The Wounded Warrior Project states that more than 80% of the veterans the program services live with symptoms of this condition, once referred to as shell shock or combat fatigue. Identify this psychological disorder that may develop following exposure to dangerous or upsetting experiences.

ADP binds to this type of site on citrate synthase to initiate the Kreb's Cycle. Noncompetitive inhibition occurs through binding to these sites on enzymes. Identify these binding sites which are separate from the active site and mediate either the activation or inhibition of the enzyme.

Linus Pauling and Robert Corey incorrectly predicted that DNA had this structure. Hydroxylation of proline allows for collagen to form a left-handed form of this structure. Name this geometrical motif in which three strands of a molecule wrap around a central axis.

Transitional epithelium in the urinary bladder takes the form of these cells when distended. One form of these cells are found in alveoli and capillaries, while its "stratified" form makes up the outer layer of the skin. Identify this type of epithelial cell, whose "simple" type is composed of a single-cell layer.

In this technique, cells are arrested in metaphase using colchicine and can be stained with Giemsa or spectral methods like SKY. This technique can be used to diagnose disorders caused by nondisjunction or translocation. Identify this technique that is used to visualize the full set of an organism's chromosomes.

Individuals with natural immunity to this virus often encode a delta 32 mutation in the CCR5 protein that acts as an entry receptor alongside CXCR4. This member of the lentivirus family encodes a gag polyprotein and an integrase protein that inserts the viral genome into host chromosomes. Identify this virus that replicates in T cells using reverse transcription.

Charlotte Perkins Gilman's experience with this condition inspired her semi-autobiographical work "The Yellow Wallpaper". A condition often referred to as the "baby blues" is a shorter, milder form of what disorder which may affect the mood and mental state of mothers following childbirth?

Formulated in 1890, these criteria couldn't account for asymptomatic carriers of diseases discovered later. One of these criteria states that the microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. What is this set of four criteria formulated to establish the connection between an agent and a disease?

Like basophils, these cells originate from CD34+ cells, but under normal conditions, they don't travel in the bloodstream. These cells bind to IgE antibodies, and their hyperactivity is implicated in asthma attacks. Identify these white blood cells which induce inflammation when activated.

This rare genetic disorder can lead to an abnormal opening in the skull and extra toes or fingers. Over eighty percent of cases do not survive infancy, and those that do experience cognitive disability. Identify this genetic disorder caused by a trisomy of chromosome 13.

All members of this viral family contain a tegument, a layer of proteins that inhibit the host immune response and may contribute to oncogenesis. The 8 viruses in this family that infect humans are further subdivided based on their method of establishing a latent infection. Name this family of double-stranded DNA viruses that are responsible for diseases like mononucleosis and chicken pox.

The soles and palms consist of an extra layer of this tissue called the stratum lucidum. Its deepest layer is the stratum basale, which contains keratin-producing cells, and its outermost layer is the stratum corneum. Identify this outer layer of the skin, which sits above the dermis.

The secretion of this substance from the body is controlled by the let-down reflex. In contrast to eutherians and marsupials, monotremes release this substance directly onto their skin. Name this nutritional fluid that mammals provide to their young for nourishment.

This subset of bacteria does not possess an outer lipid membrane, but does produce a cell wall containing teichoic acids. Bacteria with this classification usually have coccus or bacillus shapes and do not produce lipopolysaccharides. Identify these bacteria with thick layers of peptidoglycan in their cell walls that retain a purple dye in a particular staining technique.

Actress Morgan Fairchild once said this man’s 1985 death quote, “gave AIDS a face.” The first American celebrity to publicly announce his AIDS diagnosis, he is credited with increasing both fundraising for AIDS research and public awareness of the disease during the then-ongoing AIDS epidemic of the 1980s. Give the name of this Hollywood icon known for his on-screen partnership with Doris Day.

