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WorksheetsDOMC - FINAL MBD EXAM
Total questions: 110
Worksheet time: 1hrs 23mins
What is the study of tumors called?
Oncology
Pathology
Immunology
Hematology
Which type of tumor is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation?
Benign
Malignant
Fibroma
Adenoma
What term encompasses all malignant tumors?
Neoplasm
Cancer
Tumor
Sarcoma
What is the primary focus of molecular oncology?
Patient demographics
Cellular structure
Genetic alterations
Tumor size
Which of the following is a characteristic of benign tumors?
They invade surrounding tissues
They grow rapidly
They metastasize
They remain localized
What is the role of oncogenes in cancer?
Promote cell division
Inhibit cell division
Repair DNA damage
Suppress tumor growth
Which gene is often mutated in breast cancer?
BRCA1
TP53
KRAS
EGFR
What does the term 'genomic instability' refer to?
Stable DNA structure
Accumulation of chromosomal abnormalities
Normal cell function
Increased apoptosis
What is the function of tumor-suppressor genes?
Control cell division
Inhibit apoptosis
Enhance mutation rates
Promote cell growth
What is the significance of KRAS mutations in cancer?
They have no clinical relevance
They influence treatment decisions
They are harmless
They are always benign
Which of the following is a method for detecting HER2 gene amplification?
FISH
PCR
All of the above
IHC
What does liquid biopsy analyze?
Tissue samples
Blood samples
Urine samples
All of the above
What is the primary cause of microsatellite instability (MSI)?
Chromosomal deletions
Protein synthesis errors
Cell division errors
DNA replication errors
Which cancer is associated with mutations in the ATM gene?
Leukemia
Breast cancer
Lung cancer
Prostate cancer
What is the role of the BRCA1 gene?
Promotes tumor growth
Repairs DNA damage
Inhibits cell division
Stimulates angiogenesis
What type of cancer is characterized by translocations involving the EWS gene?
Ewing sarcoma
Breast cancer
Leukemia
Lymphoma
What is the primary function of the TP53 gene?
Promote cell growth
Regulate the cell cycle
Enhance DNA replication
Suppress apoptosis
What type of cancer is associated with the Philadelphia chromosome?
Prostate cancer
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Lung cancer
Breast cancer
What is the main purpose of targeted therapy in cancer treatment?
To increase tumor size
To enhance immune response
To target specific mutations
To cure all cancers
Which of the following is a characteristic of hematologic malignancies?
They originate in solid tumors
They affect white blood cells
They are always benign
They do not require genetic testing
Which of the following is a common feature of malignant tumors?
Well-defined borders
Invasion of surrounding tissues
Localized growth
Slow growth
What is the significance of the HER2 gene in breast cancer?
It has no relevance
It is a tumor suppressor
It is always mutated
It is a target for therapy
What is the primary function of angiogenesis in tumors?
To stimulate new blood vessel formation
To inhibit tumor growth
To promote cell death
To reduce blood supply
What is the role of the n-myc gene in neuroblastoma?
It promotes cell differentiation
It inhibits tumor growth
It has no effect
It is often amplified
What is the primary focus of emerging technologies in molecular oncology?
To increase tumor size
To detect and monitor cancer
To eliminate all cancers
To reduce treatment costs
What is the primary focus of molecular-based methods in microbiology?
Detecting and identifying microorganisms
Culturing bacteria
Analyzing protein structures
Studying microbial ecology
Which of the following is a common molecular detection technique?
Gram staining
Microscopy
Culture methods
Mass spectrometry
What is the role of amplification controls in PCR?
To ensure accurate results
To amplify RNA
To increase the temperature
To reduce contamination
Which of the following pathogens is specifically targeted by molecular tests?
Clostridium difficile
Escherichia coli
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Staphylococcus aureus
What is the significance of proper specimen collection?
It reduces costs
It is critical for accurate testing
It ensures faster results
It simplifies the testing process
What type of organisms require special handling during specimen collection?
Fungi
Protozoa
Strict anaerobes and viruses
Aerobic bacteria
What is the minimal organism quantity detectable by molecular methods?
100 organisms
50 organisms
10 organisms
1 organism
Which swab material is preferred for PCR tests?
Metal swabs
Cotton swabs
Dacron swabs
Wooden swabs
What is the purpose of nucleic acid isolation in microbiology?
To identify microbial species
To extract DNA or RNA from samples
To analyze protein structures
To culture bacteria
What is a common challenge when isolating nucleic acids from Mycobacteria?
High contamination risk
Lack of nucleic acids
Thick cell walls
Thin cell walls
Which of the following is a method for detecting antimicrobial resistance?
Culture methods
Biochemical tests
PCR for resistance genes
Microscopy
What is the main advantage of using mass spectrometry in microbiology?
It is less accurate than traditional methods
It requires extensive sample preparation
It is only used for bacterial identification
It provides rapid identification
What is the role of molecular epidemiology?
