Standard 4 Review ALL - Evolution
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Science
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9th - 12th Grade
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James Franks
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42 Slides • 82 Questions
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Standard 4.1-4.3 Basic Review:
Common Ancestry
Chemical and Organic Evolution
Chemical Evolution, Prokaryote Metabolism, Endosymbiotic Theory
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
Evidence of Evolution
Homologous structures, vestigial structures, embryology, fossils, biogeography
Cladograms
Common ancestor, derived traits
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BIO.4.1 Use models to differentiate between organic and chemical evolution, illustrating the steps leading to aerobic heterotrophs and photosynthetic autotrophs.
BIO.4.2 Evaluate empirical evidence of common ancestry and biological evolution, including comparative anatomy (e.g., homologous structures and embryological similarities), fossil record, molecular/biochemical similarities (e.g., gene and protein homology), and biogeographic distribution.
BIO.4.3 Construct cladograms/phylogenetic trees to illustrate relatedness between species.
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Chemical Evolution occurred FIRST, allowing Organic Evolution to occur
CHEMICALS EVOLUTION
Inorganic Chemicals > Organic Chemicals
ORGANIC EVOLUTION
Simple Cells > Complex Cells
Prokaryotic > Eukaryotic
4.1 Compare Chemical and Organic Evolution
INORGANIC
CHEMICALS
ORGANIC
CHEMICALS
PRE-CELLS
FIRST
CELL
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Dropdown
Organic evolution involves
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Reorder
Place the evolution of chemicals and cells in order.
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic Chemicals
Simple Cells
Complex Cells
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Reorder
Place the evolution of chemicals and cells in order.
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic Chemicals
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic Cells
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Inorganic chemicals in the atmosphere (methane CH4, ammonia NH3, hydrogen H2, water vapor H2O - but no free oxygen O2) interact to form Organic chemicals using lightning, volcanic activity, and UV radiation as energy
Experiment: Miller-Urey used inorganic chemicals to form amino acids using sparks for energy
RNA is believed to be first organic molecule to self-replicate
4.1 Describe the Formation of Organic Chemicals
Amino Acids
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Reorder
Place the evolution of chemicals and cells in order.
Inorganic Chemicals
Organic Chemicals
Pre-Cells
True Cells
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4.1 Describe the First True Cell
Prokaryotic
no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Heterotrophic
must consume something for food
Anaerobic
does not use oxygen to make energy - used fermetation
Unicellular
made of only one cell
Pre-cells self-replicate, forming the first true cells
First cells were anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotic bacteria cells
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Drag and Drop
was made of only one cell (
did not use oxygen (
and consumed chemicals from its environment (
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Reorder
Place the evolution of prokaryote metabolism in order.
Anaerobic Bacteria
Photosynthetic Bacteria
Aerobic Bacteria
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Drag and Drop
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Step 1: Nucleus forms in large anaerobic prokaryotes when cell membrane infolds around DNA/chromosomes
4.1 Describe the Formation of Eukaryotic Cells
Large Anaerobic Heterotroph >
Prokaryotes
Nucleus >
FIRST CELL
ANAEROBIC HETEROTROPHIC
PROKARYOTIC
CELL MEMBRANE FOLDS INWARD
NUCLEUS IS FORMED
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Step 2: Large anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes engulf aerobic bacteria, forming aerobic eukaryotes
Engulfed aerobic bacteria evolve into mitochondria
Aerobic eukaryotes evolve into animal cells
4.1 Describe the Formation of Eukaryotic Cells
Large Anaerobic Heterotroph >
Prokaryotes
Aerobic Eukaryotes >
(mitochondria)
Nucleus >
ANAEROBIC HETEROTROPHIC CELL
ENGULFS
AEROBIC BACTERIA CELL
AEROBIC BACTERIA CELL
EVOLVES INTO
MITOCHONDRIA
AEROBIC HETEROTROPHIC CELL
EVOLVES INTO
ANIMAL CELLS
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Step 3: Some aerobic eukaryotes engulf photosynthetic bacteria, forming photosynthetic eukaryotes
Engulfed photosynthetic bacteria evolve into chloroplasts
Photosynthetic eukaryotes evolve into plant cells
4.1 Describe the Formation of Eukaryotic Cells
Large Anaerobic Heterotroph >
bacteria
Aerobic Eukaryotes >
(mitochondria)
Photosynthetic Eukaryotes
(chloroplasts)
Nucleus >
AEROBIC HETEROTROPHIC CELL
ENGULFS
PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA CELL
PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA CELL
EVOLVES INTO
CHLOROPLAST
PHOTOSYNTHETIC EUKARYOTES
EVOLVE INTO
PLANT CELLS
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Drag and Drop
Step 2: Large anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes engulf aerobic bacteria, forming aerobic eukaryotes that evolved into
Engulfed aerobic bacteria are
Step 3: Some aerobic eukaryotes engulf photosynthetic bacteria, forming photosynthetic eukaryotes that evolved into
Engulfed photosynthetic bacteria are
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4.1 Label the Diagram of the formation of Eukaryotic Cells
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Reorder
Place the formation of the cell parts in order.