Xeroderma pigmentosum causes an increased risk of mutation to these cells. These cells are responsible for forming birthmarks and moles, while excessive sun exposure leads to a namesake form of cancer. Identify these cells which produce a namesake pigment that gives skin and hair its color.

This disease is caused by a gram-negative coccobacillus that can grow in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, contributing to its prolific spread. Modern antibiotics have significantly reduced the severity of this disease whose name is derived from the swollen lymph nodes it produced. Give the name for this disease spread by fleas that killed about a third of Europe’s population in the 14th century.

This amino acid is one of the primary byproducts from the metabolism of aspartame. Genetic inability to hydroxylate this amino acid is the cause of PKU. Name this amino acid that has a phenyl group side chain and symbol Phe.

These structures consist of a papilla surrounded by external and internal root sheaths. They are attached to arrector pili muscles, causing them to protrude in a process called piloerection. Identify these structures through which hair grows on the skin.

This cell cycle phase is activated when CDKs trigger the release of E2F to assemble machinery at the origin replication complex. This phase only begins after passing a checkpoint to assess cellular size and DNA integrity at the end of G1. Identify this period of interphase where the genetic content of a cell is doubled in preparation for cell division.

An outbreak of this disease in New Guinea was linked to ritualistic cannibalism of deceased family members. This fatal brain disorder may take years for symptoms like unsteady gait, namesake trembling, slurred speech, and uncontrolled laughter to develop. Identify this disease classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy and caused by a prion.

The way in which this process occurs is the subject of Anfinsen's dogma. Levinthal's paradox suggests that this process would take an extraordinarily long time without the aid of chaperonins. Name this process in which an amino acid sequence assumes a tertiary structure.

This enzyme was first discovered in a pink, filamentous extremophile extracted from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Its ability to perform amplification at high temperatures was the key to the development of a cornerstone biochemical technique by Kary Mullis. Identify this polymerase enzyme that was used in the first PCR reactions to amplify DNA.

In this process, bacteria release autoinducers which can diffuse through the cell wall and enter nearby bacteria using the ABC transporter. This signaling allows individual bacteria to assess the local population density and alter behaviors like toxin production, bioluminescence, and conjugation. Identify this type of cellular communication that bacteria use to coordinate functions once the colony reaches a population threshold.

The Don Juan fracture affects this bone, which articulates with the cuboid and talus bones. The gastrocnemius and soleus insert themselves into this bone, allowing for plantar flexion of the foot. Identify this bone that makes up the heel.

These DNA sequences form the basis of the “sleeping beauty” mutagenesis technique in mammals. A 1983 Nobel Prize was awarded to Barbara McClintock for her work on these sequences in variegated maize. Identify these DNA sequences that can change their position within a genome.

This early German physician earned a reputation as the father of modern pathology and coined the term zoonoses. Building on the work of Hooke and Schwann, he theorized that all cells come from existing cells, thus completing cell theory. Who is this physician that pioneered an autopsy technique, named leukemia, and coined the terms embolism and thrombosis?

The lateral, anterior, and posterior types of these structures are oriented with the yaw, pitch, and roll axes. These structures, which are part of the bony labyrinth, are filled with endolymph, and allow for sensation of angular acceleration. Identify these round structures in the inner ear, responsible for maintaining balance.

The Ozobranchus genus of these animals specifically prey on turtles. The feeding habits of these animals is partially carried out by the actions of the enzyme hirudin. Name these worms of phylum Annelida that can utilize anticoagulants to consume blood.

This form of non-Mendelian inheritance yields a phenotypic ratio of 1:2:1 in a monohybrid cross instead of the traditional 3:1. Examples of this type of inheritance include roan coat color in horses, the ABO blood group system in humans, and striped flowers. Name this inheritance pattern where both alleles are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote.

This cellular subcompartment contains a fibrillar and granular center with chromatin packed around it. snoRNA's located here process rRNA's as they are transcribed. Identify this spherical region that stains darker than the surrounding nucleus and produces ribosomes.