To track the spread of diseases
To analyze protein structures
To study microbial ecology
To culture microorganisms
Which of the following is a phenotypic typing method?
Mass spectrometry
DNA sequencing
PCR
Ribotyping
What is the purpose of using unique sequences in molecular testing?
To avoid cross-reactivity
To increase contamination
To simplify testing
To reduce costs
What does the term 'false-positive' refer to in molecular testing?
A test that is accurate
A test indicating the absence of a microorganism
A test that is inconclusive
A test indicating the presence of a microorganism when it is not present
What is the significance of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)?
It conducts clinical trials
It develops new antibiotics
It focuses on microbial ecology
It provides guidelines for specimen handling
Which of the following is a method used for molecular detection of fungi?
Culture methods
PCR
Biochemical tests
Microscopy
What is the main purpose of using real-time PCR?
To amplify DNA
To quantify nucleic acid in real-time
To culture bacteria
To analyze protein structures
What is the primary challenge with detecting viruses using standard methods?
They cannot be cultured
They are too large
They are too small
They are too complex
What is the role of inhibitors in clinical samples?
They enhance molecular analysis
They are irrelevant
They interfere with molecular analysis
They are beneficial for testing
What is the purpose of using specialized transport systems for specimens?
To increase contamination risk
To reduce costs
To preserve viability for testing
To simplify collection
What is the main advantage of molecular methods in detecting STIs?
They are faster and more sensitive
They require more sample volume
They are more expensive
They are less accurate
What is the significance of using unique target sequences in molecular testing?
To reduce costs
To ensure cross-reactivity
To simplify procedures
To improve specificity
What is the main goal of molecular strain typing methods?
To study microbial ecology
To analyze protein structures
To culture bacteria
To identify bacterial strains
What is the purpose of using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)?
To amplify DNA
To culture bacteria
To separate large DNA fragments
To analyze protein structures
What is the main advantage of using next-generation sequencing?
It requires more sample volume
It is slower than traditional methods
It provides comprehensive genomic data
It is less accurate
What is the significance of the spa gene in Staphylococcus aureus?
It is a virulence factor
It is a resistance gene
It encodes protein A
It is involved in DNA replication
What is the primary focus of molecular detection of parasites?
To analyze protein structures
To study their ecology
To identify and differentiate species
To culture them
What are polymorphisms?
Natural variations in DNA
Chromosomal abnormalities
Harmful mutations
Inherited diseases
Which of the following is a benign polymorphism?
Turner syndrome
Sickle cell trait
Cystic fibrosis
Hemophilia
What is the primary function of DNA methylation?
To increase gene expression
To reduce or stop gene expression
To repair DNA
To replicate DNA
What type of disorder is hemophilia?
Acquired disorder
Environmental disorder
Heritable disorder
Congenital disorder
How many chromosomes do humans typically have?
46
23
48
44
What is an example of a numerical chromosomal abnormality?
Down syndrome
Cystic fibrosis
Turner syndrome
Sickle cell disease
What is the term for a missing chromosome?
Monosomy
Trisomy
Aneuploidy
Polyploidy
Which of the following is a structural chromosomal abnormality?
Aneuploidy
Monosomy
Trisomy
Deletion
What is karyotyping used for?
To assess gene expression
To analyze DNA sequences
To detect chromosomal abnormalities
To measure enzyme activity
What is the recurrence risk for autosomal recessive disorders if siblings are affected?
100%
75%
25%
50%
In an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, what is the likelihood of an affected individual passing the trait to their child?
0% to 50%
75%
50% to 100%
25%
What is the primary cause of Huntington's disease?
Mitochondrial mutation
Expanded CAG repeat
Chromosomal deletion
Single nucleotide polymorphism
What is the main mutation associated with cystic fibrosis?
H63D
C282Y
R506Q
F508del
What is the effect of genomic imprinting?
Only one allele is active
Both alleles are expressed
Both alleles are silenced
Alleles are mutated
What is the inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA?
From both parents
Randomly from either parent
From the father only
From the mother only
What is anticipation in genetics?
Random mutation occurrence
Decreased severity of symptoms in successive generations
Increased severity of symptoms in successive generations
Equal expression of traits
What is the primary function of the CFTR gene?
Controls DNA replication
Involved in blood clotting
Acts as a chloride channel
Regulates iron metabolism
What is a common method for detecting genetic mutations?
PCR
Karyotyping
Electrophoresis
Morphology
What is the primary effect of loss-of-function mutations?
Increased protein function
No effect on protein function
Variable protein function
Decreased protein function
What is the main characteristic of X-linked recessive disorders?
Equal prevalence in both sexes
More common in females
Only inherited from the mother
More common in males
What is the role of histones in chromatin remodeling?
To increase DNA accessibility
To decrease DNA accessibility
To repair DNA
To replicate DNA
What is the primary cause of congenital disorders?