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
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Reorder
Place the evolution of eukaryotic cells in order.
Nucleus Forms in Anaerobic prokaryote
Anaerobic prokaryote engulfs aerobic bacteria
Aerobic eukaryote engulfs photosynthetic bacteria
Photosynthetic eukaryotes evolve into plant cells
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Reorder
Place the formation of the cells in order
Anaerobic Prokaryote
Aerobic Eukaryote
Photosynthetic Eukaryote
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Anaerobic Heterotroph > Aerobic Eukaryote > Photosynthetic Eukaryote
Bacteria
Animal
Plant
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The consumed aerobic heterotrophic bacteria cell cell became mitochondria
Evidence: Mitochondria
have a double membrane
reproduce by binary fission
have their own bacteria-style ribosomes
have circular DNA that is similar to bacteria DNA
The consumed photoautotrophic bacteria cell became chloroplasts
Evidence: Chloroplasts
have a double membrane
reproduce by binary fission
contain bacteria-style ribosomes
have circular DNA that is similar to cyanobacteria DNA - a bacteria that performs photosynthesis
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Multiple Choice
Some scientists believe that mitochondria in eukaryotic cells originally evolved from free-living aerobic bacteria. Over time, these bacteriabecame part of larger cells and helped provide energy.
Which piece of evidence BEST supports this theory?
Mitochondria and bacteria both have double membranes
Mitochondria and bacteria both carry out photosynthesis
Mitochondria have cell walls like bacteria do
Mitochondria are found only in plant cells
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Divergent Evolution explains how new species form from a recent common ancestor.
Evidence: Homologous structures are body parts that are similar in structure but different in function indicates the species share a common ancestor.
Convergent Evolution explains how similar traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environmental pressure and do not share a recent common ancestor
Evidence: Analogous structures are body parts that are different in structure but similar in function and indicate the species do not share a common ancestor.
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Drag and Drop
indicates the species
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Dropdown
The beaks are the result of a.
Birds and giant squid c.
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Drag and Drop
indicates the species
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Drag and Drop
These are called a.
and indicate that whales, birds, and monkeys c.
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Homologous structures are similar in structure but different in function indicates the species share a common ancestor
Vestigial Structures have no use in the current species but did have use in ancestral species
Fossils provide evidence of evolutionary changes by showing how the structures of species have transformed over time.
4.5 Describe the Evidence of Common Ancestry
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Drag and Drop
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Drag and Drop
are known as c.
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Drag and Drop
showing how the structures of species have
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Multiple Choice
The diagram shows the front limb bones of a frog, whale, human, and bat. These structures have different functions but similar bone patterns.
What do these similarities provide evidence for?