This law explains the 3:1 phenotypic ratio observed in monohybrid crosses. This law is confirmed during meiosis when parental alleles split evenly and randomly. Name the law developed by Gregor Mendel which states that each gamete receives one copy of a gene.

These structures can be identified using Malachite green and are commonly produced by clostridium species. These structures form in low nutrient environments and are responsible for the ability of Anthrax and tetanus to go dormant for many years. Identify this hardy, seed-like structure that protects a bacterium in extreme conditions.

Two word answer please. This phenomenon may occur when injectable hyaluronic acid used to fill in wrinkles may appear as a bruise under the skin. This phenomenon can only occur when particles are greater than 40 nanometers in a transparent solution and it explains why blue eyes appear their distinctive color and why milk appears white. What is this scattering of light off suspended particles within a colloid or suspension?

This American physician wrote the 1972 book, Is My Baby All Right? with Joan Beck. Since 1952 physicians have used a 10 point scale named for her to measure breathing, skin color, reflexes, motion, and heart rate at specific times to quickly assess the newborn's health. Who is this scientist who was a leader in fields of anesthesiology and teratology?

Discovery of this system won Jacob and Monod a 1965 Nobel Prize for modeling how genes can be turned on or off to save resources. IPTG activates it while glucose suppresses it, and components include the CAP site, promoter, repressor, and operator. Identify this set of genes in E. coli that regulates the metabolism of a sugar found in milk.

Full name, please. Extensive research on the genome of this group of archaic humans earned evolutionary anthropologist Svante Pääbo the 2022 Nobel Prize in Medicine. Give the name for this form of prehistoric human which gave way to the emergence of modern humans as early as 35,000 years ago.

This technique won a 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for Dubochet, Frank, and Henderson. This technique cannot be used for very small proteins due to low resolution, but is preferred over X-ray crystallography as proteins can be imaged in their native, hydrated states. Identify this technique that allows for the 3D visualization of proteins and their complexes after a process of flash freezing.

This disease is caused by a spirochaete called Borrelia burgdorferi. It is transmitted by the genus Ixodes and over 90% of US cases are in the Northeast. Name this disease that causes a bullseye rash and is transmitted by ticks.

A form of mercury that possesses two of these functional groups acts as a neurotoxin and was responsible for the death of Karen Wetterhahn. The presence of one of these groups is the key distinction between thymine and uracil. Name this small alkyl group with chemical symbol CH3.

Along with John Livingood, this scientist created iodine-131 to help treat thyroid disease and was the longest serving chair of the US Atomic Energy Commission. He and Edwin McMillan shared the Nobel Prize in 1951 for discovering plutonium. Which American nuclear chemist discovered 10 transuranium elements which include his namesake, element 106?

This compound is released by enterochromaffin-like cells in response to gastric juice in the stomach. This compound names a class of drugs, including Benadryl and Zyrtec, which oppose this compound. Name this compound, which is released in allergic reactions, and is derived from the amino acid histidine.

Two word answer. Despite their name, these organisms of order Xiphosura are more closely related to arachnids. The hemocyanin-rich blood of these animals is often harvested in factories. Name these arthropods whose blood can be used to detect bacterial toxins.

These octameric proteins are highly basic as they contain high numbers of arginine and lysine residues. Acetylation of these proteins by HATs can loosen heterochromatin to activate transcription. Name these proteins around which DNA is wrapped to form nucleosomes resembling beads on a string.

These structures are present in Euglena, but absent in paramecium, and E. coli rotate them for a "run and tumble" motion. The basal body, hook, and filament of these structures serve as the motor, joint, and propeller that generate a whiplike motion. Identify this longer structure with a 9+2 microtubule arrangement that is present in sperm cells.

