA stand for?

a)

Last Universal Common Ancestor

b)

Last Universal Created Animal

c)

Lengthy Uniform Cohesive Antiparallel

d)

Last Uniform Created Analogies

57.

What were the conditions on early Earth that may have led to the spontaneous formation of carbon compounds?

a)

High concentrations of oxygen and ozone

b)

Low concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane

c)

High concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane

d)

Low concentrations of oxygen and ozone

58.

What were the necessary requirements for the evolution of the first cells?

a)

Formation of carbon compounds, self-replication of molecules, polymerization, and emergence of compartmentalization

b)

High concentrations of oxygen and low concentrations of ozone

c)

The formation of DNA

d)

High concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane

59.

Why is the formation of a membrane-bound compartment important for the origin of life?

a)

It allows internal chemistry to be different from that outside the compartment

b)

It allows for the replication of RNA

c)

It allows for the formation of carbon compounds

d)

It allows for the emergence of compartmentalization

60.

What is RNA's role in the presumed first genetic material?

a)

It acts as the genetic material and the enzymes of the earliest cells

b)

It acts as the catalyst for peptide bond formation

c)

It acts as the membrane-bound compartment

d)

It acts as the last universal common ancestor

61.

What is secondary endosymbiosis?

a)

The process of eukaryote cells evolving into prokaryote cells

b)

The process of prokaryote cells evolving into eukaryote cells

c)

The process of eukaryote cells engulfing other eukaryote cells

d)

The process of prokaryote cells engulfing other prokaryote cells

62.

Punctuated Equilibrium is defined as -

a)

slow changes over time

b)

sudden changes followed by stasis (no change)

63.

Gradualism is defined as -

a)

slow changes over time

b)

sudden changes followed by stasis (no change)

64.

What type of evidence is found in layers of rock?

a)

Fossil Evidence

b)

Biogeographical Evidence

c)

Structural Evidence

d)

Molecular Evidence

65.

What type of evidence came from the theory of Pangaea (a super continent)?

a)

Fossil Evidence

b)

Biogeographical Evidence

c)

Structural Evidence

d)

Molecular Evidence

66.

DNA evidence is also known as -

a)

Fossil Evidence

b)

Biogeographical Evidence

c)

Structural Evidence

d)

Molecular Evidence

67.

Structures that are no longer used by organisms, such as whales' pelvic bones, are known as what type of structural evidence?

a)

Vestigial

b)

Analogous

c)

Fossil

d)

Homologous

68.

Structures that are similar in different organisms are called -

a)

Vestigial

b)

Analogous

c)

Fossil

d)

Homologous

69.

Vestigial structures provide evidence of evolutionary history. For example, ostriches may not fly, but they do have wings indicating that they -

a)

have an ancestor that used to fly

b)

like to have wings for show

c)

use their wings to float, not fly

70.

Which taxonomic category is higher than the others?

a)

Class

b)

Genus

c)

Family

d)

Phylum

71.

An organism identified with binomial nomenclature includes which two taxa?

a)

class and order

b)

family and genus

c)

genus and species

d)

kingdom and phylum

72.

What is the genus name here?

Canis lupus

a)

Canis

b)

lupus

c)

Canis lupus

d)

lupus canis

73.

What is the order of the taxonomic levels from least specific to most specific?

a)

Kingdom, Family, Species, Order, Class, Phylum, Genus

b)

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

c)

Species, Order, Kingdom, Family, Genus, Phylum, Class

d)

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom

74.
How many Domains are there?
Name them:
a)
3; Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
b)
2; Bacteria, Eukarya
c)
1; Eukarya
d)
3; Bacteria, Eukarya, Protists
75.
On the cladogram, which feature do all organisms inherit?
a)
A
b)
B
c)
C
d)
D
76.
On the cladogram, which organism is the closest relative of the human?
a)
Frog
b)
Hare
c)
Caiman
d)
Parrot
77.
On the cladogram, which number represents the common ancestor of organisms B & D?
a)
1
b)
2
c)
3
78.
A branching diagram that represents the proposed phylogeny or evolutionary history of a species or group 
a)
Cladogram 
b)
Cladistics
c)
Phylogeny
d)
Taxonomy
79.

Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name

a)

Scientific Name

b)

Derived Character

c)

Binomial Nomenclature

d)

Clade

80.

Who proposed a mechanism for how animals evolved before Charles Darwin?

a)

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

b)

Alfred Russel Wallace

c)

Gregor Mendel

d)

Isaac Newton

81.

How did Darwin propose changes within a species occur?

a)

Through a gradual process over time

b)

By individuals acquiring traits during their lifetime

c)

By divine intervention

d)

Through sudden mutations

82.