The animals all use their limbs in the same way
The animals live in the same environment
The animals inherited the structure from a common ancestor
The animals are the same species with slight differences
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Multiple Choice
Which of these structures are the best evidence of evolutionary relationships?
bat wing and bee wing
bat lower jaw and whale lower jaw
whale flipper and bee wing
bat wing and whale flipper
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Dropdown
Compared to early whale ancestors,
the body structure of modern whales has
and the number of visible limbs has
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Multiple Choice
Scientists compared several whale species using genetic and anatomical evidence. The cladogram shows the evolutionary relationships among these whales. Rice’s whale is shown as a distinct branch.
Which type of evidence BEST supports the conclusion that Rice’s whale is a unique species?
Similar migration behavior between Rice’s and Bryde’s whales
The blowhole shapes of Rice’s whale and Eden’s whale
Genetic differences shown in mitochondrial DNA
Similar skull measurements between Rice’s whale and blue whale
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Multiple Select
Scientists discovered a desert lizard population once thought to be the same species as the common spotted lizard. New evidence suggests it may be a separate species:
Different scale patterns and colors
No response to each other’s mating call
Mitochondrial DNA differences
Different activity times
Fossils show both groups are over 2 million years old
Populations live 200 miles apart
Which THREE types of data BEST support that the desert lizards are a new species?
Scale pattern and coloration
Mating behavior differences
Genetic differences in mitochondrial DNA
Fossil record age
Geographic distance between the populations
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Embryology shows similarities in developmental patterns across species indicates they share common ancestor
Biogeography shows species on different continents that share similar structures and behaviors but have different adaptations share a common ancestor
Supercontinents - Pangea / Gondwanaland
4.5 Describe the Evidence of Common Ancestry
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Multiple Choice
In the earliest stages of development the embryos of a fish, calf, human, and tortoise all look similar. In the next stage the fish looks the most different. What assumption can be made based on this different?
The fish is not related to any of the other organisms..
The calf, human and tortoise are more closely related to one another than the fish.
Of the four organisms, the fish and human are least related.
Of the four organisms, the fish and human are most closely related.
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Multiple Choice
The fossils of ratites (flightless birds) indicate that ratites lived on most parts of a supercontinent made of South America, Africa, Arabia, India, and Antartica. Modern ratites = Africa - Ostrich; Australia - Emu; South America - Rhea...
Which explains the similarities of the different birds on different continents?
Ostriches, rheas, and emus share a common ratite ancestor that lived on the supercontinent, but changed due to natural selection.
Ostriches, rheas, and emus are an example of convergent evolution; similar environmental pressures on different continents caused them to develop similar features independent of a common ancestor.
Fossils of ratites from the supercontinent do not represent ancestry to common ratites found on different continents because the fossils differ from specific modern species.
Once ratite populations were separated due to continental drift, they were forced to interbreed with other species of birds; as a result, ratites on different continents retained some similar features but also acquired different traits from other bird species.
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Sequence Homology
Compare similarities and differences in DNA (best), RNA, or amino acids sequences.
More similarities in sequences indicate the closer the species are related and that they share common ancestry.
Check to see if chart is comparing similarities or differences.
Similarities Highlighted
Differences Highlighted
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Multiple Choice
Several species of extinct giant tortoises once lived on different islands in the Indian Ocean. One species still lives today on Aldabra Island. Scientists want to find out how closely the living tortoise is related to the extinct ones.
What is the MOST accurate way to determine how closely they are related?
Look at old journal entries and drawings of the extinct tortoises
Compare the size and shape of their shells and bones
Measure the distance between Aldabra and the other islands
Compare the DNA sequences of the living and extinct tortoises
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Multiple Choice
Scientists compared the DNA sequences of four different species.
Which statement best explains how DNA sequence homology supports the idea that the species share a common ancestor?
Species with more similar DNA sequences likely evolved in the same environment.
Species with more similar DNA sequences likely inherited them from a common ancestor.
Species with different DNA sequences cannot be related.
Species that have similar physical features always have identical DNA.
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Multiple Choice
The table shows a portion of a gene sequence from four organisms.
Based on the data, which two organisms are MOST closely related?