This flavivirus is spread by some members of the Aedes genus and is named after the forest in Uganda where it was discovered. This virus can cause Guillain–Barré syndrome and vertical transmission to a fetus can result in major birth defects like microcephaly. Identify this virus that had a major outbreak in 2016 that kept several prominent athletes from competing in the Rio Olympics.

From 1925 to 1939, this man played in 2,130 consecutive Major League Baseball games, a feat that earned him the nickname "the Iron Horse." He is often remembered today for a speech delivered on July 4, 1939 from Yankee Stadium which included his iconic line, "Today, I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth." Identify this Hall of Fame baseball star whose diagnosis and death from ALS led to his name becoming synonymous with the disorder.

Margaret Thatcher briefly worked in the lab of this pioneering crystallographer who won a Nobel Prize for finding the structure of vitamin B-12. Her work became essential for structural biology, having also confirmed the structures of penicillin and insulin. Name this English chemist whose work paved the way for the mass-production of insulin and the large-scale treatment of diabetes.

One form of this tissue has a glassy appearance and is found in tracheal rings; that form is its hyaline variety. The majority of this tissue is synthesized by chondrocytes, which secrete collagen fibers into this tissue's ECM. Identify this type of connective tissue, which is commonly found in the ear and nose.

Exposure of this nucleotide to UV light induces dimers that prevent both replication and transcription. This nucleotide differs from uracil by a single methyl group which contributes to its low stability and absence in RNA. Name this nucleotide that binds with adenine in DNA.

Two word answer, please. GLUTs are the textbook example of this process that occurs with the concentration gradient. Aquaporins are another example that allow water to cross the cell membrane without the use of ATP. Name this passive transport method that uses helper proteins to move polar compounds across the cell membrane.

This cycle is the primary reproductive process for herpesviruses, as opposed to dormant latency. For bacteriophages, this acute process begins with adsorption and ends with release. Identify this cycle that results in the destruction of the host cell and the production of many copies of the virus.

This term was first coined by Carolyn Bertozzi when studying the glycocalyx of animal cell membranes. This variation of click chemistry removes the need for toxic catalysts, such as using copper in cycloaddition reactions. Identify this field of chemistry which focuses on reactions that occur in vivo without harming the organisms themselves.

Litotes is a form of this literary device. It can be euphemistic and is often the opposite of hyperbole. Identify this technique that shares its name with a process of cell division.

This structure names a form of dialysis which can be continuous ambulatory or automated. This structure's visceral layer folds in to create the omentum and mesentery, while its parietal layer covers the stomach and intestines. Identify this double-layered membrane which lines the abdominal cavity.

With his best-selling 1946 work, Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care, this American pediatrician largely revolutionized parenting styles in the United States. Parents adopting this researcher's methods became more likely to openly display affection, and to be more flexible and understanding with their children. Identify this researcher.

This enzyme introduces nicks in phosphodiester bonds using the power of torque rather than ATP. This enzyme can alter a DNA strand's twist or writhe to alleviate torsional stress ahead of the replication fork and prevent tangling. Identify these enzymes that regulate the supercoiling and topology of DNA.

Defects in the pathway for this process can lead to cancer or the retention of finger webbing during fetal development. This process begins when cytochrome C is released from mitochondria, leading to DNA laddering and membrane blebbing. Name this orderly process of programmed cell death.

The "committed" form of this quantity takes into account ingested or inhaled materials. This value, whose SI unit is the Sievert, corresponds to a 5.5% probability of developing cancer from radiation. Identify this value, contrasted with absorbed dose, which describes the health risks of ionizing radiation.

A violation of Tennessee’s controversial Butler Act led to this trial in July 1925 which pitted William Jennings Bryan as prosecutor against Clarence Darrow representing the namesake defendant. What was this highly public trial in which a high-school teacher was tried for teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution to students?

One form of this tissue which secretes thermogenin in response to shivering is called its "brown" variety. Leptin is secreted by the "white" form of this tissue, whose abdominal accumulations may lead to cardiovascular disease. Identify this tissue which stores lipids and whose build-up leads to obesity.