Who wrote to Darwin about having developed a similar theory of evolution?

a)

Alfred Russel Wallace

b)

Gregor Mendel

c)

Thomas Malthus

d)

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

83.

What was Darwin's voyage that changed his life and science forever?

a)

Journey on the HMS Challenger

b)

Expedition on the HMS Endeavour

c)

Voyage on the HMS Beagle

d)

Travel on the HMS Victory

84.
What was the name of the ship Charles Darwin sailed on?
a)
Boaty McBoaty Face
b)
HMS Beagle
c)
HMS Britannia
d)
HMS Bulldog
85.
Where did Charles Darwin travel to?
a)
Australia
b)
Barbados
c)
Galapagos 
d)
Trinidad
86.
What animals did Charles Darwin study when at the Galapagos Islands?
a)
Giraffes
b)
Seagulls
c)
Seals
d)
Finches
87.

Different beak sizes indicates

a)

same diets

b)

different environments

c)

similar environments

d)

different diets

88.

Which of the following does not show genetic drift?

a)

b)

c)

d)

89.

Which of the following best describes what the image represents?

a)

Natural Selection

b)

Artificial Selection

c)

Mutation

d)

Genetic Drift

90.

Which of the following is the correct definition of natural selection?

a)

The idea that organisms less equipped for their environment tend to survive longer

b)

The idea that organisms more well equipped for their environment tend to survive longer

c)

The idea that organisms more well equipped for their environment tend to not survive

d)

None.

91.

Which of the following represents genetic drift?

a)

b)

c)

d)

92.

Which of the following represents migration?

a)

b)

c)

d)

93.

Which of the following represents gene flow?

a)

b)

c)

d)

94.

Match the following

a)

the movement of genes into or out of a population

1.

Gene Flow

b)

Random chance; small population

2.

Genetic Drift

c)

A sudden change in one or more characteristics due to a change in a gene

3.

Mutation

d)

Occurs due to physical difference as a result of a genetic difference

4.

Non-Random Mating

e)

The movement of organisms from one place to another

5.

Migration

95.

Which of the following best describes what the image represents?

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Migration

c)

Mutation

d)

Natural Selection

96.

White tigers are becoming extinct, to overcome this a male and female white tiger are paired together in captivity to help their population continue to grow. This is an example of:

a)

Natural Selection

b)

Gene Flow

c)

Artificial Selection

d)

Genetic Drift

97.

Blue catfish are going extinct. A dam in a lake full of blue catfish bursts due to poor engineering and kills some of the blue catfish. This is an example of:

a)

Natural Selection

b)

Gene Flow

c)

Mutation

d)

Genetic Drift

98.

A type of genetic drift in which small groups of organisms separate from a larger population and form new small colonies.

a)

Gene Flow

b)

Founder Effect

c)

Natural Selection

d)

Artificial Selection

99.

The exchange of genes between two populations.

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Founder Effect

c)

Gene Flow

d)

Genetic Recombination

100.

This term refers to the total genetic information found in a population; the complete collection of all the alleles found in a population

a)

Gene library

b)

Genome

c)

Gene pool

d)

Allele pool

101.

This is one of the mechanisms of evolution; it occurs when individuals move into or out of a population, either by physically arriving or leaving, or by being born or dying

a)

Gene flow / genetic drift

b)

Founder effect

c)

Natural selection

d)

Microevolution

102.

This is one of the mechanisms of evolution; it is a continuous process in which organisms with traits that make them better-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than organisms without such adaptations

a)

Directional selection

b)

Microevolution

c)

Gene flow / genetic drift

d)

Natural selection

103.

This is a pattern of natural selection where one extreme form of a trait is more advantageous than the average or the opposite extreme; as a result, this trait in the population tends to evolve towards that one extreme

a)

Directional selection

b)

Disruptive selection

c)

Stabilizing selection

d)

Forward selection

104.

This is the pattern of natural selection where BOTH of the extreme versions of a trait are more advantageous than the average, so a population evolves in both directions away from the average

a)

Directional Selection

b)

Disruptive Selection

c)

Stabilizing Selection

d)

Radical Selection

105.

This occurs when a large population is drastically reduced by an event such as a natural disaster; the population's new gene pool only contains alleles from the survivors

a)

Founder effect

b)

Bottleneck effect

c)

Meteor effect

d)

Natural selection

106.

This is the process that ultimately creates new variations and changes in DNA; leads to the creation of new alleles

a)

Mutation

b)

Microevolution

c)

Natural selection

d)

Gene flow / genetic drift

107.

This is a pattern of natural selection in which the average (or intermediate) form of a trait is the most advantageous, and so a population evolves away from the extremes and toward the average

a)

Disruptive selection

b)

Directional selection

c)

Stabilizing selection

d)

Middle selection

108.