[count the number of similar nucleotides]
Human and Lemur
Human and Gorilla
Chimpanzee and Human
Gorilla and Lemur
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Multiple Choice
Which organism listed below is MOST closely related to the raccoon?
[count the number of similar nucleotides]
Black Bear
Giant Panda
Red Panda
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Multiple Choice
Which organism listed below is most closely related to humans?
[the number of different amino acids shown]
Yeast
Chicken
Dog
Rattlesnakes
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Multiple Choice
The illustration below shows the results of gel electrophoresis of 4 different deer species.
Which two species of deer are more closely related?
1 and 3
1 and 4
2 and 3
2 and 4
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Common Ancestry
Shared node indicates most recent common ancestor
Shared Characteristics
Traits present in all species being analyzed.
Derived Characteristics
Traits that evolved in some species but not others.
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Multiple Choice
Which trait to spiders share with carpenter ants?
legs
antenna
wings
2 sets of wings
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Labelling
Label the cladogram.
presence of fur
development of lungs
opposable thumbs
legs
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Multiple Select
The diagram below shows an incomplete cladogram for four organisms. Use the traits to determine the correct order of branching.
Which TWO statements BEST describe the relationships shown in the cladogram?
The trait that separates amphibians from reptiles is the presence of feathers
The trait that separates birds from mammals is the presence of fur and milk production
The trait that separates amphibians from reptiles is the ability to lay eggs on land
The trait that separates mammals from reptiles is the ability to lay eggs
The trait that separates reptiles from birds is the development of lungs
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Standard 4 Basic Review Part 2
Natural Selection and Gene Pools
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
Stabilizing, Directional, Disruptive Selection
Gene Pools, Gene Flow,
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BIO.4.4 Design models and use simulations to investigate the interaction between changing environments and genetic variation in natural selection leading to adaptations in populations and differential success of populations.
BIO.4.5 Use Darwin's Theory to explain how genetic variation, competition, overproduction, and unequal reproductive success acts as driving forces of natural selection and evolution.
BIO.4.6 Construct explanations for the mechanisms of speciation (e.g., geographic and reproductive isolation).
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Natural Selection is the process by which nature favors (selects) organisms that are best adapted to their environment.
Natural Selection is the primary mechanism driving evolution, leading to changes in the traits of populations over generations.
"Survival of the Fittest"
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Multiple Choice
Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully?
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Driving Forces of Natural Selection
Variation - a variety of traits in a population
AKA Genetic variation, genetic diversity
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Multiple Choice
A slight difference in an inherited trait between individual members of the same species. (Example: Some rabbits have white fur and some have black fur.)
variations
adapatations
homologous structures
analogous structures
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Driving Forces of Natural Selection
Overproduction - Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support, leading to competition.
Ex. A female largemouth bass can lay over 2,000 eggs, but only a few hatchlings survive to adulthood.
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Driving Forces of Natural Selection
Competition - when individuals struggle for limited resources such as food, shelter, or mates
Ex. Faster predators catch more prey, and prey with better camouflage avoid being eaten.
Ex. Largemouth bass compete for food and shelter; those with traits like speed or camouflage have a survival advantage.
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Driving Forces of Natural Selection
Adaptation - Traits that improve an organism's ability to survive and reproduce become more common in the population.
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Multiple Choice
Why are advantageous traits more likely to be passed onto offspring?
Because organisms with those traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Because they come from recessive alleles.
Because they come from dominant alleles.
Because the trait is an acquired (learned) phenotype.
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Multiple Choice
Some organisms have genes that improve their ability to survive and reproduce.
If the genes also help their offspring survive and reproduce, then which of the following will most likely increase?
The frequency of the genes in one individual
The frequency of the genes in the population
The number of genes in one chromosome
The number of genes in the species
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Match
Match the following
The "struggle for existence" where organisms must fight for limited resources like food, mates, and territory.
The natural differences in traits (like fur color or beak shape) that exist among individuals within a population.