These molecular structures are "snatched" from the host cell by viruses like influenza while other viruses side-step them altogether by using an IRES. A triphosphate linkage binds them to the first base during transcription in order to protect the nascent RNA from degradation by exonucleases. Name this post-translational modification of mRNA that is found opposite the poly-A tail.

Identify the acronym that can either stand for an SI unit of radiation dose equivalent or a phase of sleep associated with dreaming in which the eyes flicker quickly.

What do we call the approach to health care that is based on the belief that factors such as genetics, stress, nutrition, family relationships and working can affect one`s health?

What nucleic acid, comprising two strands of nucleotide wound around each other in a double helix, is found in all living things?

This upper body region contains the heart, lungs, trachea, and esophagus. Name this body cavity.

In anatomy, a thin disc of muscle extends in a horizontal plane across the trunk of the body, separating the chest from the abdomen. What is this disc called?

Penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline are all classified as which type of drugs?

Most toothpaste today contains stannuous fluoride to help prevent tooth decay. What two elements make up this compound?

In biology, what is the term used to refer to an organism`s ability to maintain constant internal conditions?

What fruit produces papain, an enzyme used in medicine and meat tenderizing?

What is the three-letter abbreviation of adenosine triphosphate, a phosphorus compound that supplies organisms with energy?

Homeostasis is the tendency of an organism to maintain a constant internal environment. If this homeostasis is lost and not restored, what will eventually happen to the organism?

Besides neutrophils and eosinophils, there are three other types of white blood cells. Name TWO of them.

Cobalt occurs in the human body in only 1 compound, a vitamin named cyanocobalamin. What is the common name and number of this vitamin?

This division of the nervous system regulates functions outside of conscious control. Identify this part of the nervous system.

Epinephrine and cortisol are secreted by this endocrine gland. Name it.

What is the respiratory pigment found in the blood of many animals including man?

What is the gland that discharges its secretion into a body cavity or onto the body surface? Examples are the sebaceous and sweat glands, and the mammary gland.

It frequently appears as a laminated network enveloping the centrosome and is composed of a membrane rich in lipids. What is this living cell inclusion?

A viral hemorrhagic fever, this virus is named for a river valley in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In May 2010, researchers at Boston University discovered a treatment effective in monkeys, but there is still no standard treatment for the virus in humans. Name this virus, beginning with the letter E, with a high fatality rate that has affected several African countries.

Multiple answers. Name two of the four large categories of germs that cause human disease.

What is the name of a cancerous tumor which grows in skin or nerve tissue?

Organisms that are active only during the day have a diurnal rhythm. What term is used to designate the biological sleep and wakefulness rhythm of humans?

What severe physical handicap afflicted John Milton?

What organelles are molecular aggregates of protein and RNA that translate RNA copies of genes into protein?

Human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. Twenty-two pairs are classified as autosomes. What is the classification of the twenty-third pair?

Identify the gland located at the bottom of the brain and just above the roof of the mouth; one of this "master" gland's functions is to regulate growth.

Identify the longest bone in the hind leg of a four-legged vertebrate. It is the thigh-bone in humans, and the largest bone in the body.

Diastole and systole are terms used in both poetry and medicine. To what medical function do they refer?

What lobe of the cerebrum is found at the rear of the brain?

In humans, what blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium?

In 1628 this English physician published his findings in "Anatomical Essay on The Motion of The Heart and Blood in Animals". Name this pioneer of human circulation.

Distributing oxygenated blood to the whole body except the lungs is the function of the chief artery. What is the name of this artery?

What is the commonly used two-word term for the psychological problem known as bipolar disorder?

This disease is caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia genus and results in fatigue, fever, and sometimes a hallmark bullseye rash. Name this tick-borne illness named for a town in Connecticut.

This question requires a multiple answer. Identify both the main artery and the main vein leading to and from the brain.