Inherited mutations
Both inherited and environmental factors
Spontaneous mutations
Environmental factors
What is the significance of variable expressivity?
Same phenotype in all individuals
Different phenotypes in individuals with the same genotype
No effect on phenotype
Only affects males
What is the primary method for diagnosing lysosomal storage diseases?
Karyotyping
Measuring enzyme activity
Electrophoresis
PCR
What is the inheritance pattern of Factor V Leiden?
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Mitochondrial
X-linked dominant
What is the primary effect of balanced polymorphisms?
Both positive and negative effects
Only negative effects
No effects
Only positive effects
What is the primary focus of molecular testing for inherited diseases?
Phenotypic treatment
Symptom management
Genetic counseling
Environmental factors
What is the primary cause of myotonic dystrophy?
Single nucleotide polymorphism
Chromosomal deletion
Expanded CTG repeat
Mitochondrial mutation
What is the primary function of cytochrome P-450?
Replicates DNA
Metabolizes drugs and toxins
Repairs RNA
Synthesizes proteins
What is the primary characteristic of mosaicism?
Only inherited mutations
Same genes in all cells
Only environmental factors
Different genes in different cells
What is the primary function of human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)?
To regulate blood sugar levels
To facilitate oxygen transport in blood
To mediate transplant rejection
To produce antibodies
Which chromosome contains the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in humans?
Chromosome 6
Chromosome 15
Chromosome 1
Chromosome 12
What type of graft is formed when an organ is transplanted from one human to another?
Xenograft
Isograft
Allograft
Autograft
What is the role of T lymphocytes in organ transplantation?
To produce insulin
To stimulate red blood cell production
To recognize and attack foreign tissues
To transport oxygen
What does HLA matching increase the chances of during transplantation?
Blood type matching
Successful engraftment
Reduced surgery time
Organ size compatibility
What is graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?
A method of organ preservation
A condition where the recipient's immune system attacks the donor organ
A condition where the donor's immune cells attack the recipient's tissues
A type of organ rejection
Which method is commonly used for HLA typing?
Serological methods
X-ray imaging
Ultrasound scanning
MRI
What is the primary purpose of the clinical laboratory in organ transplantation?
To provide post-operative care
To manage patient records
To evaluate HLAs for compatibility
To perform surgeries
What is the significance of polymorphisms in the MHC genes?
They regulate hormone levels
They determine blood type
They affect immune response and organ compatibility
They are responsible for muscle growth
What is the role of cytokine genes located in the MHC locus?
To code for blood proteins
To facilitate digestion
To produce energy
To regulate immune responses
What is the main function of class I MHC molecules?
To produce antibodies
To present intracellular antigens to T cells
To present extracellular antigens
To transport nutrients
Which of the following is NOT a class of HLA?
Class I
Class II
Class III
Class IV
What is the primary method used for high-resolution HLA typing?
Serological typing
DNA sequencing
X-ray analysis
Ultrasound imaging
What does the term 'haplotype' refer to?
A method of organ preservation
A combination of alleles inherited together
A single allele
A type of immune response
What is the significance of the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) test?
To measure organ size
To evaluate kidney function
To determine blood type
To assess T-cell reactivity between donor and recipient
What is the primary cause of graft rejection?
Blood type mismatch
Surgical error
Immune response against nonself antigens
Infection
What is the role of B lymphocytes in the immune response?
To regulate blood pressure
To produce antibodies
To destroy infected cells
To transport oxygen
What is the primary advantage of DNA typing over serological methods?
It is less expensive
It requires less equipment
It provides higher resolution and specificity
It is faster
What is the role of the tapasin region in the MHC?
To regulate blood flow
To transport nutrients
To produce antibodies
To process antigenic peptides
What is the relationship between HLA type and autoimmune diseases?
HLA type has no effect on autoimmune diseases
Certain HLA types are associated with increased risk of autoimmune diseases
All HLA types prevent autoimmune diseases
HLA types only affect infectious diseases
What is the primary purpose of crossmatching in transplantation?
To determine organ size
To assess compatibility between donor and recipient
To evaluate surgical techniques
To measure blood pressure
What is the significance of the HLA-D locus?
It codes for blood proteins
It is involved in muscle growth
It includes genes that present antigens to T cells
It regulates hormone levels
What is the main function of class II MHC molecules?
To present intracellular antigens
To present extracellular antigens to T cells
To produce antibodies
To transport nutrients
What is the role of the immune system in graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)?
To attack the recipient's cells
To protect the recipient from infection
To enhance organ function
To regulate blood sugar levels
What is the primary method for identifying HLA alleles at the DNA level?
Serological testing
Ultrasound scanning
X-ray imaging
PCR amplification and sequencing
What is the significance of the hemochromatosis gene in relation to the MHC?
It regulates immune responses
It codes for blood proteins
It is located within the extended MHC locus
It is unrelated to the MHC