The core idea of "survival of the fittest," where individuals with the best-suited adaptations for their environment are able to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes.
The strategy of producing far more offspring than can possibly survive, such as a sea turtle laying 100 eggs.
The overall process by which organisms best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce, causing helpful traits to become more common in a population over time.
competition
variation
unequal reproductive success
over production
natural selection
competition
variation
unequal reproductive success
over production
natural selection
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Match
Match the following
A single salmon lays thousands of eggs, but only a few will survive to become adult fish.
A population of king snakes has individuals with several different color patterns.
Two male lions fight to determine who will lead the pride and have access to mates.
In a snowy field, white rabbits are better camouflaged and are more likely to survive and have offspring than brown rabbits.
over production
variation
competition
unequal reproductive success
over production
variation
competition
unequal reproductive success
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Driving Forces of Natural Selection
Environmental Pressure - Changes in the environment, such as climate, availability of resources, or the presence of predators, can create pressures that select for certain traits.
Ex. During a drought, plants with deeper roots are more likely to survive by accessing water sources.
Ex. Polar bears have thick fur and a layer of fat to survive in Arctic conditions.
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Driving Forces of Natural Selection
Gene Flow (Migration)
Organisms moving from one one population to another bringing new traits (genes)
Immigration - moving into a population
Emigration - moving out of a population
Butterfly is emigrating from Population A and immigrating into Population B
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Match
Match the following
The movement of alleles out of a population, which occurs when individuals leave. (E = Exit)
The movement of alleles into a population, which occurs when new individuals join. (I = In)
The overall transfer of alleles from one population to another, which makes their gene pools more similar.
emigration
immigration
gene flow
emigration
immigration
gene flow
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Driving Forces of Natural Selection
Genetic Drift - random changes in frequency of traits in a population
Occurs especially in small populations
Ex. By chance, the number of alleles for green were reduced in the population
Bottleneck effect: a disaster (fire, storm, disease) suddenly shrinks the population
Founder effect: a few individuals move to a new area (found a new population) where they did not exist before
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Dropdown
After a volcanic eruption created a new island, a population of birds from the mainland colonized it.
This is an example of the
The new population on the island has a
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Dropdown
A severe drought leads to a dramatic population crash for a herd of gazelles with only a few survivors.
Because of the
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Driving Forces of Natural Selection
Unequal reproductive success (differential survival and reproduction)
Individuals with favored traits produce more offspring
MOST FIT
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Sources of Variation
Mutations
the main source of variation
random changes in DNA may lead to new traits (new alleles)
Heritable mutations must occur to genes on gametes (sex cells)
Traits influenced by genetics, rather than the environment alone, are subject to selection.
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Multiple Choice
The variations needed for the origin of structural and physiological adaptations to occur are provided by
mimicry
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Sources of Variation
Genetic Recombination During Sexual Reproduction reshuffle existing variations
Meiosis - crossing over rearranges allele combination on sex cells = variation
Fertilization - random sperm and random egg unit which combines different allele combinations creating diversity in a population = variation
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Natural Selection
Selection - The individuals most fit (those with the best traits / adaptations) will survive and have the opportunity to pass on their traits to offspring.
Individuals with traits that are not well suited to their environment either die or leave few offspring.
Evolution occurs when good traits build up in a population over many generations and bad traits are eliminated by the death of the individuals.
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Frequency Graphs
No Change
Increase then Decrease
Increase
Decrease
Frequency Graphs show how often a particular form of a trait occurs in a population.
As natural selection acts, the frequency of a favored trait increases
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Graphing the Frequency of Traits
Stabilizing Selection
Favors the average or medium trait
Directional Selection
Favors one extreme trait over the other
Disruptive Selection
Favors both extreme traits
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Multiple Choice
If larger mice are favored, which graph represents the change in their (large mice) population over time?
small-med-large
small-med-large
small-med-large
small-med-large
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Multiple Choice
If larger mice are favored and smaller mice are selected against, which graph represents the change in the total mice population over time?
small-med-large
small-med-large
small-med-large
small-med-large
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Multiple Choice
If gray fur is favored in mice, which graph represents what could happen over time to the number of mice with black fur or white fur?