Spell the disorder in which someone resorts to extreme measures such as binging and purging to control his or her weight. Choose the correct spelling.

She was the eponymous founder of a center for drug and alcohol treatment in Rancho Mirage, California. Who is this winner of the Congressional Gold Medal who supported the Equal Rights Amendment during her tenure as First Lady from 1974–1977?

This word is defined as the process by which blood changes into a solid state to form a solid seal. What is the term?

Full name, please. Identify the American religious reformer who wrote that spirit alone is real and that disease is an illusion; she is the founder of Christian Science.

In what surgical procedure is a small balloon inserted into arteries around the heart to compress deposits of fatty substances that are blocking the artery, thereby restoring normal blood flow?

This membrane covers bones and serves as a protective layer. Identify this membrane.

If a mature sex cell of species A contains eight chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each body cell of species A contain?

Multiple answers. The nitrogenous bases of DNA are classed into two distinct groups. What are these two groups called?

Prothrombin is necessary for the normal formation of a blood clot to occur. What vitamin, manufactured by bacteria in the large intestine, is necessary for synthesis of prothrombin?

What is the name of the largest and most prominent part of the human brain?

Jean Cadoret of Jean de Florette, a French-language film, suffers from what physical deformity? It is the same deformity that Victor Hugo’s famous character Quasimodo suffers from.

Many cancer patients receive doses of highly toxic drugs to try and arrest the cancer growth. What term refers to this treatment?

What lifesaving device didn’t become standard on new cars until the late 60s, though they were invented decades earlier, near the turn of the century? Observational studies of car crash morbidity and mortality indicate that wearing them greatly reduces the risk of death and injury in the majority of car crashes.

What extension of a nerve cell transmits impulses to the cell body?

Name the hormone that acts on the tubules of the kidney to stimulate absorption of sodium into the blood.

What is the nitrogenous base that is unique to RNA?

From 1348 to 1350, bubonic plague spread throughout Europe. What did the people of the time call this dreadful plague?

These cells compose the myelin sheath which surrounds nerve cells. Identify these cells, named for one of the first proponents of the cell theory.

Name the disease caused by the bite of a tick that causes the joints to become inflamed and painful, and that can lead to heart and nerve damage.

What Englishman was the first to demonstrate the function of the heart and the complete circulation of the blood?

Any chemical substance that blocks the way viruses multiply or reproduce is given what name?

Name the four stages of mitosis in the order in which they occur.

He is considered to be the "father of medicine." Name this ancient Greek who is credited with founding the study of medicine. The oath of physicians is named for him.

This disease is often diagnosed by looking at the levels of the p24 antigen, often using an ELISA test. Gaetan Dugas was the "patient zero" of this disease that was first detected in the USA in 1981. Name this disease caused by HIV.

Typical symptoms of this disease are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats and weight loss. Infection of other organs cause a wide range of symptoms. What epidemic disease, sometimes called the white plague or consumption, is the world’s greatest infectious killer of women of reproductive age and the leading cause of death among people with HIV/AIDS?

What compound is composed of the same elements as water but it contains twice as many oxygen atoms?

This question requires a multiple answer. Myopia and hyperopia are the official medical terms for what two medical conditions?

It is composed of 96% mineral salts and 4% organic matter and water. Hopefully you will never "brush it off." What is this hardest substance in the human body?

Of the types of blood cells, only one has a nucleus. Identify that blood cell type.

What is the technical term for a high-energy compound common to all living organisms that functions in energy storage and transfer?

Its functions include excreting wastes and assisting in regulating body temperature. What is this largest organ of the human body?

Which inert or noble gas is less soluble in the human bloodstream than is nitrogen and can be mixed with oxygen to provide a breathing mixture for deep-sea divers?

While the main function of the ear is hearing, the inner ear has a different and more specific function. What is the function of the semi-circular canal of the inner ear?