The rock pocket mouse is a species of mouse that lives among the rocky outcroppings in the deserts of the Southwestern US. Researchers have observed that it is advantageous for these mice to have either a very dark or a very light fur color; this is because the very light color allows them to hide among light-colored rocks, and the very dark color allows them to hide among darker, volcanic rocks. The intermediate-colored mice cannot hide as well on either type of rock, and so are at a disadvantage. What type/pattern of natural selection would you expect to occur here?

a)

Stabilizing selection

b)

Disruptive selection

c)

Directional selection

d)

None of these are correct

109.

What do we call a change in the genome over time?

a)

Evolution

b)

Adaptation

c)

Extinction

d)

Environmental influences

110.
What does the picture represent?
a)
Founder Effect
b)
Mutations
c)
Bottleneck effect
d)
Gene Flow
111.
Since the 1800s humans have stopped burning coal, and the trees have returned to their original color. Which moth will be more successful in this environment?
a)
Dark moth
b)
Light moth
c)
Both will be equally successful
d)
Neither will be successful
112.

What mechanism of evolution occurs when allele frequencies change over generations due to random chance?

a)

Genetic Drift

b)

Mutation

c)

Natural Selection

d)

Gene Flow

113.

A small group of squirrels gets separates them from the rest of the population due to a large flood. These squirrels, now confined to this new island, begin to start a new population. This is an example of which of the following?

a)

Founder effect

b)

Bottleneck effect

c)

Natural Selection

d)

Gene Flow

114.
What type of selection is depicted in the picture? 
a)
stabilizing 
b)
directional 
c)
disruptive 
d)
the answer is not here
115.
What type of selection?
a)
Directional 
b)
Stabilizing
c)
Disruptive
116.
All rabbits living in a particular area would be an example of a(n)
a)
population
b)
species
c)
fossil
d)
individual organism
117.
"Survival of the Fittest" describes which theory
a)
a) natural selection
b)
b) gravity
c)
c) heredity
d)
d) string theory
118.
When every organism of a species has died.
a)
Evolution
b)
Natural Selection
c)
Extinction
d)
Artificial Selection
119.
Which organisms are most likely to survive?
a)
the best adapted
b)
the fastest
c)
the strongest
d)
the most domesticated (tamed)
120.

What type of natural selection is this?

a)

Disruptive Selection

b)

Directional Selection

c)

Stabilizing Selection

d)

Natural Selection

121.
What is the correct explanation for what is happening in this graph?
a)
There are a lot of average-sized beaks
b)
There are no beaks
c)
There are a lot of small beaks only
d)
There are a lot of small and large beaks, but not average-sized ones
122.
The trees these moths used to live on were white, but have been covered in soot from coal factories. Which moth will be more successful in this environment?
a)
Dark moth
b)
Light moth
c)
Both will be equally successful
d)
Neither will be successful
123.
What type of selection is depicted in the picture? 
a)
stabilizing 
b)
directional 
c)
disruptive 
d)
the answer is not here
124.
What type of selection?
a)
Directional 
b)
Stabilizing
c)
Disruptive
125.

The formation of a new species is called

a)

Natural selection

b)

Struggle for existence

c)

Speciation

d)

Darwinism

126.

A new river forms and splits two populations, causing ______________ speciation

a)

Sympatric

b)

Allopatric

c)

Extreme

d)

Convergent

127.

A speciation in which new species evolve from a single ancestral species while inhabiting the SAME geographic region.

a)

Sympatric speciation

b)

Allopatric speciation

c)

Complex speciation

d)

Divergent speciation

128.

Orcas occur in the same habitat but some are avoiding each other and do not interbreed. They have different diets, vocal behavior, and social structures. What type of speciation is this?

a)

Allopatric

b)

Sympatric

c)

Complex

d)

Covergent

129.

when the organism develops different courtship rituals which do not attract main population this is a part of ____________ speciation.

a)

Allopatric

b)

Sympatric

c)

Simple

d)

Temporal

130.

The emergence of a mountain range is an event that would lead to _______________ speciation

a)

Allopatric

b)

Sympatric

c)

Temporal

d)

Behavioral

131.

The emergence of new rivers or streams is a type of ____________ isolation.

a)

Temporal

b)

Mechanical

c)

Behavioral

d)

Geographic

132.

When the Grand Canyon in Arizona formed, two populations of one squirrel species were separated by the giant canyon. This is an example of _____________ speciation.

a)

Allopatric

b)

Sympatric

c)

Simple

d)

Divergent

133.

Different finch populations lived on separate islands with different environments. They evolved to best adapt to those particular environments and can no longer mate. What type of speciation is this?

a)

Allopatric

b)

Sympatric

c)

Temporal

d)

Mechanical