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Multiple Choice
If gray fur is favored in mice, which graph represents what could happen over time to the number of mice for all of the traits?
white - gray - black
white-gray-black
white-gray-black
white-gray-black
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Multiple Choice
If white or black fur mice are favored, which graph represents the change in the total mice population over time of gray mice?
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Multiple Choice
If white or black fur mice are favored and gray fur is selected against, which graph represents what could happen over time to all of the traits?
white-gray-black
white-gray-black
white-gray-black
white-gray-black
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Match
Match the following
In a population of wildflowers, the average-height plants get plenty of sun and are not damaged by wind. The shortest plants are shaded out, and the tallest plants are broken by the wind. The population evolves to have more average-height plants.
On an island, finches with small beaks (for small seeds) and finches with large beaks (for large nuts) survive well. Finches with medium-sized beaks cannot eat either food source efficiently and are selected against.
A population of rabbits is hunted by coyotes that can catch the slowest individuals. Over many generations, the average running speed of the rabbit population increases.
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
directional selection
stabilizing selection
disruptive selection
directional selection
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Species
a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce viable, fertile offsprings
Population
group of of the same species living in the same place at the same time
Speciation
the formation of a new species
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Speciation occurs when members of populations no longer interbreed (stop)
Reproductive Isolation is the inability of a population to interbreed due to some barriers
IDEA:
Gene flow between individuals in a population has been stopped
The organisms no longer interbreed
The organisms no longer recognize each other as members of the same species leading to speciation
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Multiple Choice
New species develop when
diverging species no longer recognize one another as potential mates.
diverging species mate exclusively.
diverging species mate with multiple members of the other species.
diverging species recognize many potential mates among both species.
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Convergent Evolution
unrelated species evolve similar characteristics due to adapting to similar environmental pressures
Not closely related to each other
Do not share a recent common ancestor
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Dropdown
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Divergent Evolution
a population of a certain species accumulates differences over time.
Can form new species
Share a common ancestor
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Dropdown
a common ancestor, a result of
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Multiple Choice
Anoles are a type of lizard that exist as almost 400 different species. An estimated 50 million years ago, populations of Anoles lizards spread to the Caribbean Islands. Many different species of Anoles evolved over time as they adapted to different niches on the islands.
The emergence of different species of anoles is an example of which of the following?
selective breeding
bottleneck effect due to near extinction
divergent evolution
hybridization
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Geographic Isolation
an event creates a physical barrier that divides a population into two or more separate groups
Mountain range or Canyon forms
River forms
Over time, the population can become so different that a new species develops
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Multiple Choice
Geologic activity on an island physically separates a population of animals into two populations. Many generations later, when the two populations are no longer separated, they do not interbreed.
What was the result of natural selection during this period of separation?
a decrease in variation
an increase in extinction
an increase in speciation
a decrease in diversification
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Temporal Isolation
a species develops different reproductive cycles
Bloom at different times
Day or night spawning
The population can no longer interbreed
A spring cycle or a fall cycle
Over time, the population can become so different that a new species develops
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Dropdown
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Behavioral Isolation
when two populations do not interbreed because of differences in courtship behaviors
Different courtship dance, song
Over time, the population can become so different that a new species develops
The Eastern and Western Meadowlark developed different courtship songs and no longer interbreed.
98
Multiple Choice
The northern spotted owl is a medium-sized, dark brown owl, while the Mexican spotted owl is brown with irregular white and brown spots. The female Mexican spotted owls prefer mating with male Mexican spotted owls though they can mate with the northern spotted owls. A scientist finds that the two species of spotted owls were once the same species.
What kind of isolation has caused this speciation?
geographic isolation
temporal isolation
mechanical isolation
behavioral isolation
99
Multiple Choice
The northern spotted owl is a medium-sized, dark brown owl, while the Mexican spotted owl is brown with irregular white and brown spots. The female Mexican spotted owls prefer mating with male Mexican spotted owls though they can mate with the northern spotted owls. A scientist finds that the two species of spotted owls were once the same species.
What will most likely happen if the female Mexican spotted owls continue choosing male Mexican spotted owls over male northern spotted owls?
Both species will migrate to distant regions.
Both species will lose the ability to mate with each other.
Both species will breed with other species of owl.
Both species will decline their population numbers.
100
Mechanical Isolation - physical differences prevent successful mating
Members of a species develop incompatible sex organs
Physically cannot reproduce together.
Sex organs will not physically fit together
Pollination only occurs with certain pollinators
Over time, the population can become so different that a new species develops
Often occurs in insects, plants
101
Multiple Choice
Despite the fact that certain populations of bushbaby share a home, they cannot interbreed.
Since the arrangement of the genitalia in bushbabies differs between species, a male bushbaby of one species cannot effectively copulate with a female bushbaby of another. This is due to
geographic isolation
temporal isolation
behavioral isolation
mechanical isolation
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Behavioral Isolation
when two populations do not interbreed because of differences in courtship behaviors
Different courtship dance, song
Over time, the population can become so different that a new species develops
The Eastern and Western Meadowlark developed different courtship songs and no longer interbreed.
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PRACTICE
Questions
104
Multiple Choice
Eleven different species of tortoises are found on the Galapagos Islands, and all are different from any species on other continents. Scientists believe that the tortoises on the islands share a common ancestor with mainland tortoises, so at some point, a mainland tortoise population must have become isolated on the islands.
Which of the following best explains how the island tortoises became different from the mainland tortoise species?
Only the island tortoises adapted to their environment and survived.
Physical separation prevented gene flow and was followed by genetic change.
The island tortoises interbred with another island tortoise species to form a hybrid species.
A mutation prevented some of the tortoises from breeding.
105
Multiple Choice
A commercial farmer sprays his crops with an insecticide to kill whiteflies. Most of the whiteflies are killed, but a few survive.
Which of the following is likely to occur the following year if the farmer uses the same insecticide again?
The insecticide will kill the remaining whiteflies.
The remaining whiteflies will migrate to another field that is not treated with the insecticide.
The insecticide will become more toxic not only to whiteflies but also to other species of insects.
The insecticide will be less effective in killing the surviving whiteflies and their offspring.
106
Dropdown
The horse joins a new herd of wild horses. The wild horse
The wild horse joining the new herd is called
107
Match
Match the following
A severe wildfire sweeps through a forest, randomly killing 90% of the beetle population. The surviving beetles have a much smaller gene pool, and their allele frequencies are different from the original population purely by chance.
A general term for any change in a population's allele frequencies that is caused by random chance events, which has a much stronger impact on small populations.
A few birds from a large mainland population are blown off course by a storm and establish a new population on a remote island. This new population's gene pool is limited to the alleles of those few original birds.
bottleneck effect
genetic drift
founder effect
bottleneck effect
genetic drift
founder effect
108
Multiple Choice
In genetic drift, allele frequencies change because of
mutations
chance
natural selection
genetic equilibrium
109
Multiple Choice
The variations needed for the origin of structural and physiological adaptations to occur are provided by
mimicry
110
Multiple Choice
Hawaiian honeycreepers include a number of related bird species with different beak types, as shown below. According to evolutionary theory, what most likely led to high biodiversity among these birds?
Birds with a variety of adaptive traits migrated to the islands.
Individual birds adapted to better utilize their ancestors’ traits.
Ancestor bird populations adapted to survive a variety of habitats.
Unrelated birds reproduced to create new species with adaptive traits.
111
Multiple Choice
A group of ponies lives in the Chincoteague National Wildlife Reserve in Virginia. The development of longer legs over time would be selected if -
it increased the survival rate of the long-legged ponies
it decreased the rate of reproduction of the long-legged ponies
it prohibited the long-legged ponies from using available food sources
it made the long-legged ponies run more slowly
112
Multiple Choice
A commercial farmer sprays his crops with an insecticide to kill whiteflies. Most of the whiteflies are killed, but a few survive.
Which of the following is likely to occur the following year if the farmer uses the same insecticide again?
The insecticide will kill the remaining whiteflies.
The remaining whiteflies will migrate to another field that is not treated with the insecticide.
The insecticide will become more toxic not only to whiteflies but also to other species of insects.
The insecticide will be less effective in killing the surviving whiteflies and their offspring.
113
Match
Match the following
The movement of alleles out of a population, which occurs when individuals leave. (E = Exit)
The movement of alleles into a population, which occurs when new individuals join. (I = In)
The overall transfer of alleles from one population to another, which makes their gene pools more similar.
emigration
immigration
gene flow
emigration
immigration
gene flow
114
Multiple Choice
The northern spotted owl is a medium-sized, dark brown owl, while the Mexican spotted owl is brown with irregular white and brown spots. The female Mexican spotted owls prefer mating with male Mexican spotted owls though they can mate with the northern spotted owls. A scientist finds that the two species of spotted owls were once the same species.
What will most likely happen if the female Mexican spotted owls continue choosing male Mexican spotted owls over male northern spotted owls?
Both species will migrate to distant regions.
Both species will lose the ability to mate with each other.
Both species will breed with other species of owl.
Both species will decline their population numbers.
115
Drag and Drop
116
Multiple Choice
Scientists hypothesize that early in Earth's history, inorganic gases in the atmosphere could have reacted with one another to form amino acids and other simple organic compounds. Is this hypothesis supported by evidence?
Yes, the Miller-Urey experiment and similar experiments show that these reactions might have occurred
No, scientists have tried, but failed, to re-create the chemical reactions that would have had to occur.
Yes, scientists have observed similar chemical reactions occurring in the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, and other planets.
No, scientists have not observed these reactions occurring in the atmosphere of Earth or another planet.
117
Multiple Choice
The "primordial soup" on early Earth was thought to be composed of various gases from the atmosphere, energized by lightning. Which of the following gases was crucially absent from the atmosphere of early Earth?
methane
ammonia
water vapor
oxygen
118
Multiple Choice
Which theory is represented in this diagram?
The theory that all living organisms are made of cells
The theory that all living organisms share the same basic genetic components
The theory that organisms function best when their internal conditions are maintained within narrow limits
The theory that complex cells evolved after primitive cells engulfed bacterial cells that continued functioning
119
Multiple Choice
Endosymbiotic theory states that chloroplasts and mitochondria were once what?
Bacteria engulfed by larger cells
Amino acids
Large eukaryotes
Algae
120
Drag and Drop
Photosynthetic prokaryote became
121
Multiple Choice
What evidence shows that land plants evolved from cyanobacteria?
both carryout cellular respiration
both carry out both asexual and sexual reproduction
both carry out photosynthesis
both are made of cells
122
Multiple Choice
Many scientists think that early aerobic prokaryotes invaded larger cells and eventually gave rise to -
chloroplasts
DNA
mitochondria
ribosomes
123
Multiple Choice
The theory of endosymbiosis proposes that chloroplasts were once which organism?
Autotrophic prokaryotes
Heterotrophic eukaryotes
Mutated macromolecules
Parasites who fed on larger cells
124
Multiple Choice
Which statement best describes the evolution of cells on Earth?
Both chemical and organic evolution occurred simultaneously.
Chemical evolution occurred first, eventually making organic evolution possible.
Organic evolution occurred first, eventually making chemical evolution possible.
Standard 4.1-4.3 Basic Review:
Common Ancestry
Chemical and Organic Evolution
Chemical Evolution, Prokaryote Metabolism, Endosymbiotic Theory
Convergent and Divergent Evolution
Evidence of Evolution
Homologous structures, vestigial structures, embryology, fossils, biogeography
Cladograms
Common ancestor, derived traits
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